national technical information serviceperiod records are on helicorder, loin; period records are on...
TRANSCRIPT
AD/A-004 137
INSTALLATION OF A HIGH GAIN LONG PERIOD SEISMOGRAPH STATION
F. J. Mauk, et al
Michigan University
Prepared for:
Air Force Office of Scientific Research Advanced Research Projects Agency
30 September 1974
DISTRIBUTED BY: m National Technical Information Service U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
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UNCLASSIFIED SEcJniTv CL*S^nCA-'ON OF tjjji ^OE ■'■■■" "*" J*«** tst
REPORT DOCUMENTATtPN PAGE RBAD INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORE COMPLETING ^ 3RM y2 OOVT ÄeccuiON NO
MmuSSTof A HIGH GAIN LONG PERIOD SEISMOGRAPH STATION
7 PFCKMiNT'S cTTALOrj Nl^M )l»
5 T YP E/O J REPO»' » CERlOC COV?P£D
Interim Technical 1 Apr - 30 Sep 74
6 PtRFORMING OBG OEPOH' «.JMREO
7. AuTHORf«;
James T. Wilson
Institute cf Science and Technology 2200 Bonistecl Boulevard Ann \rborv Michigan 48105
Advanced Research Projects Agency 1400 Wilson Boulevard
V CONTRACT OH ÖHANT MUMBt"- W
F44620-73-C-0060
"iÖ. PROGRAM El'tMENT, »*OJf- -' 7 AS,<
AREA » WORK UNIT NUMOfc^S
6270IE 5F10 A0 1827-19
12 REPORT DATE
30 September 1974 'I ; 13 JUJMBER OP PAGES
Arlington, VA 22209 7T--i^rT-ö«75ö'AG?7^_NTMr»_ADDRFS5'(/ 5«5pM ""- Con^lHni Ollr.)
Air Force Office of Scientiric Research/ 1400 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22209
■AGES
"is SECURITY CLASS r«f*<«m»af*J
UNCL/UNCL
Tsi-o' CLASSIFICATION"HMRÖSäSISI SCHEDULE
7^ DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT lol thlt Ktpon)
a m-,-^ r-plpT^e- distri'uuticn Linlimited. Aouroved for public reiea^c, ui.aLi.x
TT-DTTT^euTToN s. ATEMENT M S SSM SS3 S aroci. M M »** "- ■* "
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NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
US Deptrt'"«"' o* Commerce Spnnglield. VA 2215'
PRICES SUBJEG TQ^^ Spiinglield, VA <^ivi " ■ — ——
1 *>™«.VW«rflggt *^»"'SgÄ,ogtf^ Vecy 'So^ronf 1 seismic systems have IVo high gain (lOOlO roaS P":0^^,^ .cal
;observat:ory which have proved to h,
been added to the White Pxne ^"jjjfjjj ^"Ll. for long term recording, extremely stable, more s0 .in .iaCtQ^
U ^^^d^a from photo-tube amplifier The high gain vertical sexsmc n**»™ wi h ncluded ?M telemetry capabili:
to solid state Geotech f-*» "J^^^^rvS^ sign.l .t the surface. this pemitted J^«1^^^^^Jj the Geotech 5240.A phototube Tue vertical velocity output "Sj"^^ tiStdtd vertical velocity output amplified was compared wita simultaneously recoroc _
DD TOPU, 1473 EDITION OF ' NOV «5 IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED sEc^rT-TTOiirFTZ^STr^T^T^A« rK= r55 E «
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UNCLASSIFIED
"a^TTficd wiuh the Geotech ^650 W^" noisc general inS mechanisms in the Je phototube amplifiers to »»• »^-f^ ^4. amplifier iiltration period range 10-200 se""ds° /^ '3^ arr vals which the AS-650 did not. For systems often obscure body ^C^l?^* oC the A8-650 was a substantial routine seismogram tatl.rpr.t.ti«. the output^ facilUy has been inprovement over the ^^O-A ou put A ^ Buildins o£ the «hif Fxne established in the northeas ^^er ° ^ %,, the Astrodata data logger sy.ten . Copper Company. Space »-• ^ •^«OcUt.d electronics, two strip chart four helicorder tyP^re"r/^u
W11
t^la
e:S
e0
rCsysten1 and HUV radio assembly.. Equip-
recorders, a discriminator ^™*J^\*T\ period (1 Hz) and long period ment currently operating ^stsji a short p ^ ^^ pcriod v
(0.033 Hz) vertical recordli;f(lSyS"m;nd^00K. We are awaiting the arrxval or
information are being recorded *» »« ?~ xn.41o discriminator systems wo helicordors "i^ associated elecon.ctvo ^^^
and a WWV receiver which are schedule to ai completion.
algorithm for epicenter ^^J" 2" ^ J^ ••tlriÄCt0ty rCSUUn Preliminary tests using theoretical data ha -J ^ ^^ thc £irst of Testing of the algorithm «jf» ~J^^ £. Notiorull Earthquake Information October. The algorithm ^l^ »^ " Jli development has been desirable
r.^ eve^ ^l^^^^ ^s ^ not always
available.
I 0_ UNCLASSIFIED
^Müa^iMi i^MriJ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Technical Report Summa:>
I. Btatlon Construction and Installation a) Horizontal seismometer tank installation
b) Cabling of horizontal seismometers
c) Subsurface instrumentation
d) Surface instrumentation
II. Accomplished Research to 1 October 1974 a) Comparison of Geotech AS-650 solid state
amplifier and phototube amplifier b) Suitability of the White Pine Mine for a
complete- HGLP installation c) Completion of algorithm for epicenter
location using surface waves
III. Illustrations
a^ station photographs
b) Figure 1 - Subsurface vaull ncheMalic diagra»
illustrating instrument placement foi WPM
c) Figure 2 - Geologic column lor WPM
d) Figure 3 - WPM subsurface schematic diagram
o) Figure 4 - WPM surface schematic diagram
f) Figure 5a - Short period vertical instrumental
response curve
Figure jh - Long period instrumental response
curves for WPM
g) Figure G - Comparison of vertical srismograms
using Geotech AS WO amplifier with and without
ga lv a nonetrie precon1it ioning
h) Figures 7-9 - Comparison vertical seismograms
employing phototube and Geotech AS-GöO solid
state amplifiers
i) Figures 10-14 - Selected three component seismo- grams for WPM*
Page 1
3
1
i 6
6
B
10
11-15
16
17
18
"•9
20
21
22
23-25
26-30
•Whenever HGLP East-West records are included, they are advancing St 15 mm per minute instead of 12.5. The seismograms were recorded in a strip chart recorder loaned by the White Pine Copper Company.
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_£. ■■a
Techniciil Report Summary Contract No. F'1'1620-73-C-0C60
Two high gain (100K) iong period (7V30 sec) horizontal
seismic systems have boon added to the White Pine Seismological
Observatory. They have been installed in a subsurface vault ad-
jacent to, but separate from the vcriicai instrumental vault com-
pleted in 1973. They have proved to be extremely stable, more so
in fact than the vertical, for long term recording. A modifica-
tion of the isolation tanks (i.e., removal of the tank bottom)
prior to installation has effectively decoupled the seismometers
from the tanks. It is this decoupling which may account for the
stability of the horizontal seismometers.
The high gain vertical seismic system was switched from photo-
tube amplifier to solid state Geotcch AS-650 amplifier. With in-
cluded FM telemetry capability, this permitted recording of the
HGLP vertical velocity signal at the surface. Successful recording
at a gain of 100K was possible when galvanometric band rejection
signal conditioning was included 1o reduce «:ix second mirroc!f>i cmic
noise.
The vertical velocity output amplified with the Geotech 52'10-A
phototube amplifier was compared with simultanoously recorded ver-
tical velocity output amplified with the Geotech AS-650 solid state
amplifier. This study revealed the phoiotube amplifiers to be sub-
stantial noise generating mechanisms in the period range 10-200
seconds. In addition, phototube amplifier filtration systems often
obscur" body wave phase arrivals which the AS-650 did not. For
routine seismograu interpretation, the output of the AS-650 was a
substantial improvement over the 5240-A output.
A surface recording facility has been established in the north-
east comer of the Bechtel Building of the White Pine Copper Company.
Space has been allocated lor the Astrodata data logger system, four
helicorder type recorders with associated electronics, two strip
chart recorders, a discriminator demultiplexer system and WWV radio
-1-
a^ mtm
assembly. Equipment currently operating consists of a short period
(1 11/,) and long period (0.033 Hz) vertical recording system. Short
period records are on helicorder, loin; period records are on six-
inch strip charts. Two gain levels ol loin1, period velocity informa-
tion are being recorded, 10K and 100K. We are awaiting the arrival
of two helicorders with associated electronics, two XÜ-410 dis-
criminator systems and a WWV receiver which are scheduled to arrive
early December, 1974.
The algorithm for epicenter location using surface waves is
ncaring completion. Preliminary tests using theoretical data have
yielded satisfactory results. Testing of the algorithm using real
data is scheduled to begin the first of October. The algorithm will
be given to the National Earthquake Information Services in the
latter part of October. This development has been desirable to
study events for which locations by conventional methods are not
always available.
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rtM
I. Station Construction and Installation
a) ggrUontal seismometer tank installaUon - Construction of
a subsurface seismic vault tTT^ a vertical IIGLP instrument v.as
completed in June, 1973 (see Technical Report 1 April-30 September
1973 ARPA Order No. 1827) in section 31-A of the White Pine Copper
Mine'. White Pine, Michigan. This vault (Figure 1, vault 1) subse-
quently was found to have insufficient suitable floor space to in-
stall horizontal instrumc-nts. In May, W74. construction of an
adjacent vault was begun (Figure 1, vault 2) to house the HGLP
horizontal tanks. All loose floor debris was removed before wall
construction was begun. This substantially reduced the difficulty
of selecting tank installation sites since the entire vault 2 Iloor
was exposed. Although production blasting had reduced the usable
floor space, as in vault 1. two uniractured, unjointed sections of
the Copper Harbor Conglomerate (see geologic column. Figure 3) w.re
deemed suitable for tank placement. These sections of floor were
meticulously cleaned and any loose fragments removed. This resulted
in relatively smooth, impermeable tank foundations.
Unlike other HGLP installations, where prestressing of tie tank
boUom was aecessai- (O insure proper bonding oi tne metal to con-
crete beneath it, we chose to minimize tank tilt effects on the
horizontal seismometers by decoupling the two components. Before
installation, the tank bottoms were cut out leaving only a rim four
inche wide for bonding. Four cadmium plated threaded rods for each
tank were then cemented 38 centimeters into bedrock using an epoxy
resin. The use of ^ooxy bolts rather than mechanical bolts was
sug-ested by mine personnel. Both resin and mechanical bolting are
widely employed in the White Pine Mine, and resin bolting has been
shown to be more effective than mechanical bolting. Since it was
unnecessary to insure a bottom contact with concrete, prestressing
of the tank was unnecessary. The tank was then set onto a slurry of
sand and cement and bolted securely to the bedrock. By wobbling the
tank befoio final boiling, it was possible to reduce the average
thickness of the cement to less than 5 millimeters. The cement was
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*M
Ihcn pcnnilted to cure for three days undisturbed. Following the
curing period, the inside ol the tanks, bedrock und concrete junc-
tions were triple-sealed with epoxy. The concrete outside the tank
was also scaled. Each epoxy coat was peimitted to harden thoroughly
before the next was applied. Finally, the interior and exterior of
each tank was coated with zinc chromate to inhibit rust formation.
All but two ports entering the tanks were sealed with teflon-
coated plug! which were tightened and then coated internally and
externally with General Electric Glyptal 1201. The remaining two
ports were fitted with Marsh-Marine connectors which clamped onto
molded wire plugs.
b) Cabling of horizontal seismometers - Data and control
cables were run from the control area in vault 1 (see Figure 1) to
the seismometer tanks in vault 2. To minimize pressure leakage
into the seismometer tanks, all cables entering the tanks were
stripped of insulation, sealed with General Electric Glyptal 1201,
and potted m 3M Scotchcast resin plugs. The resin plugs were then
seated in the Marsh-Marine connectors to insure pressure Integrity
of the sealed system. Several different castings of the plugs were
necessary bei ore useable plugfl could bo obtnined. It wne found
that the 3M Scotchcast resin became brittle and shattered upon re-
moval from the molds if permitted to harden in the ambient mine con-
ditions. Good plugs could be obtained only when the molds were con-
tinuously warmed with heat lamps during the hardening process.
Control cabling consisted of Beiden 6-pair shielded instrument cable.
All other wiring was done with individual shielded pair cable to re-
duce cross-ialk between pairs and maintain integrity of the data
lines.
c) Subsurface instrumentation - A description of the HGLP
vertical system has been given (see Technical Reports 1 April -
30 September 1073, and 1 October 1973 - 31 March 1974; ARPA Order
No. 1827). The results of experiments using the phototube amplifrer
and Geotech AS-650 amplifier are discussed in Section II of this re-
port. Additional equipment installed in the vaults during this
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report period consists of two 1IGLP horizontal seismometers, three
phototube amplifiers, and a new subsurface control rack.
The horizontal seismometers employed at station WPM are Geotech
model 8700C's which have been modified to accommodate Sprenrjnether
model VCT-210 displacement transducers. The natural frequency of
each instrument has been set at 0.033 Hertz (To=30 sec). Following
calibration, each seismometer with its associated displacement
transducer electronics was thoroughly insulated with spun glass and
then sealed in its tank. With no physical connection between the
tank and seismometer, C-clamps could be tightened until the seis-
mometers "quieted down". There was a direct connection between the
output noise and effectiveness ol the tank seal, and the noise level
would dramatically decrease when a good seal was effected. Since
there was no direct connection between tank and seismometer, stresses
induced in the tanks during clamping were not transmitted as tilts
to the seismometers. Hence, it was possible to tighten or loosen
clamps or add additional clamps, as necessary, without affecting the
seismom-ters. Throughout the clamping procedure neither seismome-
ter needed recentering. Further discussion of instrumental stability
is in Section II of this report.
In addition to the seismometers, a subsurface control area has
been installed in the northeast corner of vault 1. Three phototube
amplifiers have been made operational as well as a Geotech AS-650
solid state amplifier (see Photographs 2 and 3). Recording of hori-
zontal seismograms was done on two Esterline Angus model S601-S
six-inch strip chart recorders in the subsurface control area through
out the summer of 1974, Instrumentation in the subsurface control
rack consists ol a boom position monitor and reposition motor drive
panel, a calibration panel, a waveform generator, a Sprengnether
S-10Ü chronometer, and power regulation and distribution devices.
All boom monitoring and repositioning for both vertical and horizon-
tal seismometers, as well as calibration, must be effected from this
rack. No calibration or repositioning capability exists, or is
lik3ly to exist, at the surface recording site. The telemetry link
-5-
-■fc
to the surfnee recording site for frequency modulated signals is
also aceessible at a panel in tbo subsurfaee control area.
Figure 3 schematically illustrates, in block diagram, what the
present and future configuration of the subsurface facility will be.
Although, the phototube amplifiers and AS-650 amplifier will be re-
placed with Ithaco low-noise solid state amplifiers, FM multiplexing
of signals will be necessary to transmit them to the surface for re-
cording. The center frequencies of the VCO's used are given within
each appropriate block.
d) Surface instrumentation - A surface recording facility has
been established in the northeast corner of the Bechtel Building of
the White Pine Copper Company (see Photographs 4 and 5). When the
station is ccmpleied, all recording will be .lone in this room. At
the end of this report period, the following instrumentation has
been installed: throe Geolech XI)-410 discriminator units to demulti-
plex and separate subsurface data signals; one, presently non-working
Astrodata data logger system (the timing mechanism for this unit
supplies all time marks for the surface recorders); two Esterline
Angus S601-S strip chart recorders, which currently record a high
gain and low gain vertical long period BigU*l; ;< lielluordwA' and am-
plifier which record the short period vertical signals.
Figure 4 illustrates, in block diagram, what the completed
system for the surface will be. Unlike other IIGLP stations, WPM
will not be able to record photographically. Therefore, we have
chosen to do recording on helicorders to more closely match the
other station formats. The center frequencies Of the discriminators
are given within each appropriate block.
II. Accomplished Research to 1 October 1974
a) Comparison of Geotech AS-650 solid stale amplifier and
phototube amplifier - In June, 1974. the long period vert ica?. "in-
strument was switched from phototube amplifier to a Geotech AS-C50
solid state amplifier. This permitted recording of long period
vertical, in addition to short period vertical, seismic signals on
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^MM
the surface since the output of the AS-650 was nultiplcxed to a
1020 H»rtZ carrier. The successful recording of the short period
vertical signal on the surface has been discussed previously (see
Technical Report 1 October 1973 - 31 March 1974, ARPA Order No.
1827). No interference or direct coupling between the long period
and short period systems was observable on nearly continuous rec-
ords from June to September 1974. further discussion of the short
period system is given in part b) of this section.
The Gcotech AS-650 ampliiier. unlike the phototube amplifier,
does not have a 0.167 hertz notch filter incorporated. This re-
sulted in high six-second microseismic noise, especially during
"storm" periods. This noise proved to be the principal gain limit-
ing factor for the WPM long period vertical system. The vertical
magnification ranged from 88K during periods ol intense microseis-
mic activity to 100K during quiet "noise" periods. The bottom trace
of Figure 6 illustrates the signal appearance during an intense
noise period. To reduce this effect, a galvanometric precondition-
ing scheme was employed (see Pomeroy et. al.; 13.S.S.A., Vol. 50,
pp 135-151, 1960), A Leeds and Northrop critically damped 0.167
Hertz galvanometer was inserted in series between the seismometer
and AS-650 amplifier (Pomeroy P2F configuration). The galvanometer
in this mode acted as a band rejection filter, preconditioning the
signal before ampliJication. This resulted in a six-second micro-
seismic noise reduction by a factor of two (upper trace. Figure 6).
The use of the galvanometric band rejection filter scheme, therefore,
is being employed with the AS-650 amplifier at WPM on HGLP vertical
signals. Two gain levels, 1ÜK and 100K, are being recorded for the
HGLP vertical.
During the period 1 through 4 August 1974, a comparative test
was run using the vertical seismometer. The signal from one data
coil was amplified using the Geotech AS-650 solid state Amplifier,
Simultaneously, the signal from the other data coil was amplified
using the Geotech 5240-A phototube ampliiier. The AS-650 employed
the galvanometric band rejection filtering technique previously de-
scribed while the phototube amplifier employed the Geotech 6824-15
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M — * mm - — _^^^_^_—^—^^—^M^^.^_^^^^—a^
special filter. Three of the seismoKi'ams recorded in this manner
are included in this report (see Figures 7-9). This comparison
revealed several important facts: (1) most of the longer period
(20 to 100 b9COIlds) noise was being generated within the phototube
system since it did not appear on the AS-650 records; (2) although
gain levels appear to be higher for periods in the 50 to 60-second
range from the phototube amplifiers, substantial distortion of 10
to 20-second periods exists; (3) usually body phase arrivals are
substantially more recognizable on the /S-650 records. We believe.
therefore, that the seisrograms from the AS-650 are more useful to
seismologists than those from the Geotech 52'10-A phototube ampli-
fiers. Hopefully, the Ithaco replacements will exhibit more of the
characteristics of the AS-650 than the 5240-A.
b) Suitability of the White Pine Mine lor a complete IIC.LP
installation - The White Pine Copper Company experienced a strike
slmtdown during the latter two weeks of August. During this period,
oniy routine maintenance of underground and surface facilities was
undertaken by limited mine personnel. This was, therefore, an ideal
time to see what affect the miniim operations had on the seismic-
signals at Wl'M. There was no noticeable aifect on any of the three
1IGLP instruments; that is, there appeared to be no reduction of long
period noise. The short period vertical system underwent substan-
tial signal enhancemont. During active mining periods, the short
period vertical is operable at a maximum gain of 25K. The gain
limiting factor is a persistent 4 Hertz resonance associated with
mining activities and possibly surface milling operations. The re-
sponse curve for the short period system is given in Figure 5a,
curve a. During the shutdown period, the gain could be raised by
at least a factor of 4 and possibly greater. It is, therefore,
apparent that to run a high gain vertical short period instrument
(gains of 100K or more, curve b, Figure 5a), it must be remote from
the active mining area of the White Pine Copper Company. Prior to
the Installation of the HGLP vertical instrument in 1973, a micro-
earthquake survey was run. Gains in excess of 100K could be obtained
at a distance of 10 miles from the White Pine mining operations.
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.£ ^
The environmental stability of the VPM seismic vaults has been
discussed in previous technical reports (see TR 1 April - 30 Sep-
tember 1973; TR 1 October 1973 - 31 March 1974; APRA Order No. 1827).
At that time the Ion«; period vertical instrument had been success-
fully operated at gains in excess of 400K. The horizontal instru-
ments, installed during June and July, 1974, also have proved to be
very stable. The horizont il instruments, in fact, have been far
more stable than the vertical. They require less frequent rocen-
tering than the vertical and have gone for periods of a week or more,
immediately following installation, during which there was no appar-
ent drift at all. Presumably this stability is a refled ion of the
decoupling of the seismometer from its pressure tank. The stability
of the horizontals is disrupted, however, when personnel enter vault
2 (possibly a thermal agitation affect or actual vault tilt), and so
entrance is restricted to major maintenance only. Figure 5b illus-
trates the response curves of the three V.'PM HGLP instruments. Five
selected events recorded at WPM are illustrated in Figures 10-14.
Diflieu]ties with the installation during this report period
are as follows :
(1) SLabiliiy of the power supplied by the White Pine Copper
Company both on the surface and underground has become suspect.
During this report period, tne underground installation has experi-
enced no less than four major power outages, the surface installa-
tion more than ten. Damage of the AS-650 amplifier occurred due to
surging when power was resumed. To prevent recurrence of 11" is, an
adequate power isolation system is required both above and under-
ground.
(2) Recording of horizontal seismograms was accomplished in
vault 1 of the underground facility. To compleie the installation,
these signals must be telemetered to the surface. This includes
displacement transducer signals as well as velocity transducer sig-
nals .
(3) Many problems exis-t with the Astrodata data logger system,
which must be corrected vltl the assistance of Albuquerque Seismo-
logical Center personnel.
-9-
c) completion of the^lgorl^Jorjg£icenter location using surface waveg - The algorithm BPI-BCLP is based on Goiter's
MthOd for the determination of an epicenter location and time of
origin based on arrival time data of several stations. Additional
„edifications .Ugg-fd by Bolt (Nature, Vol. 217. 1968, p.47) are
included. It employs a least square, error method to arrive at a
best fitting epicentral latitude, longitude, and origin time using
Raleigh wave arrival time data. Theoretical testing of the algo-
rithm has been completed with satisfactory results. Tesvmg of
realistic data using WV.SSN seismograms has begun. The University
Of Michigan Seismological Observatory surface wave epicenter loca-
tion algorithm is scheduled for completion by the latter part of
October when it will be turned over to the National Earthquake
information Services. This development has been desirable in order
to study events for which locations by conventional methods are not
always available.
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Photograph No. 4 Half of the surface rocordinp: facility displaying IOUK and short period vortical recorders
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Photograph No. 5 - Hall of the Mii oi mo surface recording facility displaying the Astrodata data lo<rr,ci- system
-15-
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White Pine HGLP Seismograph Vaults
i ,i—.IU: 10 15 20
Scale in teet
<» •Ivctrlcal outltl
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Figure 1 - Subsurface vault Bchenatic diaRraa for station wi'M illustrating LnstruMent Placeaent
-16-
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Figure 4
HGLP STATION WPM SURFACE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
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Figure 5a Slioi't period vertical instrumental response curve
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Figure 5b Long period Instrumental response curves for WPM
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