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.11os.>ilJle.'.In, particu!m'~.it ·~uggests:that:~oviet .P~e~: ·. ,".:.The U2 shoot<lown was a factor in President :t:xni,er.J!!.~it~·,.~;;mmi~l)chev' may)1Qth.<1v.e'J1aq cqm·,'._."'.~Ke1i11e<l~'s de~ision fo send his brother ~obert _to,· :• plete ·c9nt~pl;of, the. Sf\M/baUery· that: ~h.ot .. down .. ~,see. Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynm :on. t!M:: ·;~,t,I}~ Y~'.Jt·~~.:~~!ie Ciab;m missile crisis,25'·y.ear~-,agq ·~evening ,of Oct. 27;. according to Robert ~enne~;f's : · was,even more, d;mgerousithiln. the. pubhc has, i:e0

• :J JPOSthunwus memoiro. The younger Kennedy car­/alized~wiih ;both superpo\vers'1making" important: :i.· ried :a~~cugh tJltimah1m: The·Soviets shouicl begin" '.t/:ifrinicgic.n1isjuclgments:·~.'; . .-\ : .. : ... · " · · ·: ·. :,, ... · ' 0

: dismanWng ihe mb1siles wHbin 48 hours or· the i'!i:. ·The.~cifo~~lf acl!niiiis~ratiQn1s:assessment'.of the :_,.United States wouk! strike. Khrushchev caved 111i ~fU'Z:sh<w.t~?-~!'!;,one 9fl.~he'.niostemotio111a! issues of ·1·; overnight and agreed to :u~ lmmecliate withclrnwal

: : the·, crisi~;·.;;w<1.s : .. shape('.oy. its ass1J1mptioirn drnt of .~he Sovlet m.1d?<Jr missiles in Cuba in return for ·. Khrushc!ilav had .dfrect controJ,o~ aH.surface·to·air a private American commitment to remove Jupiter < missilis·, ~~H~ries ... i~/C~1ba) and .)rncl orderetj ~he . missiles withi!l! five ITTi10111~hs from Turkey and Ha!y,

:,.. shootclown~perrhapsl'. to .delibernteiy: escalate the .. : as weH as a public pledge not to invade Cubzi. ,;crisisdt;·Y".as: th~ first !mo1<'n us.~. of a Soviet _s1.1r0 Soo CRilSITS, mi, Co!. l'. '.:·,~ ... ~.~:.\.::;.,: ... ,..:·.,:· ··.~: ... · ·.r1····.: .·• •.. • · : ·v

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imJfo.T::reai;o~s.··~h:ri~~·ce1eciec1 d~ilia!1l gover~memt 0 •• The [o.s.J. . : ·.'·" ;;·;: .. ::'.; .. i .• ,.·.~}~~,poHcy is to promote democracy.'' ·. · ";

c1grn biame~)or·)1isi .;)i;;;:, Nori~ga ·is bitter.'. He recllllls ~he day his de · Assisfank:i~Sec.i:e~ .· ··::)rie!ltPt :a11nd predeces,sor,. Geil. Omar Tor· l\lm1ms;.-;~.ell1l.··· Jes?e'·.1.:;~:.rijos,'_ l)ske.cl llim. ~9 gQ,Jo Cubzi ·to g:r1!!1 the l\m'bassa~or"i~O.~lPrm~•'tl;:releiJs~ ox a UoS>servicemim .who had been· d ·his depU!ty,:.Joim ~;,'.caphlredl·dwring ~lheJ961 Bay of Pigs inva· .Abrams. 0111ce ask~ :;:~'sloft:::He accomplishedl ~he. mis~ion ;mdi no~-civili;nn,: figurehe;i.d;::(·e~.~~ha~ "wheni)hie:Ame~k;ms need some­

Why is .Norieg<1. de~·,:-:~;U1ing,: they pict1.1redt ;Vterry .nicely and say ml [who ru!~c!J <:;1.m 0 ··._'.:'_you're a hero, tmt.~hen they don't need you 1ags?" ..,,; : .>.. ;, ::" · .fi·anymoire, they forge~ you." · . · Unite~. Stat·~3 '.i~, · in\':·:'/~lie. s?ys he lhas. don~ .other, favors for the :e Nonega's. ,regime, ·r::lJ:mtecl. States. ".He, c1a1ms that- when the. 1ama'. slnquld; 110~. be:·::J:·A.~~ric~n >in.v(l~ion 'f9rrce .~ook . off. ~or. Gre· .. lwuk! .be:dm· lby;mi"_:;~··•.;r'.:1:::.:: i:fos IPANAMA,'m, CoL R · · .

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ANY Washing~oniians woke n.ip last TuesdayiltO the sm.m<l of a famm<i;: sneer. E~liott

· Almm1s, 8l§sist;m~ secrn~ziry of st<iite for i11ter-Amerrkan affairs, was oni N<i~lonai IPublic Radio sotmdi111g zi • itheme that has !been peddled by the admi1111isfration everr si!flce it·bega11

. its hapless cor..trn venture five ye<JJirii· · · <1go. Whait we mre fach"g is nofhbg

less itharn the estziblishme111t ot :ai

."Soviet base in U1is hemisphere.".U . was as if ithe Arias peace JPi'l!n i!"!adl ·

. JO)ever seein :he light of :dlay •. Abrams has IJee!'ll absernfc from

Capitol mu since the linli:M:oirntrn . Itiearri11gs, when he a<lmiUed ':lo lying

fro Co11igrress about his part b getting big ioudrn to ~I1e contrns.

· Sen. Christopher Dodd (D-Cmm.) , · refused to have him as a wit:aess iim<ll ' 'Inm1se committees have followed

·suit . . . B<at if lie is out of the. loop 011i fr1e

;: · .cuirre!flt peace initiative being . p:.1shed by House Speake)\ Jim .Wrigh~, Alm11ms is plaiJrJ!y 1!11 sy11c

· with his ultimate boss, !Presi<liel'llt Reagano The preslderr1~'s speech to

1 • • Hie Organb.:ation off Amerk<m · ·States, which Nat1oraai Security Adviser ~~rank Caducd had to!dl Wrrnglnt wound be condiiakory, was

. the uUeraU11ce of a mam who c!hokies on [he· thm.igh~ of ie11ving the Sa11dinist<1is in· power. .

!P4zzlecl Hi!! people think tha~ ·. . Carlucci we~ p9ssibly speaking in

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., · · ·· · · ······ , ....... , "'-·· ··· .... . Li )11 October Hl62, a key Sovi~t suirf'!lce-to·. \ · ~ill most im1'ossibl~·driving positioi1.''.. '' .· ·· · .·' · .. · . · · · . .1. .!!, missile base on the island '\"'.<l~i aUadw!l; i l ~ :' ... ·.~ ha<hhe:'simie P~?bl¢n\ .iii1~Wl'\l~it"isi~d the; seat:;.::.:.\' "· · ·· parent!y by Cuban troops,' with at leas[· 1~ Sov t! ;: · ·-,"1\t'. 5'n~~·'f .. fit~.comfor.tably -i.nto:_.the tank. N~t. oniy casualtnes, according to ne.w!y· av~ilabie decod ~ ·, :: didn't Rasor·lmow abounhe ad1ust<ib!e·seat, she nppar" " communications intercepts; · · : · : I enUy::wasn:~: inteiested:·"The·~book :W1!$ published in. ':,' . . !Less th;m 12 hours Inter, O!I the mornh1g"off 0 • : · 1985;.,npd '.ihe trip 'nn~{lc)n 19~1~:.'allowing ample. time .. ; ,. ."'· . 27, rnsz, an American U2 spypl<me crnshe<l rn

·1

,·:,-to m~ke{~ Jei~pho.~~'-~?H: Her ':'ho~e book ~s Juli of such ' the base. JPresident Kennedy and his advisers, \i

.) i :: tales:·T.hus'dl) we mfl~1e11.ce p9lnc}'. m .Washmg~on .. : (," " did not !mow or' the firelight at. ~he Cub;m ba ;.,1 ;. ·Kgnorance• off·suc~i·august:dimensions -i!! custom;irir: . assumed the Soviets had shot down thll U2 will '. ~ .;imo!~·~ .. ~~~o~n~e_r.~;·:.w~1e1b .rr.;~ir,~( be.c~m~ .21 ,1i1iliiary col·"., missile from Urnt base . . J: :. · ' ··.:·\~:··":,", "·sll<n".IRllWQIRi'tITEIRS, mi, Co!., ·rc "· · · · . ,_i· The sig11ificm1cc of the m:litary skirmish n~ Cul

. · ·:,:. FrrJd Reed; wri~es: ~'Sp!dieriiig, ''. cniiJCionally syndicated! · '.:. &ymour Hersh is a Pu!if2ett Prize-w8m1iP1g · .•;:: co!i1·t;iPi ~?i rm'Wary affairs, and is a. Washington editor. : . joitr~sa!isi muff author of "The Target ls De.droye1

'.:\l·fu~~i:,~§~~~~1~:···~o~lat·:··;~ ... l~r·. in· Black· !:' ::. : .. ~:..~·:\'.\:'-''._ .. ·";·,·:·; <· '>"'./ .. :":.):<;·~·::::. ~-:.:-..:· .·. '' ':<: ·., . :.._ !.·. ' .. '.; . . .. , .. · :

. ! " :-1/:0if/ ll~lfuw~~(J .l~~{ih~ :naitl~.f or l?.acial JP:rp5-r{3ss l· . ~ . '?).'.' .·· .. ·," :: " ... : .:.':"·:·::·~· : ';,';' . · ::" .. "._·; ; :. "' .•. io~~~;n~ ·b~~~~se of the Na~;/;ad:ai. poiides. · .

.···',~

i .· · .. lBy Cinyto111:R .. Koppes a~d Grngoiry lD. Black ... At U1e same time, howeverr, b!acks showed · .,, I:": ·'1 .// • · . • :"" · > >·· ·: ' .. ; ·.· •.. .; · · a more ambivalent aUitli~.e tow<in1 th~ J<:11- ·, j .. "I}:. N: Hlltil2,'. t!1e ~ni~e~ .StateSj foi.m4 !Kse. I~ .. · ~mese, );'{ho some tel!l~e(Jl'to i<le:ri~iffy with mi: 1 • t_ro.Qt:.cm!y. !1~ht1~g ;1 w~r .0111 ~wo · frollts. ·: fo!!o':" !)eop!e of co!oir: . -.\ . . . ". ·. 1 .

1 . : •• abrn<11d, pui tirymg, io. ui~1iy ~he pop1J1fa·· ," · With metal ~ens!omi mcreasmg, the gov-· I", tio1rl'ini home behind:the war <?ffort ·one·. ernment was mu:ious Kh111~ niothing aggrn° , 1

l ~ grnup..,.,-,b!<ick Americaris...:...presente<l a par.. . vate black hostility m1tl undermhie the w@r · ' 4

: : ~icular pirobiem. Ill~cks.still. suffornd umler. ··effort fo'Hms were the most popuhir form o~ · : the' .burc.lein ',ofjim Crow ·laws. which kept ~ .'e11tertaimne11t mid !the · gove1mmen1t,

. '. ;~· ~hen~ :;s~.gr~ga~ed in'.forge secqons ~f ihe .';. through· its Ofnce of War. fofornrntnon, had .~ ... ·: country; especi~lly U~e South a~ well a~ ~he ... high hopes of getting iHol!ywood to ·portray I ' : an~c.~ 'foirces; tne~ were eHectn'(e!y <!emed ... :: 'blacks in a more favornble light than the 1

'.· the;.nght, io. voile: m-:~he South, .rm~ m the mm industry bad ever done IJeforn, ·: North they were co11fmed to memai Jobs and . There was de<ir!y room for improve· ·1

. :- to liyi~·g in sq~m!icl ghettoes. ·· ' . .. · .. · · · ment As Daiton Trnmlio sa!d, the movies 1, ·" · !?oils· bken by. ~he governme111t ·showed . made."t21r~s of the Nogro's ciaughte:·s, crnp I

: ' ltirn~ .blacks despisecl'the'.Germ:ms, i1!0t smr- · shooters of.' his sons,' obsequ~orns Unde ·

. ~·· Clayio?IJ !/{o~pes is c#s.airmam of the history -': Toms o! Ms faH1e~s, superrs~itno1.1s, ~~d gr~: : .' ; departme~it of Obr;r!&n College. Gregory .. . . ~esque cir?~es of !us moJ1ers, stn,n.tat~ IP~" 1

'' ~· J!Jia_cJ.~Js. °duJJ8m8a,p8 1Jf the,'~om~tH~i(ca~frms . ;,- cocks fl: ~ms iwcc?ss[~! men, ps;ium·smgmg .. i .. ~'. st1~d,1es.~epaw&mepig of tfee.U,~1gve~sB£J.oj. ·· , .· .< . ~~1.m~~~~llks of has Pf :es~sf.11~dl ~:i~mim 11ndl. ·

O: 1 Ma~o.i_m,.Kamsas Caty. :ThBs article _is.·. . Bmiey1~1c:e"61lo~s of ,us .. ire,1g~on. . . : . : '2d,apt~d from "llolfywood .Goes fo War: Jlow . · OW" s Bureau oli Mo[1011 JP:'ciwres r~gr~t-, : .. JPoWics, Profits & Proj1agamla Shaped · foHy. co~cu~ircd. fo <m. ;im1lys,s of the aepic:o

:• World .War 11 Movies .. ''. . . .'..:'..Se~ IITOlL!LYWOOD, ITH, CoJ. R · 1 ·~j,:.,:·:t."r .. •::;::·,: • ~ t ~-...... :...:".' I I I'' ,. • ' • J,

d ·t~~:/I$, Elliott ~hrarlls .. Picking o: .: t [·I ':"-:':'"'." . ,: ·: .:· .: ·. : . • , . . . . '. , . : . . . . ·• ," .

,:_. · "We 21re going to m.ake a Hsr of those the·. trymg to overth :. '. ',: •:.: · !By L11lly Weymouth .. U.S .. betrnycd," says ~he JPanoinrnniarr gen- are11'i entirn!y c~ :· . • · . . . · . : . · ernL ''.Th!.! sh:ih of Xrnn, Gen.- Alvarn;i: o~ , The American : ~·AN AMA CITY-Gen;· Mill1mel. A11~0° ,, .. Honc1urns-~hey . kiclmqpped Alvarez . and· present dilemma

"

. ·; ~~:. n.~o. ~omega,'· who. has". rn!ed PaMma .... :·110,.;,: he's :i · teacher inu :i snrnH · miH~<1ry tary of S~nte :El ·. ~ .J!L\. sllflc·~: Hl83,,is .comp!ail1ing ·t!1a~ the,,_,. schoot" He :rndds JFerdinmull Marcos to 'he.· .Helms .m:N.C.),!.

: : Amerkan:,i- have set '1lbo1:1~ des~ab!b.:ing his , !lst'<1ml s<iys that he-Noriega-is the nex~ · . am<11 Alrt!mr Dm : .. : count~y,illl. ~~. eff~r~J? getr.i~.o! him. i, . : .: : . (:irgct p£ Hm United Sta~es. : . · Meisto, He d.iirn · ~ . <Npqega .ns: s1i0~1"rm .t~Q ba;ck .of)lu~ ~iel- .'. ... · ··"Y,ou .crm ernse ::ne," Noriega· says. "Bur Artum De!val1rE,

: ', 1c~ptc_r~ .~al!eidl: the-~~!!P~r lPum~ .... w1~i1: a._·"· ~here am anothl!".r two guys b~hin<l me. Telil presidremt of PaITT _ · '. :~ ulrm~.~ri~lus _han~ ~11d a: pretty foin;ai~. S?:_die~ ... years rigo, K \vasn't here/'. · . . !'ying us when t~t . ', at !us '.~1~~·: Hes. ;n !Sho.~~ man w1~~ ,m. po~kd. Noriega is no <'mge!. He's· a mmtary.' · tem;i~a jmit [lack~

. : •. ma,~k.ed ~omplmuo~, ~endetj by,lus.;e111e~ucs. · strongmani mul IJe!s beeru beelil accused of Asked whethe . :: ;is .pmeapple face, ·. · · · corrrnption, !mJ.ta1ity <1nd ·consorting with fact, ixying to de

··:-'. ·: 'Laity .WeynwB&l!i writes 'regularly aflotft • ...... ;. , Cuba~s. Fidei _Castro.' !But N_orjega ·' has a Abrnms says ~hi ·- ·;foreigtB a/fairs/011 TJu/Washitigtm(Pose. ··'·;;.·'point.' The Un!ted States do~s seem to be · run by a genera i. . . . . . . .

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11ilitaiy·co11trol of the oint;· althougli .. · ::: . no .. side at the time.". · ion in the .television 1ntio11 about. the fire· ications ii1tci:cepis. Kn ! Scores of books aiul ! inissiie crisis have he exlc111t ?f: ~Gmash·

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emplacements· U1at had fired on !he two low­.. ; 'flying American reconnaissance planes on the " morning of !he 27th. · ·, ·rn Ellsberg's view, Khrushchev understood what. Kennedy did not-that he, and perhaps

· eyen Fidel Castr()l, could not stop the firing of . the anliaircraft batteries. .. .. · " · . . ."Bobby. had no. reason to believe ~hat the . threat on· recominissm1ce [to Dobrynin] h;id

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mamler ol ::iuviet lun;es 1.11 l-uua. ! l!<mL quolcUJ the. officer, according to ~tevenson, as explal111° .ing that all of ihe antiaircraft weaponry ai]cll SAM sites on Cuba 11rre "manned by Cuba!ls. ]t was a Cuban colonel that sho~ clown our plm1e."

Sla!senko's stateme11t ~o Thant suggraste1~, <is Eilsberg 11.mderstood, that lhe Cub<ms wern· mmmi11g lhe SAM slkes as of Oct· 30, lhree days :'l!terr U1e only known hiring o(a SA2 SAM missile had takern place. Sine~ ii was higl~y JmprnbaMe that the Soviels would lum ove:;

. conlro! of ~he SAM sites lo ~he Cubans af~e:; lhe U2 had beerr1 shot down ;md ;nfterr Kim1rsh 0

chev h<nd agreed io 110 !ongeJr. aUack 'Amerri::<i11. recqnnaiss;mce aircrnf~, Staise11kc'in::ox:m1e~t seeme(i ~o 'me;nn ~hat the Soviets had! per0

n11it~edl ihe Cubans io opernte the SAM s~tes ~~ least since the 27th, eve111 if a Sovtet oHilc~r was om the sceille aml no111in1aily in dmrge. : : :; The second rte!ephone message to !R1.1sk dli~0 covered by ·Eilsberg came from George Ba:;, the 1mderrsecrclmry of st;iite, who rnporl~ Nov. l 0111 a conversation he ilaid wMn Tlrnnl.'s military ·advjser, Kmliarn Gen. fodmr Jil lRikhye. Rikhye described a conversaiioi;: ·wlt!1 fide! Cas1rn ill which lhe Cullan oremier w~s quoted, as relilyed by Dail, as saying tbal "Cas 0

!ro talked as U10ugli1 he had! aH the ;imlialrcri£t ;md he did boast Uiat it was the C1.1bm1s wlia

shot dow11 Maj. Amiernon. !Rlkhye ~iimself ftMIG!3 DY DAVE C00~7ll!E WASIYNOION POSI; PllOIO Of SOYIU MISSIL[S lEAVINO CUDA 01' ASSOCIATED .

.. · · · • · · · · · is ML<1t ail persuaded," Jifall iokl R11sk 01~ ~he ~l\hi~e~;i~ ... c.~.b~·; ~n~'..,_-;«1~y.· sped~! ~lgnifica.nce;" .. Ellsberg 'recalled: telephmie, "Urnt this was just only boastfolness >iy sugges~ed ~hat ~he . ·~'He didn't think it was that important He had on his [Castrn'sj part" · .. . be:n orrcie.rr~cl ·~~hmd .. :._.lllO: reason to believe that Kl1rnsilchev was goo Rusk. amd other members olf ihe faComm ~si!lent ~1:11!1~a,ry ;mert\ :·. ;; ing to be so reckless as to shoot anything 'ie!se Urns· had! been provided wi!lh evide.nce : : .: . · ·

1,7:. }/.'.'.: :: ... ::<down; [t didn't occllr to him that he was ·taik, . days oi t'.ie sbootdown from both Une

'.recent'w'.1!ek~~t~a~ 1'1-.~::.fog.~0 the wrong mi~ion:-and Uiat mm.nshchev and ~he Soviets in Cl!b;i that the UZ prnlbailtJI' 11de~en~e11t · corro~Q0 • •. , did 110t control the Cubans.''. . . . . . .. had not Ileen a Hacked on orders from Khms~1°

lhe f1ref1gh~ at Danes, ·• · ... , . . .· . . . chev. B1..1t the &eniorr officials could !lot see ihe Hs crisis-co1pmm1ica0

: im· .: ·.hat. fact 'also. didn't occur lo .Ellsl.Jerg:- significance of the informatim1 bec<11.1se every0

1dedake§l·for W." Walt.\\:, rl \~.u11itd he W<)s mform~cl 01; Apnl l.4, 19~1, one in the.government assumed\ Umt ahe spy0

~parrtmenU:oum;elor, · :;,- t ·,:,:.ab~ut a mQnll~ a!t~r. his 11~ee.tmg with plane had been shot down by a Soviet SA.2 iss to America's most, ·i,K?nn?cly; o( the new mtelhgence fmdmg. missile ln U1e contro! of lhe Soviet forces om /ell as to· members of'.:;:(,>16ii~eK learned! about the. firefight at Los the grmmd-;md thus by Kllirnshchev. . . ~lso had pee11(deep!.v ..... ,A11g!)les,'~·. EUsberg recalled/' "K said, 'J'esus Castro hi!i1self has since provided v;ii1y~11g risis in 1962;··worklng -.-.'Cluist'.J{hrushchev. didn't' have control an(I .. accounts of who was iii con~rni, ~Cl!iii1g ;i W<ish

0

i Cuban air sfrikcs. · · '.:'that's why he .backed off right away''-:-wlthin · ing~on JPost reporter during an intervlew jrn ewed by\Ellsberg hn . : 12 hourn instead. of takillg the n1ext '1\8 hours . !985, for example, Urnt Soviet trooos had beern ~cnnedy,.who t9k! of .. nnd·aHempting ~o improve his tnugaiiiing po0 maiming !he S./\2 missiles \vhe1i 1!1e U2 was og wiih ·Dobcy11in orn . slton, l\hrushchev ime\v Uiat the United States shot dowu,. "(did not have the honor of shoot! iafter the. U2 shoo~" would send.more ·irecommissance flights at first ing down tile spy plane," Castro s<ikt .. p came aner · U1e re0

... lighMhe. next· mornnng am! he also knew, El!s 0 Tile slrnng assmuptirn1 of Soviet contrn~ li1° !lier in which he de- .; berg th~orized, U1at he could not g1111rantee side Cuba m;ide ii: inevitable that ahe in1form111° ~1issilcs be pui!ed out, · that .. the Cubans . m;mni11g the antia!rcrnft Uon provided 'I'h;:mi: ;me.I hls military :lll(.!viser 01e11t, a~ pmt.Qf a set0

• ·guns~1111d pe:rhaps, the SAM site at Los Arri- also wollld 'Je overlooked ~hrougho1.1it ~he fo,: l : .'-.'::.~> ._;· .... ·, ·_geles~wou!q no~· shoot down ;mother aircrn[t · 'temgence comm1mity, :ilthough se11ior Amer, rare that his remarks and.: predpitate'..'m{.immedjate American re- ic;in intelligence officbls, in interviews i1l' rre

0

1hly classifiecfinternal .. sponse ... · ~-. ·>> .. •. "· . · cex~t weeks,. <idmowtedgedl Ullllt Unitel.il Wsberg of his: ultim:u-. '. . Castro: in :an' lni:enriew· with journalist T;id States government hadl !JO hard information RS ultimatum .'would not .. Szul21 published .last' year, acknowledged ~hat of Nov. 1, 1962, as to how M11j. Andernoni's ~1til Ke1mcdy's·mcm 0 ·on Oct. 27 he had ·g1ven hls m11i<1ircrnft forces ;iircrnft had been destroyed: .. ten Days,": ~as pub< .. '. blanket authority. ~o· shoot at low-flying Amer- G"eorge lleili,. in a teiepho11e interview from Ice, ·the Soyiets .were·-· kan. rcconm11is~m1ce planes. Onny·''the inexpe- ·· his office iii Priilcetor::, N.J., co.nfirmelJI ~ha~ he ~es woulcl:aHadt ~he ·'· rience of our·ar~meiryinen," he saicl, led ihem . had 'heki @'conyers:iti611 with lRikhyc, Toki ·olf ~ .. by Tuesclay.'ino:ming,, :··to·miss that day;.•"K am· abso!lllte!y cedain tlrnt .the lotelJigenpe suggesting that Khmshd1ev I: some evidence with0

• if U1c low-level flights had· been· resumed [on had not corntrnlled the U2 sho0Mo~i1, Jl];ii! s.1idl !the sites w~re being ·~.Oct 28], we would have ·Shot down one, two, ··.he had · beern told of the 1964 intercepts lmt ~already· had !earned :: or three of ihe. planes," Castrn said .. ''~ don't ·; acknowledged that he "was not' surnrlisecl." 9r a full-scale invasion·." know whether this would ·have started 1iucle;i~· ' Thrcmgho1.1t ·the crisis, Ile said, the E~Comm ~y set for c;irly .Tues;;·., :war.'' . : · ·.· w;is constimlly making :issmnplions about So

0

l , : ':... · · _.; .. ,· .: ·,The risks were .greater· than anyone in viet behavior: "We were m;iki!lg g11esses mull ii<lence ernerged'sug 0 .:.Washington realized.· . we were jl!St plain wrong-and we· were lap-.ultimatum" may .. lmve :.,. , Other Cuban· missile crisis scholars, most ping wh;it we . thought was the best possible dfosk, who was sec< :·notably Ambassador Raymond L. , GarlhofC i11telligcnce." . '

··:;

._1 •• ...... ..1· 1·

' (J ... • ' t'1

....... ,, •• •• ..... A;':,•''•.•","""'"':.-~ ,1• ··- , '·•", •'• ,••,,.•", ..... ,.,\. ~·\ .' •1

..... i. ~ .. '·'· \ ..

\

!·

I ,., I I 1, ,., 11 IHI \n di& Ill \·t. Ill \\Jiii\ ~'l1H.\ i l\1,

111 lho B1111lel lluhni. · ~iihl, I~ Qi111hl h1w1i h~1t111 !h1M~l11w1 i1u1:11111.1 !Iii~, ·- , Wprd, of. th~. U~ · !llhooluow11 cmue l11to .!n .. elims,· llowevcr, 1m t\merlcim prnfossoa- sn!d lrn thc.'monii11g' on Oct: 27, iuHt momcn!9 aftcir · 1111 interview fast week !hat duri11g ;i research

' · · · 1 the Wh!te l Ious~ . learned that Khrnshcl~ev ·:trip to Cuba sevcrn! ye;irs ago, he hml !Jec11 •haicl tmn$hen~q.~1~~dema11ds for a sctUcm~nt, . ;~olcl · ~h;n~ that the Cub:ws indeed had ~nkern

.. ~bf. t!~e\frisi~·i~V insisting in a !~Ueir _tc1, H{e'.n~ ·::%ve:r 8 Soviet m:Htmry base by force during ~he· . · :nedy U11J1~ ;my withclrnwa! of Sovmt missiles m Ciiban missile cirisis.

,·i Cll!b~ fui pubHcly' !inked to U1e:wiU1~rnwal of ·No11e 0~ this informatioRl was avail;ible ~o ~he f~me~k<A!IB. missiles from .T11rkey, Kn a note lExComm on ~he morning of Oct 27. Nonel_he· ·~cceivedi by' the· White House [he evening. •ixifol!e .JKlumshchev had.offered ~o wnthdrnw ..

· . ~.thre m!.~siies !f~~n~.Cub~,wltho~t <my.such link·. j ·

. : .•.;;,~g~:h~ .. lE~~~n;~·:·tra;isc~lpt .shows ~!;a·t Pres- . J

.'idrell'!~ JKe11rr1edy.i expressed concern that the . 'U2 · shoo~dow11 might .lie "an escalation" on ·

.. , • : ~h® pair11 of Khrushchev, according to those ", .. .'Jwllo il~ve. ·i:ead : the' transcript There· also · ~Yweire r®por~s tha~ Cuh<il}~rvi11._:m~i@ircrnft bat"

'~eirfog' ~adi :<ipeii~dl . fire on. two low-.llying · Amerk<1!l recomiaissance aircrnrt, w1tho1.1t

. ' . ;f<lllsing . serious" damage, and ti1.erre were · .·queaUons 'i!l,-U)e ExComm,, ~ccoirdmg ~o ~he

· · · 'fuim1[e1( about ·~he exken~ of IKhrnshchcv's · ~· 'fon~ro! ~~er. ule <m~iniircrnlt llllli~s.' . ' . ; .

CANADA1

0

If! !\Ill. hlH~Wu! 1 ' hlh1h1!H! Umt lhtt ~fov!i~i~ l~ml h111~ ~ ~ltc is know!lhto 11t this !P one 1~new Um~ 1m me U.S

Ellsbcrg dk~ 110~ meni interview ~!ml. his' infom;

· fight came from commm1i adcJlt[on, onlly 1IJ fow of Uni acad!emic s~udies oni th~

. rnisecil m1y doubis as l.o ~

m ·The siillill11,U2".pl!ot, as mall11y in ~he Ex<.·.·: :~omm '.!mew;: w<ils :Air JF'orcci,· Maj. Rudolph·;::' ')\ndeiroo!T! Jr., whose fligh[ · iwo weeks beforn :, ·': ·~ad! lbeeirn ihe .fi~s~ ~o biri11g !back !Phokographk .. •,j '~vidence of Uie',Sovlet missile installations. . ..

·· . '~r'1 he fi~t cira1ie~ge to Am;,icar. •ssump-,:. :: l:ss, tj,, in;elli~e~ce ~rr,;;,1 said, he found it c><v'scontrnl over S ! i l~I,: u tw11s ·¥bout Une IU2 sh~otdowirn came_,, dishiirbing t~i<lk the semor members ~f H1e 1Ex

0 the fow doubtern invaria!

~~·Ji· <1Jbo1.11~.rn:montbs.la~er, m e~rrly 1964, .. Com.m acted! whhm.1k fulll_know!cdlg.e m assum0

• downnrr1g of ~he IU2 ha<l ,..,IJ ! t ~ N [ ! Se t A cy · bl F the K11wshdi.ev's b<1ck ·by ~ wilil~Kil <ima y~ts a t 1~ <1 mn~. cun Y ge11 , :.'.'. ing Jhait ID1rnshd1e~ .was rn,sponsi e or· ; . · ; 1 ,~;<\'°' ,u

1

,, :Sov!e~ Union. :~ueotededl m lbire01king a.Sovie~.code. The So" .. shootdowrrl: "E don't ttimk you H ever know Wnl<ll • ,.,, -"' •1

"'

ivict code syske1in, known to some in the Amer· · !Plllle<l the frigger." Elisberg, idormed irn " • 11· 't "S'I " I d · reporter lhatl obklJJe<l\ 1

.. •OOe!ll m 'widespread usage by Sovie~ forces " u ~ ."le ni,g l y c ~SS :e . " . "-·· "" ! · .. · '!l:<l!I\ .mte llgen!C!:! commum Y as

1.ver, m ' ". T. · · • : '11 I iJP <l\ communicaUomr 1n· ~,~·~0 ,,1 r,.rt '1is accowr1t of

:' i· . .n. C r... • :· H>c111 . · • · '· ·. 1emgence w1Un nts :mpJrrc21twn1 that po[" ~old morn 0~ U1e s~ory. I · sRai!Ol!lew m uua m ,,.,,,,~. ·. · . · · · · · · • · ,· · : 1• ' • _, ·' •

1 nlsca! n ~ • u

.: . .. As ~he NSA analysts began decoding some,.\ : ". 1cy-m~aiern mlu ~l~~e a .s?rmt s n " 'l 0 Uol!ls S~U!!y, WcllCnl was Ill

. .. . \ ·, ! . . . " c11iat:oa1 drnrmg the :mss!le WSJS rn monU,g IRostow, foen Uie Slate [ 'off &he many messages sent durmg ~ l~ en.ms, . :·'earlier was kept lmder tight wrnps inside ~he g;ive llim enormous aw -~hey learned that there had been a rnaJorr fire". , : N' ", ' 1 c- ., /\g"'"'CY Co1wersatio111s i1e "'i"N'I" 'i"'["·' s"c~..,,·~ ... ~'II 't' I i ' I [ 0 t 26 ~ L An ele a ' at1om1n V<::Clm.y n ~" · ' · • """'" ¥ n "'u " '"'"' """

. A!g i~ 0

~ I ie mg 1

~ 0

c · a os g s, ' · · recent weeks w1til foirmeir · !1Uembers oE ~!~e ~he EltComm, JE:Usberg .S~M site near.a naval base.at Dalles;

01~ Ct1- .':;'.. ExComm, indudi11g McGeorrge Rluncily, ~e111.0 , i!lvoived in ~he missile c1

.•. ~as 11ortheast7rn, coast-:--;wiud1_."'.'as U1~ snte of' ::.'; nedy's national sect1rity ;u;viserr, indlcntedl U:a~ wi!ln a group pfa1111i11g H11 J!ie ne){t m~mmg s U2 crash., ·· ' · ··.'.·:.none o( the iwy t{ennedy admin1lsirnlion adorn ·:· Among ~hose i11tervi

·:.:.The' Soviet com~nan~err au. the Danes base •. :.:'·in tile missile crisis had.been brriefod on th~ ea:dy Hl64 Wills Robert' : was o~e:rhearrd s?ymg Umt ~here had been im , . -' !lle'w ma!ed;il in 196'11 .. : . : " . his exlrnordlmi!rJ!. meeli

· · attack ai: tl)e adiacent S{\M base. H: sub~e- · The ireport 0~ ~he firefight at Danes appar" ~!ie evening of Oct. 27, . !Jllently relPOded ~hat he ~vas adva11c~ng wit!~ , · e!lUy didl not suirface again m1tit 1979, w~1ern dow11. Thiit meefo1g at~

·.;troops a'.11.1 _that U~ee soldiers y.>~re killed miu William D. [}ader, an assistm1~ depu~y urr1<lerr0

ce!pt of m1rnshd1e11's 11 :15 o~heirs were wounded. The co~m;mcler, secretary 0~ defense for policy, inithlte<l\ ar:i mandled that the Jupilerr ide!llli!ied by_ the ·NSA ns. an officer n:imed exhaustive study of Sov!et forces in Cll!ba. The with im offici<ni mmmmce

: Mansev, <"_lso n~ued a call forr surgeorn~. ;Seven ' · ·; Carter admtnistrniion was then l111 the em bar" Ue.mimt :l!Jhysici;ms,were .. ~~-~~ to the sce~e that mght rassing positioru o( i1;wing c<!l!ecl pu~;~~ aUern". Kem1e<ly, obviously a~

.. I· Othef\ :NS:f\, .. mtercepts ~howed that . ·'ion to the so-called Soviet "brlg1ule m Cuba were meant only for a h1 . )l!al'tsev, · whi>se · '.~dvam:e" was &ppare~tly • ' : '; :nly to learn thot ;, lm<l been in pl~'' •!nee ii!•, · • government "".<ly, ,~old , · · .co111r1~eiraU.flck against Cuban ~roops seeking to. . resolution 0~ ~he missllle crisis, wluch hmged m tum ~o Doblrlf1W1. 'ha~

• ··;. ,, ~to<m lhe SAM b,,., W<S O<.de<ed t~ make.n • pa<t on a ple<lge b~ the Kem>edy odm;,,;,,,,. b~co,~e publklf k~w~ · ... foil rnpoat m. person ~he· next mo.mmg, Oct . ·' tion not to invade ~he nsfaml. onr m ~he crisis, flur~

.. ·, ·: ':1:1; ~o .Cot G,eKJ._ of Avfa~ion Victor Davidkov,;.. · · · . Bader, in a rrecen~ interview, recii!led askiing !ished ;n 1989. fo essei ·: ~pparnITTtly Rim sel!l.ior Soviet commander at the .·• · · the intelligence comm1mity in l 979 for <i.H o~ to!cl U1at ~he lUnlte<l St; .. .~m11.:d11 Cubti .. ". >•. ~:... . . ,•: 1

: · : '. "·, its ftles 0 111 SovieUorces 1111 Cuba.· The <loc1J1- mlssl!e shes.inside Cuba · · · i '!'he intercepts, which made de!'lr ~hat So- ." ments lnciuded a bomis: the electronic intcl" Oct 30, m1!ess Khern w11

·: · . ~let soidi.e~s h<1(,i ixlern ''.shot and ·'-;'011;-ided,'', die!:·'"· 'ligence :ibout Uw ba.tt,le at Danes: "~hat .K s~w ii! Um 11eK~ 41! !~mirs ~II.a •

/ .Mt iilp~ciff~c~J!y: m1mie ~he ·aH11cki11g. forces as ·:,,\ was Oil summalrlf talkmg about a iirefngl!t mst<le d1smanUed. Sovie~ omcu

:: ·:. ;c1JJb<m,.l!Uho11gb.NSA all!a!ysts 'quickiy'reachedl ··. Cuba," he said:·"!t <lid have· date and time .. " Urn.t American pia!lning I : . .'ihe obviom1 .condi.nsion. ~hat Rhe rrighfo1g was : grnuns bt1t Uie signi.Hcance of it didn't occur ~o was 1.mderw<1y, wlth D-[ .. ·. )hi;:~we.ern. S?vi~W~rr!~. C11ba1rns~·The !nterrcepts .':. me at ~he time.'' ~foi foc1.11s ~hei1 ~as ~o !.!!l~a~e~ day ~101ming. . .•.. :Sugges~ed !hat ~he aUack hacl. ended! by. the ·, · ~he 1962 ~mdl 1970 agreem?~t.<1~ tnat pe[~Utced (~rn: weeks ago, nm~ i .: . .', !mors11ng ox Oc.t 27, but tl1e NSA mmlys~s were::,. . ~he Soviets ~o keep ~mops msm~ Cub~: Il s~w ges[mg 1~;at l<erniedy s

.. :~nable to preclude the possibi!ity that U1c SAM Urnt material in con~ext o( the brigade K~sue. beeni pariW 21 bluff. Dea : . ' ....

·1· .

···.·· .. \, • .. ' I ... , \

• • ~. o<:>:o, "' ....

2 :uuu:a s. e:a .. maz u 41W 44 IA

i . 'I . I

, : I l.

1:;;. in!•1 .. I J w111r1t;·;11 :no-:11r: .. H2' SUNIM1f, OcrmJEil u;· l 907 .... II 2

·1 '11

Tm·:WAs

•. ~ .. •., f!.- 1'il. ~i.·l· . . . llNGTONPOST .......... ,·~···;· ,., ............. :· ..... ,. .'·:"· • . .-- . ., !" ··:··:· .... ,·:_.~\.·-~·; ::· .... ·. -·.· . . ~: .. ·:. · . .. · ... . .· ... . ·... ·.: .. '.' .. ····t".: ... ·~ It·~ ::: !ga·::says: that' all ·these··:. dear in regard to Pam1ma as it is in Nicarn· · t? st4A ~ov:11befor:e !~re: eleciiciiri, l~e;was ev!!:' 1• fals~. the 1u:oduct of- a·"-:~ gua, the aclministraiion would. at.trnct liberal ' s1ve,:da1mmg thatl!us woukl'le:m ll.'6 ihe 00..

."g ~ . .' . '· . support for the contriJs. ·strnctiim of the armed forces imd emrni~ . to ~t.lHerrern's: cl1arges;: ._. . llut there is a1:wther reason foir the Amer- anarchy: In reply to a question, lie said he stre~i.S~

1

of P~nanun City/:". ican enthusiasm to get rid of.Noriega. !Look· would nm for president. erc!i~fs\'amll: c~!ling

7fo( ·\ ing tow;ird the ye<1r ~WOO, when the Uni~etl Norieg<l1 has other problems. According to I thei,~ml of mmtary rnle,':. States :would turn over the cmrnl to Pa11ama, news accrn.mts, two fodernl investigations ix~ Kl iiieY,e1d:ieen involved in. American officials want to plan for a s~ab!e foloricfa are looking into possib!,e drug ·1iioh1° tea~liers and lawyers in\ government, friendly ~o U.S. interests. l3:1ck tions by . Noriega, ;m allega~ion he denies. :n·cfus:ide,". ~h~dirs~ or~:.': in. 1977 when l?.resiclent Carter signed the· And he's angered conservatives li1 ~he United! ~d <?Ppositiol!li movement. Pam1ma Canal treaty, U.S. strategic piaimers States by flirting with Nic<:nigm11's lD;mrre! ~ i~po.~\~ion. oL.mlli~~ry ,(· h~<l not cmmte.d cm~ _Samlin~st<l presen~ce ini Ortega. Asked why he was deaii11g wifo Or.0

.. · ~il.r'.~•· · · · · · · · . ·'.:: ..... ·Nicaragua, As mstablility has mcreased m the tega if he was wonied abou[ foe ie[t, Ndega: ~ o~~~~o~g:lim1hogcui:l"ta- ·; ... -regio!'I durl~g the !<ist few yea~s,, [he State· ;rep1ie<l th~.t ile [~<Dd l.o ~alk wW:11 everycme <:lf!a t ;it·:ii:Jomt U.S.-Pam1ma0

• l0epmtmerr1~ anti ~IlHl NSC s~:rnr nave con" ·then asked: "Wily does Re<1gan embrace Go1t· caiie'd Forch'l.mador No0

" duded that anyihing would lie better in Pm1° bachev?" . e believes thrc Amerlcm1s <mm th;m Noideg81, 'The lPentago1t and CKA ' So what slioukl !the United Sl:i.tes do ;nboi:t I cd~!s/~Thlfi 'm;m most .. ·:;mm't oo: enUmsi<llstic abo1.1t the camp;nng::J Noriega? Kt cou!d active~y ern::mm:ge rnego-ies l~'.~cn:;iHeims. , :· ··. ·. ·.'.'against the Pa11~maH1i<iiru leader, partly be- ~iatioHns between the two sides-imd just I op!J&ied.~he h«rmsfor o[ , cause . ~hey· aren ~ · s111re what would come stand by am! w;nit for a dis;ns~iell' l.o oc~wr. :Ii ~1," 'iays · Nodeg:n,. "mid-. 11ext. · . · · . . . · . · co11!d, for example, send a sped111 U,$. em 0

•

~ p0litic'al lifo ko fighting · ·· The !best so!utioil ~o ~he present crisis is issary to cut ill deai with Norlegin ~o gel. him 1." ·l:.:i'-i . . . . . · probably negotiations between Nodegill aml · out by 198S. These steps imve been dis0

istarf'.opposiiig Nodega'-;,•: the 01?1>osiii?rr1. Noriega c.naims he is wm.i~g to· cussed but not yet implemimk:d. e foaiiiorn1ble to do so ·as negotiate wiUi.anyone without precondahons, The danger for the United Staves of a con~" ffcrs~readiiy amnned·lo:; ·!}mt m~mber~ o!, t}1e Cn~~~de s<iy ~hey wm zw~ tim1ing stalemate ls Umt as the :si~~a~io;~ gie;aiFl fz, s~aU h11:s·indeerdl bee111 .:''..;" lflego~mte with ~1m until ne mmmmces a:rn" worse, Noriega wm. piay lies og1!y ca~d7ajj~ otiilg the J~~~st Senate "\1 tjrcme.nt date-w!1id1 J1e ,\~m nqt do, . mik~;ns!l ~he Cuo;m-backed foftis~ efomentS! }lie ~cd~by· rin:<1lmosti.ma11":.' ·' .. ; No~iegin str~ck a concnimto:ry t~i1.e m the . has kept mH.ier contrni miti! now, iJ :. i~~ :'. :" ::·. · · .. · ":: .. mtervnew, saymg, .about the opposn!JO!l: "We Staie Department 0Hici<1is

0 11M~ough ieo11°

t t~ .. ·;).1!::;·>·'. ;. · · ·:;:::·":'have io gain i.heir trusUhat ~hey can lmve 111 · ccrned by the rndicaHzaiion ol Nicarngmt an\<l ~1~ 1s.pr?moti~g d11mge ;,: :i?h:· chance l111 competing for. th·e govern° Cory t~cquino's problems in the Philippine~, pnega ·had'. Um>. ~o. say: ;·"f imeu1t" As for ~he .next e!ecti1m, which is <1irgue ii.hat IP1mama wm be tlliforent, U1a f~t !ly lias his'OWHI s~r;itegyr.:,,/scheduledl for 1989, he said\ he woukll agiree does not have <m acl.ive inslnrgency iike Uie lhis~owl'!:prni.i!cms." He·.:.,. to having comouters co1.mt 'the vo~es and to Philippines and th;ut it wm not face a timeat talli?' · i:olei: lira. ii.he )rml.0

: _:; represen~a~ioru" o[ the opposition on the elec 0 from the left because ik has imch llJ strnEJ.g . . lcialms Um~ he has beern ;~·: tornl irlbu.na1-which"is not now the c<ise. middle das~. But as they move to dest:ibiil:!:e ~n~:d1at Abrams'. pos!~ .!,:-;_ .,,. l3ut many l?<m!!lmrmi;n'ns would regard ;m Noriega's regime, how can Ame1rican offid11fo. I nie;ms: of ingrnth1tirr11f' .. eiecHo!li with ,Noriega\ :s~m <it the helm as ill be sure they anm' ~ providing an openi!lg forr ~~~s •. ·" · . . . . ' · ,~, iwaste of time,-. ~ter ··all, m:my believe he the left? fo any event, i~ the Urr1itedl Siati?s ~umt may have hoped : ~ fixed the returmi of ihe l<Jist election and them deddes to oust Noirieg<ll, !~ should: do so :m~po1>ulmrNodeg<1 <1mF later kicked out the· appolnted win11er, Nicky q11ickiy and dedsivciy-by flmfoug ;i v~;ibfo :for democrnfo:aiion as ..... DarleHa. Aslu~d whether he would be wi!Hng· . alternative and backing him all the way, · " : ·-~~ . . ; .><~. . ,.. . . ~~ · .. ::~ .· .:·. <> ~::·.:·~ :: .":~a··;/ . ... . : . . . . . . I il·~vice :pr~side11it ·of a . ., retary of state at the time, disclosed timt l<e11-lniematiom1~,. only ireai· ... , nedy had told him to con~act' United Nations ig11ificance',\o(U~e )1.9611. :;~secretary Gel!1ernl U Thant and have him 1mi0

)1is' rnisie:nm 'importm1t. : ... pose a compromise' if ·~Ile tough talk didn't \wjs ra\v intelligence~·: '·!work and Khrushcliev didn't back down.) . iardety-usedl or <ibused ·;: .' '.. ·, Eilsberg recalled 'that he <iske<l Kennedy: \didn't the: inteiligence·~.'.: .i','So they had 48 hours to decide and !ill no dis 0

t make the comiection? i</inanWng is u11uler way, then we' a hit ihe mis­~a~e the'sign.ificaint b~r~::;}~·si!f sites imcll follow up with ;m invasion.' i3ob 0

.i :t . · · '' ,.: : . . .. <.'::·:.i. by· interjectied, ·'Unless ~hey hit ;molher rec011· ~i·~I \11i~<rdidl:t!nderntimd!.0:~·ii~issance piane, and Jn that case, we wm hit <1~.~ FC of the. iz\.ieircepis in~'.;/. th~ ~AM. sit~.s ~!}lm~~,J,a~ety_ imd .Prn~a?ly the . .1erg, . ~h\S:rn .. si .'consuitalf!t :·': ,. ~1ss1!e . .sites·: as wel1 .. ".' Morn recom1a1ssa.11ce .1 '!vork on':~ !ilgMy d<iso: / '.fltg~ts were s,c~ed;t!e~ ·ff?r the ne~,t ~10rnmg. inson mlmhiistrntioill ot-.)Kem1edy w<1s.sp~clilc1 E1lsberg s<1m, m recilB· :.during· U1e· Cub~n :l!This-~;:;:.:.ing·,matl1e .. h~d ~()id Qobcynin he had 48 hom:s. ild.b1.mitinilo fame'iev~\;·',~<?.·~ct ,'· · .. : <': .: ·c: .: : -. ·: . : f1if\viio inad® :Pliblic. Un~\~f:,\~l'.i-.X!11 1 !~J'hi1:te~[t ~ays,". Ke1mecit ~escri?ed his . ·~s. But he. dnd111T dis<J/i t?ugh .. conyers~hon w1th Dobryn11;, tius way: ;clgc of the missile crisis : -.;_ 1, h~ shootmg down ~f the U 2 w11~ a most .se­~he was interrvicwe~ by .. 1 :~io~s turn of.events, h.e quoted himself as tell· '1b!ic ielevisfon. :'ltation .:~ ·mg Jhe Soviet ambassador, "Because o~ the :h~· C11bm1 miSsile eris!~:.-.~ deception of the Soviet UB!ion, our photograph· ~ ·1; · ·! •. '.;~,. .. .,. :. ic reco1m~lssance. phmes would have to con-. ' · tirme to fly over. Cuba, and if the Cubans or .~ii;1script of• E!!sberg's . Sov!ets shot at these .Pfanes, then we would :ailed that the !Los ·An· .. ·have ~o shoot. back. This would inevltab!y iead en under ·grm.11ntl attack ! "to. further incidents and to escala~ioru of the 1y,~~bans, wm~ n fierce · conflict, the implications of which were very

: grave indeed!' . Kennedy was assuming that Khrushchev had control not only over the ~AM czi~"" in f'.11h:i h"t ~l~n ow~r ~hP. m;rnv ;m-

confirn~cd in rec~nt interviews Ulat the pri11<11il8 record .shqws t!m~ !Robert Kem~edy did w@m Dobyrnin abo11t recom1aisance fiigh~s !111\' their Oct 27 meeting, GarUioff, who wirote mimy · key memornmla durlng the C[isisi ~s in yom1g State Departmen~ officer, reports new dct~liii>

11bo1.n~ ~he extent of Soviet·Ci1bairi es\:rnnge· .ment i11 his new book m; Uie missile crnsiis, which \yill be published !ateir ~his monUi. Affker li\lm1shd1ev's backdow~1, he' wdes, "Ct1bilin trnops iook up positions arm.mid the fo11r Sol\/iet m~ssi!e bases on Oct 28 iimJ\ re:m11iiruecl ~here for [~1ree days , ... This fact W<8!s not ciiateiy k11owrr1." & .: •

. ;~ s. his rese<1rch continuecll, Ei!sberg said; . '· A,\ . lie found forth er evidem:ei OK Khnis~/" J. 1l, d1ev's lack of controli, iigrnoredl a~ the time, ln JR11sk's iis-yc~-1mpubEshedl. ite!ephmie irecords. E!isberg was provided wiUi fµii access to all of ~he .secretw:ry of state's telephone Jogs ;mdl memorrnrrufa a11<l mico11eired two extrnor~ dlmnry telephone calls in whldi Thim~ ire:;>mtGQ mi his visit to Cuba i11 l;ite October, just alter Khrnshchev h;nd agreed to dismanUe tile· !11U0

clear missn!es. . . . . . . . The first telephone message, dated Oct 31,

was. from Alll;in SteveHJSO!l, the Americ;irn mn° bassador. to .the· United Natio.m;, who irei;nyed Thanfs acco1.mt o( 1ill meeting l!)ni ·Oct 30 ii11 lifovami with· ~he Soviet ambassador aml • 2\ young brigadier geiiern!, idenllfied ;is Igor .-., • o ' , I I I l••• ,.all' -- Af.-. --p~.