Econ 490 Soviet & Post Soviet Economic History 2018 syl 3/28/18 10:26 AM

Fall 2018 DUKE UNIVERSITY

Department of Economics

Economics 490/690: SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET ECONOMIC HISTORY

Professor: Charles Becker Telephone: 919-660-1885 Email: cbecker@duke.edu secondary: charlibek@yandex.ru

Office: 312 Social Sciences Office Hours: by appointment Class: MW 08:30 – 09:45 Social Sciences 107 Teaching Assistant:

1. Course description. This course traces economic factors leading to the downfall of the Russian Empire and

the rise of the USSR, followed by an assessment of the rise of the USSR. Particular attention is devoted to the NEP period, earlier Soviet economic models, the famine of the 1930s, the impact of the Great Patriotic War (WWII), industrialization and urbanization, Soviet planning, and declining productivity growth and life expectancy in the in the 1970s and 1980s. The course then explores the economic consequences of the USSR's collapse as well as the nature of recovery in various countries that followed. The course concludes with an overview of formal political economy models. Students will be encouraged to explore Census data, household surveys, and other data sources.

2. Learning objectives. This course has multiple objectives. [QS] There is a significant amount of economic theory, which presumes and uses mathematics through Math 202/212 to build economic models that explain economic and political behavior. The course also expects students to obtain and utilize a data set of their choice, but with my approval, to analyze issues related to Soviet/post-Soviet economic history, or current issues. All Russian/Soviet censuses are available online, as are standard household datasets such as the Russian and Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Surveys, the Life in Kyrgyzstan survey, a multitude of DHS (Demographic and Household Surveys), World Bank firm-level surveys, and housing and real estate databases such as www.krisha.kz. The course has a significant writing and presentation requirement, as noted below. I expect that the course will make use of and draw on the Duke Writing Center and the Reader Project, which I have used in other courses. [CZ, CCI] While this is not a humanities course, it is expected that students will gain an appreciation of civilizations both with respect to Russia and its neighbors/satellite states. Toward that end, a substantial history component will be required (and covered on exams), and on many topics there will be reference to relevant literary works. For example, it is difficult to cover the full impact of the war from dry statistics; the work of Nobel Laureate Svetlana Alexeivich will be a valuable complement to the technical work, much as will be the work of the sartirist/novelist Andrei Kurkov when we discuss the 1990s transition period. [EI] Finally, the entire course focuses on the causes of the rise and collapse of the USSR and then the behaviors of those in its successor states. The political economy aspect of the course focuses on human motivations and seeks to understand the consequences of actions, both individual and societal, and address the ethical and political implications of political choices. This is particularly important in the Soviet/post-Soviet context because of the large number of decisions that had cataclysmic – and generally negative – effects on human welfare.

3. Prerequisites: Econ 201 (intermediate micro I) and 208 (econometrics) or equivalent. Working knowledge of

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differential and integral calculus, and some data-handling skills are necessary. Useful skills: some familiarity with Russian or Ukrainian language, some familiarity with Soviet/Russian empire political history. If you do not have any language skills, I strongly encourage you to take Russian 101 concurrently. This will help you navigate websites and access databases which, of course, is the key purpose of language study.

4. Honor code and course policies. Failure to acknowledge assistance on an assignment, or to cite a source of

information used in an assignment, or to represent the work of others as your own, violates the University's honor code. Any violations may result in failure of the assignment or the course, or expulsion from the University.

Any exam missed for a non-legitimate reason will be accorded the grade of 0. Any exam missed for a legitimate reason will be made up with an oral exam as soon as EcoTeach can schedule it.

Late work will be penalized by 1/3 grade point per day late (excluding Sundays). Assignments must be submitted via Sakai. An electronic and a hard copy of the term paper must be submitted to the instructor. Standard formatting for regular text material shall be as follows: 1-inch margins top/bottom/left/right; 1.5 line spacing; extra space between paragraphs; Garamond 12 font; right hand justification for main text. References and footnotes should be single space (with space between individual citations) and Garamond 11 font. Assignments and term papers that have not gone through a basic spell and grammar check will not be accepted. Files attached with viruses will be deleted and not regarded as submitted; if for some reason the virus gets through and infects one of my computers, you will receive a grade of 0 for the assignment.

5. Grading and assignments. The grades will be determined as weighted averages of exam and homework performances:

USSR overview quiz 5% Sept 5

Literature survey 15% Sept 19 Technical presentation of a research paper 15% Oct 22 Research project/term paper (including oral presentation) 40% Dec 7 Final examination1 25% Dec 17

The essays/presentations include (1) a brief literature survey on a policy topic of interest, with dissemination via Sakai to the class, and (2) a technical presentation (via Sakai, but also possibly "live"): short but detailed presentation of a formal (i.e., mathematical) economic model or econometric application pertinent to The USSR. Topics must receive the instructor's approval. The term paper is expected to be 15-30 pages in length plus tables, on a topic of the student's choice, but subject to instructor approval. The paper is expected to involve [a] original empirical or theoretical research (required of graduate students in Econ 296), or [b] a comprehensive survey a topic, and provide policy analysis in light of recent data and research. However, I will push strongly for all students to undertake original empirical work, regardless of whether or not it makes use of sophisticated statistical techniques. The final examination will be comprehensive.

6. Texts and major books. There are no required books, though I recommend buying and skimming through the

Gregory-Stuart text. I will ask you to read from Alexeev-Weber as well. My class notes will be posted on Sakai.

1 I reserve the right to cancel the final, in which case the presentation and survey will count for 30% (combined) and the term paper 45% of the total grade.

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These are intended to be supplemental, and are neither a perfect substitute for class or for the readings. Special thanks are due to Andrei Markevich, Yuri Zhukov, and Rustem Nureev for thoughtfully posting their reading lists on line, and to Anna Rafferty for help in preparing this reading list.

Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Alexeev, Michael, and Shlomo Weber, eds. The Oxford handbook of the Russian economy. Oxford University Press, 2013. (on Google books)

Clague, Christopher. Institutions and economic development: Growth and governance in less-developed and post-socialist countries. No. 338.9 I59i. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

Davies, R.W., Mark Harrison, & S.G. Wheatcroft (editors), The economic transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913-1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Ellman, Michael E. and Vladimir Kontorovich (editors), The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System: an Insiders’ History, London: M.E. Sharpe, 1998.

Feshbach, Murray, and Alfred Friendly, Jr. Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature under Siege. New York, Basic Books, 1992

Gregory, Paul R., and Robert C. Stuart. Russian and Soviet economic performance and structure. Addison Wesley, 2001.

Hanson, Phillip. Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR, 1945-1991. Longman: 2004.

Matlock, Jack F. Autopsy on an Empire: the American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Random House Incorporated, 1995.

Roland, Gerard. Transition and economics: Politics, markets, and firms. MIT press, 2000. (on Google books)

Williamson, John. Economic consequences of Soviet disintegration. Institute for international economics, 1993.

Wintrobe, Ronald. The political economy of dictatorship. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

7. Course outline and lots of literature. As we come to each topic, I will note required and optional readings. The class itself will be conducted as a guided discussion, except when it is necessary to present formal models, or when students are making presentations. Thus, it is essential that everyone have done a substantial amount of

reading on each subject prior to the class. As a general policy, I expect each student to read the Alexeev-

Weber book as assigned, background from Gregory-Stuart, and one paper (or chapter from a book)

for each class, and to contribute to the discussion based on that reading. Readings may be chosen

from the syllabus below, or from the journals and websites listed above, or found elsewhere. Each

student will be expected to submit an annotated log of notes on readings at the time of the final:

these will be permissible “open book” materials for the exam.

[1] The big picture: becoming familiar with the USSR

Fischer, Stanley, “Russia and the Soviet Union then and now,” in Olivier Blanchard, Kenneth Froot, and Jeffrey Sachs, Eds., The Transition in Eastern Europe, vol. 1. Univ of Chicago Press for the NBER, 1994.

Gaĭdar, Egor Timurovich. Russia: a long view. MIT Press, 2012. (Google books)

Гайдар Е.Т. Гибель империи. Уроки для современной России. М.: Росспэн, 2006.

Markevich, Andrei, and Tatiana Mikhailova. "Economic geography of Russia." New Economic School (2012).

Nunn, Nathan (2009). “The Importance of History for Economic Development.” Annual Review of Economics, 1(1): 65-92.

Ofer, Gur. "Soviet economic growth: 1928-1985." Journal of Economic Literature 25.4 (1987): 1767-1833.

[2] Economic conditions in the late Tsarist era

Allen, Robert C. Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004. ch. 2;

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Barkai, Haim. ‘The Macro-Economics of Tsarist Russia in the industrialization Era: Monetary Developments, the Balance of Payments and the Gold Standard’, Journal of Economic History, 1973, 33 (2): 339-371;

Borodkin, Leonid, Brigitte Granville, and Carol S. Leonard. ‘The Rural/Urban Wage Gap in the Industrialisation of Russia, 1884-1910,’ European Review of Economic History, 2008 12: 67-95;

Castañeda Dower and Markevich (2014). Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War. Mimeo http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2239084

Castaneda Dower Paul, and Andrei Markevich. ‘Land Tenure and Productivity in Agriculture: A Case of Stolypin Reform in Late Imperial Russia’. Mimeo 2013 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2361860

Chernina, Eugenia, Paul Castañeda Dower and Andrei Markevich. ‘Property Rights and Internal Migration: The Case of the Stolypin Agrarian Reform in the Russian Empire’, Journal of Development Economics, 2014, 110: 191-215

Dempster G. ‘The fiscal background of the Russian Revolution’, European Review of Economic History, 2006, 10: 35-50

Dennison, Tracy and Nafziger, Peter. ‘Micro Perspectives on Russian Living Standards, 1750‑1917,’ Journal of

Interdisciplinary History, 2013 42(3): 397-441;

Domar, E. D. 1970. “The causes of slavery or serfdom: a hypothesis.” Journal of Economic History, 30(1): pp. 18-32.

Domar, E. D., and Machina, M. J. 1984. “On the profitability of Russian serfdom.” Journal of Economic History, 44(4): pp. 919-955.

Finkel Evgeny, Scott Gehlbach and Tricia Olsen, (2013). ‘Does Reform Prevent Rebellion? Evidence from Russia's Emancipation of the Serfs’, Comparative Political Studies, 2015;

Gerschenkron, A., ‘Agrarian Policies and Industrialization: Russia 1861-1917’ in H.J. Habbakuk and M.M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe vol. 6, part 2. Cambridge, 1965

Goldsmith, Raymond W. ‘The Economic Growth of Tsarist Russia 1860-1913’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1961, 9(3): 441-475.

Gregg, Amanda. 'Factory Productivity and the Concession System of Incorporation in Late Imperial Russia,' Mimeo http://eh.net/eha/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/Gregg.pdf

Gregory, Paul and Joel W. Sailors. ‘Russian Monetary Policy and Industrialization, 1861-1913’, Journal of Economic History, 1976, 36 (4): 836-851;

Gregory, Paul R. ‘Russian Living Standards during the Industrialization Era, 1885-1913’, Review of Income and Wealth, 1980, 26(1);

Gregory, Paul R. ‘Grain Marketing and Peasant Consumption, Russia 1885- 1913’, Explorations in Economic History, 1980.

Gregory, Paul R. Russian national income, 1885-1913. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Gregory, Paul R. Before Command: An Economic History of Russia from Emancipation to the First Five-Year. Princeton University Press, 2014. (Google books) Ch. 4.

Kahan, Arcadius. ‘Government Policies and the Industrialization of Russia’, Journal of Economic History, 1967, 27(4): 460-477

Markevich, Andrei and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. ‘Economic Effects of the Abolition of Serfdom: Evidence from the Russian Empire’, Mimeo, 2015. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2514964

Миронов Б.Н. Благосостояние населения и революции в имперской России: 18–начало 20 веков. Москва, 2011.

Moon David ‘Reassessing Russian Serfdom’, European History Quarterly, 1996, 26: 483-526

Nafziger, Steven and Peter Lindert. “Russian Inequality on the Eve of Revolution,” Journal of Economic History, 2014, 74(3): 767-798

Nafziger Steven, Land redistribution and the Russian Peasant Commune in the 19th Century. Mimeo. http://www.ekh.lu.se/ehes/paper/RepartitionsPaper_June2007.pdf

Nafziger, Steven. ‘Peasant Communes and Factor Markets in Late Nineteenth Century Russia,’ Explorations in Economic History, 2010, 47(4): 381-402;

Nafziger, Steven. ‘Serfdom, Emancipation, and Off-Farm Labor Mobility in Tsarist Russia’, Economic History of

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Developing Regions, 2012, 27(1): 1-37;

Nafziger, Steven. ‘Did Ivan’s Vote Matter? The Case of the Zemstvo in Tsarist Russia,’ European Review of Economic History 2011, 15: 393-441.

Rudolph, R. L. 1985. “Agricultural structure and proto-industrialization in Russia: economic development with unfree labor.” Journal of Economic History, 45(1): pp. 47-69.

Stanziani, A. 2008. “Serfs, slaves, or wage earners? The legal status of labour in Russia from a comparative perspective, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century.” Journal of Global History, 3(2): pp. 183-202.

Stanziani, Alessandro. Bondage: labor and rights in Eurasia from the sixteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Vol. 24. Berghahn Books, 2014.

[3] Revolution and economic chaos

Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, 2001, “The colonial origins of comparative development: an empirical investigation,” American Economic Review 91(5): 1369-1401.

Harrison, Mark, and Andrei Markevich. "Russia’s Home Front, 1914-1922: The Economy." (2012).

Markevich Andrei and Mark Harrison. ‘Great War, Civil War, and Recovery: Russia's National Income, 1913 to 1928’, Journal of Economic History 71 (3): 672 – 703

[4] The NEP years

Antel John and Paul Gregory. “Agricultural Surplus Models and Peasant Behavior: Soviet Agriculture in the 1920s”, Economic Development & Cultural Change, Vol. 42, No. 2, 375-386, January 1994.

Bandera, V. N. "The New Economic Policy (NEP) as an economic system." Journal of Political Economy 71.3 (1963): 265-279.

Davies, Robert William. From tsarism to the new economic policy: Continuity and change in the economy of the USSR. Springer, 1990. (Google books)

Ellman, Michael. ‘On a Mistake of Preobrazhensky and Stalin,’ Journal of Development Studies, 1978, 14(3);

Ellman, Michael. ‘Did the Agricultural Surplus Provide the Resources for the Increase in Investment in the USSR During the First Five Year Plan?’ Economic Journal, 1975, 85(340);

Erlich, Alexander. ‘Preobrazhenski and the Economics of Soviet Industrialization’ Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1950, 64(1)

Gregory, Paul and Mark Harrison. “Allocation under Dictatorship: Research in Stalin’s Archives”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 43, No. 3, 721-761, September 2005.

Harrison Mark. “Primary Accumulation in the Soviet Transition”, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1, 81-103, 1985.

Harrison, Mark. "Why did NEP fail?" Economics of Planning 16.2 (1980): 57-67.

Johnson, Simon and Peter Temin. “The Macroeconomics of NEP”, Economic History Review, Vol. 46:4, 750-767, November 1993.

Nove, Alec. An economic history of the USSR. IICA, 1986. (Google books)

Горинов, М. М., and С. В. Цакунов. "20-е годы: становление и развитие новой экономической политики." История Отечества: люди, идеи, решения: Очерки истории Советского государства (1991): 118-165.

Лютов, Л. Н. "Неэффективность промышленности в условиях нэпа." Вопросы истории 4-5 (2000): 106-111.

Ханин, Г. И. "Почему и когда погиб НЭП. Размышления экономиста." ЭКО. Ю (1989): 66-83.

[5] Collectivization and industrialization

Allen, Robert C. Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Carr, Edward Hallett, and Robert W. Davies. History of Soviet Russia: Foundations of a planned economy, 1926-1929. Vol. I-II. Macmillan, London, 1969.

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Cheremukhin, A., Golosov, M., Guriev, S., & Tsyvinski, A. (2017). The Industrialization and Economic Development of Russia through the Lens of a Neoclassical Growth Model. Review of Economic Studies, 84(2), 613-649.

Cheremukhin, Anton, et al. Was Stalin Necessary for Russia's Economic Development?. No. w19425. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2013.

Davies, R. W. "Aspects of Soviet Investment Policy in the 1920’s." Socialism, Capitalism, and Economic Growth (1967): 285-307.

Davies, Robert William. The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 4: Crisis and Progress in the Soviet Economy, 1931-1933. Springer, 2016.

Davies, R. The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 6: The Years of Progress: The Soviet Economy, 1934-1936. Springer, 2014.

Day, Richard B. Leon Trotsky and the politics of economic isolation. Vol. 13. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Day, Richard B. "Preobrazhensky and the theory of the transition period." Soviet Studies 27.2 (1975): 196-219.

Dixit, Avinash K. "Marketable surplus and dual development." Journal of Economic Theory 1.2 (1969): 203-219.

Erlich, Alexander. The Soviet industrialization debate, 1924-1928. Vol. 41. Harvard University Press, 1960.

Gregory, Paul R. The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Secret Soviet Archives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Gregory, Paul R., and Mark Harrison. "Allocation under Dictatorship: Research in Stalin's Archives." Journal of Economic Literature 43:3, 2005, pp. 721-61.

Gregory, Paul R., and Andrei Markevich. "Creating Soviet industry: The house that Stalin built." Slavic Review 61.4 (2002): 787-814.

Gregory, P.R., and Tikhonov, A. 2000. “Central Planning and Unintended Consequences: Creating the Soviet Financial System, 1930-1939.” Journal of Economic History 60 (4): pp. 1017-1040

Харрисон, Марк. "Промышленное производство в СССР в 1928-1950 гг.: реальный рост, скрытая инфляция и «неизменные цены 1926/27 г.»." Экономическая история: ежегодник 2001 (2002): 293-336.

Johnson, S., and Temin, P. 1993. “The macroeconomics of NEP.” Economic History Review, 46(4): pp. 750-767

Kontorovich, Vladimir, “Discipline and Growth in the Soviet Economy.” Problems of Communism, 34(6), 1986.

Markevich, Andrei. "Soviet urban households and the road to universal employment, from the end of the 1930s to the end of the 1960s." Continuity and Change 20.3 (2005): 443-473.

Маркевич А.М. Была ли советская экономика плановой? Планирование в наркоматах в 1930-е гг. Экономическая история. Ежегодник. 2003. М.: Росспэн, 2004

Martin, Terry. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations & Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 19223-1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ Press. 2001.

Nove, Alec. An economic history of the USSR. IICA, 1986. (Google books)

Schlesinger, Rudolf. "A note on the context of early Soviet planning." Europe‐ Asia Studies 16.1 (1964): 22-44.

Spulber, Nicolas. Foundations of Soviet strategy for economic growth: selected Soviet essays, 1924-193. Indiana University Press, 1964.

Wheatcroft, S. G., R. W. Davies, and J. M. Cooper. "Soviet industrialization reconsidered: Some preliminary conclusions about economic development between 1926 and 1941." Economic History Review 39.2 (1986): 264-294.

[6] Agriculture, income, and famine

Atkinson, Dorothy. The end of the Russian land commune, 1905-1930. Stanford University Press, 1983.

Bradley, Michael E. "Incentives and labour supply on Soviet collective farms." The Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'Economique 4.3 (1971): 342-352.

Channon, John. "Tsarist landowners after the revolution: Former pomeshchiki in rural Russia during NEP." Soviet Studies 39.4 (1987): 575-598.

Chen, Shuo, and Xiaohuan Lan. "There will be killing: Collectivization and death of draft animals."

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American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9.4 (2017): 58-77.

Conquest, Robert (1986) The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror–Famine, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Danilov, Viktor Petrovich. Rural Russia under the new regime. Indiana University Press, 1988.

Davies, Robert William. The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia 2: Soviet Collective Farm, 1929-1930. Springer, 1989.

Gregory, P. R., Schroder, P. J., and Sonin, K. 2011. “Rational dictators and the killing of innocents: Data from Stalin’s archives.” Journal of Comparative Economics, 39(1): pp. 34-42

Levkin, Roman. "The Effect of Stalin's Deportations on Distrust in Central Authority." (2014).

Lskavyan, V. 2007. “A Rational Choice Explanation for Stalin’s ‘Great Terror’.” Economics and Politics, 19(2): pp. 259-287

Male, Donald J. Russian peasant organisation before collectivisation: a study of commune and gathering 1925-1930. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, 1971.

Meng, Xin, Nancy Qian, and Pierre Yared (2015) “The Institutional Causes of China’s Great Famine, 19591961,” Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 82, pp. 1568–1611

Millar, J. R. 1974. “Mass collectivization and the contribution of Soviet agriculture to the First Five-Year Plan: A review article.” Slavic Review, 33(4): pp. 750-766.

Millar, James R. "Soviet rapid development and the agricultural surplus hypothesis." Soviet Studies 22.1 (1970): 77-93.

Naumenko, Natalya, “The political economy of famine: the Ukrainian famine of 1933.” Northwestern University, Dept of Economics, unpublished ms. 2017.

Rosefielde, S. 1983. “Excess mortality in the Soviet Union: A reconsideration of the demographic consequences of forced industrialization 1929-1949.” Europe-Asia Studies, 35(3): pp. 385-409.

Taniuchi, Yuzuru, and R. E. F. Smith. The Village Gathering in Russia in the Mid-1920's. Ed. by REF Smith. University of Birmingham, 1968.

Wesson, Robert G. "The Soviet Communes." Europe‐ Asia Studies 13.4 (1962): 341-361.

Данилов, В. П. "Коллективизация сельского хозяйства в СССР." Российская история 5 (1990): 7-30.

[7] War! (and terror)

Belova Eugenia and Paul Gregory. ‘Political economy of crime and punishment under Stalin,’ Public Choice, 2009, 140: 463–478;

Бородкина Л.И., Грегори П., Хлевнюка О.В. (под ред.) Экономика принудительного труда. М-РОССПЭН, 2005.

Conzo, Pierluigi, and Francesco Salustri. A war is forever: The long-run effects of early exposure to World War II on trust. No. 201735. University of Turin, 2017.

Ellman, Michael. ‘Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments,’ Europe Asia Studies, 2002, 54(7);

Gregory, Paul R. The political economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet secret archives. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Gregory Paul R. Terror by Quota. State Security from Lenin to Stalin. An Archival Study. Yale University press, 2009.

Gregory, Paul, Philipp Schröder, and Konstantin Sonin. “Rational dictators, and the killing of innocents: Data from Stalin’s archives”, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 39, No. 1, 34-42, March 2011.

Harrison, Mark. Accounting for war: Soviet production, employment, and the defence burden, 1940-1945. Vol. 99. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Junge, Mark, Gennadij Bordukov and Rolf Binner. Vertikal’ Bolshogo terrora. Istoriya operatsii po prikazu NKVD N00447 [Vertical of Great Terror. A history of the operation of NKVD order N00447], Moscow, 2008.

Markevich, Andrei. "How much control is enough? monitoring and enforcement under Stalin." Europe-Asia Studies 63.8 (2011): 1449-1468.

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Markevich, Andrei, and Mark Harrison. "Quality, experience, and monopoly: the Soviet market for weapons under Stalin." The Economic History Review 59.1 (2006): 113-142.

Millar, James R., and Susan J. Linz. "The cost of World War II to the Soviet people: a research note." The Journal of Economic History 38.4 (1978): 959-962.

Miller, Marcus and Jennifer Smith. ‘In the shadow of the Gulag: worker discipline under Stalin’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 2015.

Narkiewicz, Olga A. "Stalin, war communism and collectivization." Europe‐Asia Studies 18.1 (1966): 20-37.

Voznesenskiĭ, Nikolaĭ Alekseevich. The economy of the USSR during World War II. Public Affairs Press, 1948.

Zaleski, Eugene. Stalinist planning for economic growth. Springer, 1980.

Harrison, Mark. ‘The Fundamental Problem of Command: Plan and Compliance in a Partially Centralized Economy,’ Comparative Economic Studies, 2005, 47(2): 296- 314;

[8] Industrialization, Stagnation, Agricultural Struggles, and Decline

Alexeev, Michael. "Market vs. rationing: the case of Soviet housing." Review of Economics and Statistics (1988): 414-420.

Alexeev, Michael. "Are Soviet consumers forced to save?." Comparative Economic Studies 30.4 (1988): 17-23.

Alexeev, Michael. "The effect of housing allocation on social inequality: A Soviet perspective." Journal of comparative economics 12.2 (1988): 228-234.

Alexeev, Michael V., and Clifford G. Gaddy. "Income Distribution in the USSR in the 1980s." Review of Income and Wealth 39.1 (1993): 23-36.

Bunce, V. 1993. “Domestic Reform and International Change: Gorbachev in Historical Perspective,” International Organization 47: pp. 107-138.

Clarke, Roger A. "Soviet agricultural reforms since Khrushchev." Europe‐Asia Studies 20.2 (1968): 159-178.

Dunmore, Timothy. The Stalinist command economy: the Soviet state apparatus and economic policy 1945–53. Springer, 1980.

Easterly, William, and Fischer, Stan. ‘The Soviet Economic Decline,’ World Bank Economic Review, 1995, 9(3);

Fogel, Robert W. "Reconsidering expectations of economic growth after World War II from the perspective of 2004." IMF Staff Papers 52.1 (2005): 6-14.

Gregory, Paul and Aleksei Tikhonov. “Central Planning and Unintended Consequences: Creating the Soviet Financial System, 1930-1939”, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 60, No. 4, 1017-1040, December 2000.

Guriev, Sergei, and Daniel Treisman. "How modern dictators survive: Cooptation, censorship, propaganda, and repression." (2015).

Harrison, Mark. "Forging success: Soviet managers and accounting fraud, 1943–1962." Journal of Comparative Economics 39.1 (2011): 43-64.

Harrison, Mark. “The Fundamental Problem of Command: Plan and Compliance in a Partially Centralized Economy”, Comparative Economic Studies, Vol. 47, 296-314, 2005.

Harrison, Mark. ‘Trends in Soviet Labour Productivity, 1928-1985: War, Postwar Recovery, and Slowdown,’ European Review of Economic History, 1998, 2(2);

Kontorovich, Vladimir. ‘Lessons of the 1965 Soviet Economic Reform,’ Soviet Studies, 1988, 40(2): 308-316;

Kornai, Janos, Eric Maskin, and Géard Roland. "Understanding the soft budget constraint." Journal of economic literature 41.4 (2003): 1095-1136.

Kornai, Janos. "Resource-constrained versus demand-constrained systems." Econometrica: (1979): 801-819.

Kornai, Janos. The socialist system: The political economy of communism. Princeton University Press, 1992. (Google books)

Markevich, Andrei, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "M-form hierarchy with poorly-diversified divisions: A case of Khrushchev's reform in Soviet Russia." Journal of Public Economics 95.11 (2011): 1550-1560.

Stahl II, Dale O., and Michael Alexeev. "The influence of black markets on a queue-rationed centrally planned economy." Journal of Economic Theory 35.2 (1985): 234-250.

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Шевельков, Анатолий Иванович. "Аграрная политика и нарастание кризиса в сельском хозяйстве РСФСР во второй половине XX века." Вестник Челябинского государственного университета 6 (2009).

Weitzman, Martin L. ‘Soviet Postwar Growth and Capital-Labor Substitutability,’ American Economic Review, 1970, 60: 676-692.

[9] Militarization

Barber, John, and Mark Harrison, eds. The Soviet Defence Industry Complex from Stalin to Krushchev. Springer, 1999.

Gaddy, Clifford. "The Price of the Past." Bookings Institute: Washington, DC (1996).

Harrison Mark. “Prices, Planners and Producers: an Agency Problem in Soviet Industry, 1928-1950”, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 58, No. 4, 1032-1062, December 1998.

Harrison, Mark, ed. Guns and rubles: the defense industry in the Stalinist state. Yale University Press, 2008.

Harrison, Mark, and Andrei Markevich. "Hierarchies and Markets: The Defense Industry under Stalin." in Guns and Rubles 64 (2008).

Симонов Н.С. Военно-промышленный комплекс СССР в 1920-1950-е годы. М.: Росспэн, 1996.

Пыжиков, А. "Военные приоритеты мирного времени: Экономическое развитие СССР в 1945-1953 гг." Вопросы экономики 5 (2012).

[10] Demographic change

Леонов М. Население России в ХХ веке. Исторические очерки. В 3-х т. Том 1. 1900-1939. Москва: РОССПЭН, 2000. 463 с //Ab imperio. – 2001. – №. 1-2. – С. 487-489.

Becker, Charles M. and David Bloom, "The Demographic Crisis in the Former Soviet Union: Introduction." World Development, 26(11), November 1998, pp. 1913-1920.

Becker, Charles M. and David Hemley, "Demographic Change in the Former Soviet Union during the Transition Period." World Development, 26(11), November 1998, pp. 1957-1976.

Brainerd, Elizabeth, “Reassessing the standard of living in the Soviet Union: an analysis using archival and anthropometric data,” IZA discussion paper no. 1958, January 2006.

Committee on Population, and National Research Council. Premature death in the new independent states. National Academies Press, 1997. (Google books)

Nizalova, Olena Y., and Maria Vyshnya. "Evaluation of the impact of the Mother and Infant Health Project in Ukraine." Health Economics 19.S1 (2010): 107-125.

Владимиров, Виктор Владимирович, and Наум Исаакович Наймарк. "Проблемы развития теории расселения в России." М.: Эдиториал УРСС (2002)

Волков, Андрей Гаврилович, ed. Демографические процессы в СССР: сборник научных трудов. Наука, 1990.

Росстат и МинЗдрав РФ, Репродуктивное Здоровье Населениия России 2011. Москва 2012

[11] Urbanization

Махрова, Алла Георгиевна, Татьяна Григорьевна Нефедова, and Андрей Трйвиш. Московская область сегодня и завтра: тенденции и перспективы пространственного развития. Новый хронограф, 2008.

Becker, Charles M., S. Joshua Mendelsohn, and Kseniya Benderskaya), Russian urbanization in the Soviet and post-Soviet eras, London: International Institute for Environment and Development, Urbanization and Emerging Population Issues paper 9 (monograph) http://pubs.iied.org/10613IIED.html. 2012

Mikhailova, Tatiana (2012). “Gulag, WWII and the Long-run Patterns of Soviet City Growth”. Unpubl ms.

Пивоваров, Ю.Л. “Урбанизация России в ХХ веке: представления и реалность,” Общественные Науки и Современность, 2001 № 6.

Schweiger, Helena, Alexander Stepanov, and Paolo Zacchia. "The Long Run Effects of R&D Place-based Policies: Evidence from Russian Science Cities." (2018).

Vakhitov, Volodymyr, and Chris Bollinger. "Effects of ownership on agglomeration economies: evidence from Ukrainian firm level data." Journal of Urban Economics 5 (2010): 1-13.

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Vakhitov, Volodymyr. "Are There Urbanization Economies in a Post-Socialist City?." Evidence from Ukrainian Firm-Level Data, KSE Working Papers (2010).

[12] Collapse, Crisis, and Catastrophe: the 1990s

Alexeev, Michael. "Privatization and the Distribution of Wealth in Russia." Economics of Transition 7.2 (1999): 449-65

Alexeev, Michael and James Leitzel. “Income Distribution and Price Controls: Targeting a Social Safety Net during Economic Transition,"European Economic Review 45(9): 1647-1663, October 2001.

Alexeev, Michael, Clifford Gaddy, and James Leitzel. “An Economic Analysis of the Ruble Overhang," Communist Economies and Economic Transformation 3, 467-479, 1991.

Anderson, Gary M., and Peter J. Boettke. ‘Soviet Venality: a Rent-Seeking Model of the Communist State,’ Public Choice, 1997, 93(1-2);

Becker, Charles M., and Sergey Paltsev. "Macro-experimental economics in the Kyrgyz Republic: Social security sustainability and pension reform." Comparative Economic Studies 43.3 (2001): 1-34.

Becker, Charles, and Sergey V. Paltsev. "Economic consequences of demographic change in the former USSR: social transfers in the Kyrgyz Republic." World Development 32.11 (2004): 1849-1870.

Belova, Eugenia, and Paul R. Gregory. ‘Dictators, Loyal and Opportunistic Agents: the Soviet Archives on Creating the Soviet Economic System,’ Public Choice, 2002, 113 (3-4);

Bergson, Abram. ‘The USSR Before the Fall: How Poor and Why,’ Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1991, 5(4): 29-44;

Castañeda Dower, Paul and Andrei Markevich (2014). “A History of Resistance to Privatization in Russia”, Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(4): 855-873;

Dewatripont, Mathias, and Gerard Roland. "The virtues of gradualism and legitimacy in the transition to a market economy." The Economic Journal 102.411 (1992): 291-300.

Earle, John S., and Saul Estrin. "Privatization, competition, and budget constraints: disciplining enterprises in Russia." Economics of planning 36.1 (2003): 1-22.

Earle, John S., and Klara Z. Sabirianova. "How late to pay? Understanding wage arrears in Russia." Journal of Labor Economics 20.3 (2002): 661-707.

Earle, John S., Andrew Spicer, and Klara Sabirianova Peter. "The normalization of deviant organizational practices: Wage arrears in Russia, 1991–98." Academy of Management Journal 53.2 (2010): 218-237.

Grosfeld, Irena, Alexander Rodnyansky, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "Persistent antimarket culture: a legacy of the pale of settlement after the holocaust." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5.3 (2013): 189-226.

Harrison, Mark ‘Coercion, Compliance, and the Collapse of the Soviet Command Economy,’ Economic History Review, 2002, 55(3);

Heleniak, Timothy. Migration from the Russian north during the transition period. No. 20818. The World Bank, 1999.

Kornai, Janos. Highway and byways: Studies on reform and post-communist transition. MIT Press, 1995.

Leitzel, Jim, Clifford Gaddy, and Michael Alexeev. "Mafiosi and matrioshki: organized crime and Russian reform." The Brookings Review 13.1 (1995): 26-29.

Parker, Elliott, and Judith Thornton. "Fiscal centralisation and decentralisation in Russia and China." Comparative Economic Studies 49.4 (2007): 514-542.

Ponomareva, Maria, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "Federal tax arrears in Russia Liquidity problems, federal redistribution or regional resistance?." Economics of Transition 12.3 (2004): 373-398.

Roland, Gerard. "The political economy of transition." Journal of economic Perspectives 16.1 (2002): 29-50.

Sachs, J. D. 1992. “Privatization in Russia: some lessons from Eastern Europe.” American Economic Review, 82(2): pp. 43-48.

Yakovlev, Evgeny, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "State capture: from Yeltsin to Putin." Corruption, Development and Institutional Design. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2009. 24-36.

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[13] Revival: 1999-2007

Acemoglu, D., T. Hassan and J. Robinson (2011). “Social Structure and Development: A Legacy of the Holocaust in Russia”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126: 895–946;

Alexeev, Michael, and Robert Conrad. "The elusive curse of oil." Review of Economics and Statistics 91.3 (2009): 586-598.

An, Galina, and Charles M. Becker. "Uncertainty, insecurity, and emigration from Kazakhstan to Russia." World Development 42 (2013): 44-66.

Anikin, VA, YP Lezhnina, SV Mareeva, and NN Tikhonova. “Social stratification by life chances: evidence from Russia,” Higher School of Economics working psprt 80/SOC/2017, 2017.

Aslund, A. 2009. “Reform versus ‘Rent-Seeking’ in Russia’s Economic Transformation.” Voprosy Economiki, 8.

Becker, Charles, Grigori Marchenko, Sabit Khakimzhanov, A. Seitenova, and Vladimir Ivliev. Social security reform in transition economies: Lessons from Kazakhstan. Springer, 2009. (Google books)

Enikolopov, Ruben, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "Decentralization and political institutions." Journal of public economics 91.11-12 (2007): 2261-2290.

Djankov, Simeon, et al. "Who are Russia's entrepreneurs?." Journal of the European Economic Association 3.2-3 (2005): 587-597.

Ganguli, Ina. "Immigration and Ideas: What Did Russian Scientists “Bring” to the United States?" Journal of Labor Economics 33.S1 (2015): S257-S288.

Ganguli, Ina. "Saving Soviet science: The impact of grants when government R&D funding disappears." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9.2 (2017): 165-201.

Малева Т. М. Родители и дети, мужчины и женщины в семье и обществе. – НИСП, 2007.

Мареева, Светлана Владимировна. "Потребительское поведение средних слоев в условиях кризиса." Journal of Institutional Studies (Журнал институциональных исследований) 9.1 (2017).

Nizalova, Olena Y., and Edward C. Norton. "Long-Run Effects of Severe Economic Recessions on Male BMI Trajectories and Health Behaviors." (2017).

Nizalova, Olena Y., Tamara Sliusarenko, and Solomiya Shpak. "The motherhood wage penalty in times of transition." Journal of Comparative Economics 44.1 (2016): 56-75.

Нуреев, Рустем Махмутович. "Россия после кризиса эффект колеи." Journal of institutional studies (Журнал институциональных исследований) 2.2 (2010).

Slinko, Irina, Evgeny Yakovlev, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "Laws for sale: evidence from Russia." American Law and Economics Review 7.1 (2005): 284-318.

Turley, Gwerard and Peter J. Luke. Transition Economics: two decades on. London: Routledge, 20911.

Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina V. "Incentives to provide local public goods: fiscal federalism, Russian style." Journal of Public Economics 76.3 (2000): 337-368.

[14] Oligarchs and corruption

Acemoglu, Daron, Georgy Egorov, and Konstantin Sonin. "A political theory of populism." Quarterly Journal of Economics 128.2 (2013): 771-805.

Alexeev, Michael, Clifford Gaddy, and James Leitzel. “Economic Crime and Russian Reform," Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 151(4): 677-692, 1995

Alexeev, Michael and James Leitzel "Collusion and Rent Seeking," Public Choice 69, 241-252, 1991

Alexeev, Michael, Eckhard Janeba, and Stefan Osborne. "Taxation and evasion in the presence of extortion by organized crime." Journal of Comparative Economics 32.3 (2004): 375-387.

Anderson, John E. "Trust in government and willingness to pay taxes in transition countries." Comparative Economic Studies 59.1 (2017): 1-22.

Aslund, Anders. "Comparative Oligarchy: Russia, Ukraine and the United States." Ukraine and the United States (2005).

Enikolopov, Ruben, Maria Petrova, and Konstantin Sonin. "Social media and corruption." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10.1 (2018): 150-74.

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Leitzel, James. "Rule evasion in transitional Russia." Transforming post-communist political economies (1997): 118-129.

Guriev, S. and Rachinsky, A. 2005. “The Role of Oligarchs in Russian Capitalism,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (1): pp. 131-150.

Frye, T. 2006. “Original Sin, Good Works, and Property Rights in Russia.” World Politics 58 (4).

Iwasaki, Ichiro, Mathilde Maurel, and Bogdan Meunier. "Firm entry and exit during a crisis period: Evidence from Russian regions." Russian Journal of Economics 2.2 (2016): 162-191.

Iwasaki, Ichiro, and Taku Suzuki. "Transition strategy, corporate exploitation, and state capture: An empirical analysis of the former Soviet states." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40.4 (2007): 393-422.

Markus, S. 2012. “Secure Property as a Bottom-Up Process: Firms, Stakeholders, and Predators in Weak States,” World Politics 64: pp. 242-277.

McFaul, M. 1995. “State power, institutional change, and the politics of privatization in Russia.” World Politics, 47(2): pp. 210-243.

Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz. "Elite Management in Electoral Authoritarian Regimes: A View From Bashkortostan and Tatarstan." Central Asian Affairs 2.2 (2015): 117-139.

[15] Building a modern economy

Aslund, Anders. Building capitalism: the transformation of the former Soviet bloc. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Åslund, Anders. Russia's capitalist revolution: Why market reform succeeded and democracy failed. Columbia University Press, 2007.

Becker, Torbjörn, and Anders Olofsgård. From abnormal to normal—Two tales of growth from 25 years of transition. No. 43. Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, 2017.

Belskaya, Olga, and Klara Sabirianova Peter. How Does the Expansion of Higher Education Change the Returns to College Quality? Insights from Sixty Years of Russian History. UNC Chapel Hill Working Paper, 2014.

Brown, J. David, John S. Earle, and Almos Telegdy. "Does privatization raise productivity? Evidence from comprehensive panel data on manufacturing firms in Hungary, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine." (2004).

Brown, J. David, John S. Earle, and Volodymyr Vakhitov. "Wages, layoffs, and privatization: Evidence from Ukraine." Journal of Comparative Economics 34.2 (2006): 272-294.

Coricelli, Fabrizio, and Mathilde Maurel. "Growth and crisis in transition: A comparative perspective." Review of International Economics 19.1 (2011): 49-64.

Dolgopyatova, Tatiana, Ichiro Iwasaki, and Andrei A. Yakovlev. Organization and development of Russian business: A firm-level analysis. Springer, 2009. (Google books)

Guriev, Sergei, and Elena Vakulenko. "Breaking out of poverty traps: Internal migration and interregional convergence in Russia." Journal of Comparative Economics 43.3 (2015): 633-649.

Iwasaki, Ichiro. "The determinants of board composition in a transforming economy: Evidence from Russia." Journal of corporate finance 14.5 (2008): 532-549.

Iwasaki, Ichiro. "Global financial crisis, corporate governance, and firm survival:: The Russian experience." Journal of Comparative Economics 42.1 (2014): 178-211.

Iwasaki, Ichiro, and Masahiro Tokunaga. "Macroeconomic impacts of FDI in transition economies: a meta-analysis." World Development 61 (2014): 53-69.

Iwasaki, Ichiro, “Corporate governance system and regional heterogeneity: evidence from east and west Russia,” Hitotsubashi Univ: Russian Research Center working paper no. 72, Nov. 2017.

Kozyreva, Polina, and Klara Sabirianova Peter. "Economic Change in Russia: Twenty Years of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey." Economics of Transition 23.2 (2015): 293-298.

Lukiyanova, Anna. "Earnings inequality and informal employment in Russia." Economics of Transition 23.2 (2015): 469-516.

Nigmatulina, Dzhamilya, and Charles Becker. "Is high‐tech care in a middle‐income country worth it?." Economics of Transition 24.4 (2016): 585-620.

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Shepotylo, Oleksandr, and Volodymyr Vakhitov. "Services liberalization and productivity of manufacturing firms." Economics of Transition 23.1 (2015): 1-44.

8. Useful data and research sites:

An afterthought: you should be learning the literature as well. In case you haven’t had a course, favorite authors of mine who will give you a sense of different eras of the USSR and thereafter include: Svetlana Alexeivich Mikhail Bulgakov Dmitrii Bykov Sergei Dovlatov Andrei Kurkov Alexandra Marinina Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Vladimir Voinovich For those who read Russian: Novaya Gazeta https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/12/06/74821-vozhd-ne-sobiraetsya-umirat Films:

Road to Berlin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHm8MqZw5Jg

Komanda https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dz6bnVS9kFI

Irony of Fate http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1urcgk (part I). parodies: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U29CVBHTPu8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEssugLwxMo

He Isn’t a Demon to You https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrwlk7_GF9g (Navalny expose on Medvedev)

Yachts, oligarchs, girls: a huntress of men exposes a bribe-taker (with sub-titles) https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=RQZr2NgKPiU (Navalny, on Russian oligarchs and Trump’s inner circle)

Brother 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9TRaGNnjEU

Russia88 http://russia88.com/ Election commercials you always wanted to see: https://ok.ru/video/4684253737 Dashcam favorites: https://www.youtube.com/embed/5RAaW_1FzYg?autoplay=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0 catchy Gazprom song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGbI87tyr_4 Quick Russian language text (Alexander Lipson’s classic): http://newstar.rinet.ru/~goga/biblio/lipson/lipson.html https://www.adme.ru/zhizn-marazmy/pochemu-inostrancy-ne-ponimayut-russkih-639205/ http://masterrussian.net/f24/alexander-lipson-%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8-9114/ Photos: http://www.netlore.ru/sssr-foto https://repository.duke.edu/dc/esr

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http://www.ristat.org - various regional indicators on economics and social development for five cross-sections (1795, 1858, 1897, 1959 and 2002); http://www.hist.msu.ru/Dynamics/ - time-series on various aspects of Russian development (national level) in the 19th – early 20th century; http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/ - Russian/Soviet statistics in cross-country comparison; http://src-home.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/database/SESS.html - Soviet statistics; http://www.hist.msu.ru/Labs/Ecohist/version/r_databa.htm - Russian statistics and some archival micro data; http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/home.php - The Melbourne Gateway to Research on Soviet History; http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/pril.php - population statistics; http://memo.ru/history/ historical sources and statistics on political repression. http://history.nsc.ru/kapital/project/about.html - historical sources and statistics on Siberia. CIS/SNG stat (also English link) http://www.cisstat.com/ stat database: http://www.cisstat.com/0base/frame-rus.htm Demographic & Health Surveys http://www.measuredhs.com/ Demoscope http://www.demoscope.ru e-Library.ru https://elibrary.ru Gaidar Institute Институт экономики переходного периода Gregory, Paul https://www.hoover.org/profiles/paul-r-gregory Higher School of Economics, Institute of Demography https://www.hse.ru/org/hse/sci/demo Human Mortality Database http://www.mortality.org/ Institute of Social Policy http://www.socpol.ru/index.shtml Integrated Public Use Microdata Series – International https://international.ipums.org/international/ Kazakhstan health statistics http://www.medinfo.kz/#/stats Kazakhstan real estate portal (Zillow-like) https://krisha.kz/ https://krisha.kz/content/analytics Kommersant https://www.kommersant.ru/ Life in Kyrgyzstan survey https://lifeinkyrgyzstan.org/ Living Standards Measurement Surveys http://www.worldbank.org/lsms/ Markevich, Andrei https://www.nes.ru/en/people/catalog/m/amarkevich Migration Research Center http://migrocenter.ru/ Moscow State University Dept of Econ & Geography News http://www.ecoross.ru/tematukaz/tematuk.htm Old Map Collection http://old-map.narod.ru/ Penn World Tables http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/ Russian Education Statistics http://stat.edu.ru/stat/soc_ek_obr.shtml Russia Federal Statistics Service (English link; all censuses from 1897) http://www.gks.ru/ Russian 2010 census (you can find others as well) http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/rlms-hse Sova (owl) anti-racist site http://www.sova-center.ru/ Transparency International http://www.transparency.org/policy_research University of Central Asia http://www.ucentralasia.org/Resources/ItemRussian/1233 Urbanistics Institute http://www.urbanistika.ru/index2.php US Census International Database http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/ VoxUkraine https://voxukraine.org/en/ World Health Organisation statistical information system http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ WHO health systems indicators http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/indregistereddeathcoverage/en/index.html World Bank data http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,menuPK:232599~pagePK:64133170~piPK:64133498~theSitePK:239419,00.html

World Bank research datasets http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:20388241~menuPK:665266~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469382,00.html World Bank datasets by research program

http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTPROGRAMS/0,,contentMDK:20227695~menuPK:475424~pagePK:478091~piPK:475420~theSitePK:475417,00.html

World Bank research site http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=469435&pagePK=64165236&piPK=64165141&theSitePK=469382

Yandex (Google equivalent; great for geocoding needs and more) www.yandex.ru

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9. Useful journals and research centers: Comparative Economic Studies Demographic Review (Higher School of Economics) https://demreview.hse.ru/en/ (complete papers in Russian) Economic History Review Economics of Transition European Review of Economic History Explorations in Economic History Journal of Comparative Economics Journal of Economic History Municipality: economics & management http://municipal.uapa.ru/ru/issue/2017/04/ (in Russian) Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) https://www.hhs.se/en/research/ World Development Forbes Kazakhstan https://forbes.kz/process/urbanity/kak_reanimiruyut_monogoroda (and many others) Vlast Kazakhstan https://vlast.kz/novosti/19951-v-almaty-planiruetsa-sozdat-progulocnuu-zonu-ot-ulicy-saina-do-ozera-sajran.html (and many others -- but especially great series on urban planning) Journal of Institutional Studies http://hjournal.ru/journals/journal-of-institutional-studies.html