natural gas and other fossil fuels

8/22/2019 Natural Gas and Other Fossil Fuels

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World Per Capital Energy

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

5000000060000000

70000000

80000000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Btu


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Annual U. S. Per Capita Energy Use

0

50000000

100000000

150000000

200000000

250000000300000000

350000000

400000000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

btu

World Per Capital Energy

0

10000000

2000000030000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

70000000

80000000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Btu


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Natural Gas and other Fossil

Fuels


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Natural Gas

History of Use

Formation

Production Reserves


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History

Chinafirst recorded use, piped through

bamboo

Europe-gas lights used in Belgium and

England (this gas was distilled from coal,

wood, and peat)

William Murdoch: Scottish Engineer

Put coal gas lights in cotton mills


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History contd

1821, Fredonia New York

William Hart drilled a well 27 deep and

piped the gas to a local innwhere it lit 66

lights

Natural gas also found at Titusville in 1859

1872: long-distance pipelines made 1879: Thomas Edison


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Modern Use of Natural Gas

Seamless pipes available in 1920s but it

wasnt until after World War II that it

became really important for heating

Why is it a good fuel?

No refining

Burns cleanly

More heat/unit weight than any other fossil

fuel


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Natural Gas

History of Use

Formation

Production Reserves


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Formation

Formed in the same manor as petroleum

Thermogenic-->4km and >150C

Formed during the petrogenesis of coal


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Natural Gas

History of Use

Formation

Production Reserves


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Production

Similar to oil but easier to release because

it is much less viscous


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Composition of Natural Gas

Mostly methane CH4

Some ethane C2H6

Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10

Hydrogen H2

Some Nitrogen, carbon dioxide,hydrogen sulphide


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Production

Impurities removed

Coal scent added

Then piped > 1.8 million km of high pressure pipe in U.S.

Middle East, Africa, South America

LNG at -162C


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Production-past and projected

Natural Gas Production

0

50

100

150

200

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Quad

Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2006)

Release Date: June 2006


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In Billion cubic feet

World dry Natural gas consumption

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000100,000

120,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Billioncubicfe

et


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Reserves

Natural Gas Reserves

Oil and Gas Journal 1/1/2007

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

North

America

Central

&

South

Europe

Eurasia

Middle

East

Africa

Asia&

Oceania

TrillionCubicFee

t


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Natural Gas

History of Use

Formation

Production Reserves


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Reserves-countries with > 200

trillion cubic feet

U.S.A. 204

Russia 1688

Iran 974 Qatar 910

Saudi Arabia 244

United Arab Emigrates 214 These countries account for 67% of the

worlds reserves


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Reserveshow long will they last?

At the current rate?

100 trillion cubic feet per yearabout 62

years

At projected rates?

About 150 trillion cubic feet per yearabout

41 years


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Heavy Oils and Tar Sands

Definition

Formation

Pilot Plants


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Characterized by being

A. Dark in colour

B. So viscous that they dont respond to

either primary or secondary recovery

techniques

High in sulphur, Ni, V

Rich in asphaltines


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Example

Bitumenblack viscous to semisolid HC

material found when oil has lost its light

weight volatile components


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Definition

Formation

Pilot Plants


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Formation of Heavy Oil/Tar sand

1. oxidation and loss of lightweight

fractions

2. Thermal maturation

3. Biodegration


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Definition

Formation

Pilot plants no more


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Athabasca Tar (Oil) Sands


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In 2003, Albertas reserves estimates of

remaining established reserves are 174.5billion barrels (Gb), comparable with the oil

reserves of Saudi Arabia. In 2001,

Albertas production of raw bitumen andsynthetic crude oil (SCO) exceeded that

for conventional crude oil, accounting for

53% of Albertas oil production. This trendis expected to increase to about 80% of

Albertas oil production by 2013.


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http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands2.htm

l


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Countries with large tar sand deposits

Canada

Venezuela

Middle East


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Extracting oil from tar sands

http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.

cfm
http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfmhttp://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfmhttp://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfmhttp://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfm


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Oil Shale

Definition

Formation

Fuels of the future Mining techniques


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Definition

Fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing

waxy insoluble hydrocarbons called

kerogen

Can be converted to oil at temperatures in

excess of 500C


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Oil Shale

Definition

Formation



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Formation

Deposited with fine-grained sediments

(mud) that are rich in organic material.

Anoxic environment. The lighter fraction is

lost with temperatures in excess of 150.

Organic material is heavy

5 to 25% is recoverable organic material

Rich oil shales burn like coal


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Oil shale from AAPG

http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm
http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfmhttp://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm


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Oil Shale

Definition

Formation



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Reserves

http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdf

World Oil Shale Reserve

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Africa North

America

South

America

Asia Europe Middle

East

Oceania

billionbarrel
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdfhttp://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdfhttp://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdfhttp://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdfhttp://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdf


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Oil Shale


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Oil Shale

Definition

Formation



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Mining techniques

Revert to notes


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Comparison of Major Types of

Fossil Fuel

1. Carbon content

2. Heat Content 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity

4. Environmental Concerns


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Carbon Content

Oil contains 17% less C/unit energy than

coal

Natural gas contains 43% less C/unit

energy than coal

Natural gas contains 31% less C/unit

energy than oil

Gas


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Fossil Fuel

1. Carbon content

2. Heat Content 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity



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Heat content

Unit Heat (106 Btu)

Coal Short ton 21.266

Anthracite Short ton 22.244

Natural Gas 1000 ft3 1.029

Gasoline gallon 0.125071

Heating Oil Gallon 6.49

Electricity Kwh 0.003412

Wood Cord 21.5

C f f


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Fossil Fuel

1. Carbon content

2. Heat Content

3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity


Effi i i P d i El t i it


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Efficiency in Producing Electricity

From Coal 28%

From Oil 35%

From Natural Gas 40%


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http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html

US existing power plantshttp://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html


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Electric Power USA 2005

C i f M j T f


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Fossil Fuel

1. Carbon content

2. Heat Content

3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity



50/51

US CO2 emissions

0.0

500.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

MillionMetricton


51/51

2005 CO2 Emissions USA

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportationmillionmetricto

nofcarbon

natural gas and other fossil fuels

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