National Movement 1919-39• Gandhi’s Early Career in South Africa

– Trip to South Africa in relation with a case involving his client, Dada Abdullah

– 3 Categories of Indians in South Africa• Indentured Indians working in Sugar Plantations under

Contract• Merchants mostly Muslims• Ex-Indentured Indians who had settled in South Africa after

the Expiry of Contracts– Problems with the Indians

• Racial Discrimination• No Right to Vote• Live only in Prescribed locations which were congested

Moderate Phase of Struggle (1894-1906) Set up Natal Indian Congress and started a paper Indian

Opinion Mostly relied on Sending Petitions and Memoranda to the

Government highlighting the Problems of the People

Continued…• Phase of Passive Resistance or Satyagraha (1906-1914)

– Satyagraha against Registration Certificate (1906)– Campaign against Restrictions on Indian Migration– Setting up of Tolstoy Farm and Phoenix Settlement– Campaign against Poll Tax and Invalidation of Indian Marriages

• Gandhi in India– Returned to India on Jan 9,1915– Decided to tour the Country for one year– Not in Favour of Home Rule league Movement– Champaran Satyagraha (First Civil Disobedience) in 1917

• Requested by Raj Kumar Shukla to look into Problems of Indigo Planters of Champaran in Bihar

• Tinkathia System• Gandhi Joined by Rajendra Prasad, J.B. Kriplani• Gandhi was made a member of the Committee to look into the

problems of the peasants• 25% of illegal dues collected from the peasants paid back

Continued…• Ahmedabad Mill Strike (First Hunger Strike) in 1918

– Dispute between Mill Owners and Workers over Issue of discontinuation of Plague Bonus

– Gandhi demanded 35% increase in the wages– Supported by Ambalal Sarabai and his wife Sarla Devi– Anusuya ben- Pioneer of women’s labour Movement in India.

Founded the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association along with Gandhi

• Kheda Satyagraha(1918) – First Non- Cooperation Movement– Failure of Crops due to Drought– Sardar Patel and Indulal yagnik joined Gandhi

Satyagraha Against Rowlatt Act• Rowlatt act allowed the Government to imprison any person without trial

and Conviction in a court of Law• Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act is the First all India Revolt Staged by

Gandhi• Launched on April 6,1919 and Involved:

– Nationwide Strike– Fasting and Prayers– Civil Disobedience against specific laws– Courting arrest and Imprisonment

• Jalianwala Bagh Massacre - April 13, 1919– Crowd gathered to protest against the arrest of their leaders, Satyapal

and Saifuddin Kitchlew– Shooting orders given by Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer (Governor of

Punjab- Micheal O’ Dwyer)– Around 1000 people killed in the Incident– Rabindranath tagore gave up his Knighthood in Protest

• Rowlatt satyagraha withdrew on April 18, 1919

Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement Khilafat Issue

Muslims across the world regarded Sultan of Turkey as their Spiritual Leader and was called as Khalifa

British Divided Turkey and removed the Khalifa at the end of First World War Khilafat Committee formed under Ali Brothers (Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali)

Problems in India Post war Economic Scenario Rowlatt Act and Jalianwala Bagh Massacre Hunter Commission Report supported the Actions of Reginald Dyer Dissatisfation with Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

Common Political Action by Hindus and Muslims Lucknow Pact (1916) Rowlatt Act Agitation Radical Nationalist Muslims like Abul kalam Azad, Mohammad Ali, Hakim Ajmal

Khan etc

Continued…• Development of Khilafat- Non-Coperation Programme

– All India Khilafat Committee headed by Gandhi called for Non-Cooperation in November 1919

– Congress Stand on Khilafat• Congress was not united on this issue• Tilak opposed to having an alliance with the Muslims on a religious

Issue• Opposition to Gandhi’s boycott of legislative Councils

– Khilafat – NCM formally launched on August 1, 1920 ( the day Tilak Died)

– Sep 1920- Congress Special Session at Calcutta• Boycott of Government Schools and Colleges• Boycott of Government Courts• Boycott of legislative Councils• Boycott of Foreign Cloth• Renunciation of Government Titles• The second phase to include mass Civil disobedience which

included resignation from the Government Service and Non-Payment of Taxes

Continued…• December 1920- Congress Session at Nagpur headed by

Vijayaraghavachariar– Attainment of Swaraj through Extra-Constitutional Means– Congress Working Committee of 15 Members was set up to lead the

Congress– Provincial Congress Committees were set up on the basis of language– Swaraj to be attained within a year

• Spread of the Movement– No- tax Movement in Midnapore (Birendranath Samsal) and Guntur ( Duggirala GopalKrishnayya)– J.M Sen Gupta – Organized Strikes in Tea Plantations, Steamer Services

and Railways– Local Struggles

• Awadh Kissan Movement• Eka Movement (UP)• Mappila Revolt (Kerala)

End of NCM• Government Response

– All Major leaders except Gandhi arrested– CR Das was first to be arrested followed by his wife, Basanti Debi

• Feb 1, 1922 – Gandhi threatens to launch Civil Disobedience from Bardoli

• Feb 5 1922- Chauri Chaura Incident

• Feb 12, 1922- NCM Withdrawn

Swarajists and No-Changers• Swarajists

• Advocated Council Entry• Not in Favour of Constructive Work • Mainly Included CR Das, Motilal Nehru and Ajmal Khan• CR Das and Motilal Nehru formed Congress Swarajya Party in December

1922 after resigning from the Presidentship and Secretaryship of the Congress

• No Changers• Included Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhai Patel, Rajagopalachari• Opposed Council Entry• Advocated Concentration on Constructive work such as Construction of

National Schools and Colleges, Promotion of Khadi, Removing Untouchability, Promote Hindu- Muslim Unity

• Swarajists allowed to contest elections as a group within Congress

• Split among the Swarajists along the lines of Responsivists and Non-Responsivists• Responsivists such as Lala Lajpat Rai, Madan Malaviya advocated

cooperation with the Government to protect Hindu Interests• Non-Responsivists – Motilal Nehru and CR Das

Members of HSRA

Kakori Robbery Saunders Murder

Bombing of Assembly

Revolutionary Terrorism during 1920s• Major Influences for Growth :

– Sudden Withdrawal of NCM– Russian Revolution– Spread of Socialist Ideas– Important Books – Bandi Jivan (Sachin Sanyal) and Pather Dabi (Sharatchandra

Chatterjee), Philosophy of Bomb ( Bhagwati Charan Vohra) Punjab- UP- Bihar

Hindustan Republic Association (HRA) founded by Ram Prasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Sachin Sanyal

Kakori Robbery – Bismil, Ashfaqullah, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri hanged Hindustan Socialist Republic Association(HSRA) adopted Socialism as its goal in

1928 Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Saunders in Dec 1928 Bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly (April 8, 1929)

Bhagat singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central legislative Assembly against the Passage of Public Saftey Bill and Trade Disputes Bill

Objective was to get arrested and to use Court as a forum to propagate their ideology of Socialism

Hunger Strike by the revolutionaries inside the Prison. Jatin Das died on his 64 th day of Fast

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru hanged on March 23,1931

Pratilata Wadekar

Continued…• Bengal

– Assassination attempt on Calcutta Police Commissioner, Charles Tegart( another man Day got killed) by Gopinath Saha

– Chittagong Armory Raid (April 1930)• Led by Surya Sen. Helped by Ananth Singh, Ganesh Ghosh

and Lokenath Baul• Plan to occupy two armouries in Chittagong • Women members of group

– Pratilata wadekar– Kalpana Dutt

– Santi Ghosh and Suniti Chandheri (School Girls) shot dead District magistrate Mr.Steven

– Bina Das fired at the Governor while receiving her Convocation

Anti- Simon Commission Upsurge• Protest against the appointment of all-white, Seven member committee to

recommend the Government if India was ready for Further Constitutional reforms and on what lines

• Dissatisfaction of the Indians– Exclusion of Indians – Seen as Insult to Self-Respect of the Indians

• Nehru Report ( First attempt by Indians to draft a Constitutional Framework)– Dominion Status– Rejection of Separate Electorates and demand for Joint Electorates Electorates

( Reservation for the Muslims at the Centre and in the provinces where they were in Minority)

– Formation of Linguistic Provinces– 19 Fundamental Rights– Full Protection to Cultural and religious Interests of Muslims

• Differences between Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League

• Jinnah’s 14 Demands

Events leading to CDM• Calcutta Session of Congress (Dec 1928)

– Disagreement over Dominion Status in the Nehru Report– It was decided to give one year time to government to accept the demand for

Dominion Status, Failing which the Demand for Complete Independence would be raised and CDM launched

• Irwin’s Statement (October 31, 1929)

• Delhi Manifesto by INC– Purpose of RTC should be to Formulate the Implementation of Dominion Status– Congress to have majority representation

• Lahore Congress (1929) headed by Nehru– RTC to be boycotted– Complete Independence declared as aim of the Congress– Jan 26,1930 fixed as first Independence Day – Civil Disobedience Movement to be launched

Gandhi’s Eleven Demands• General

– Reduce Expenditure on Army and Civil Services– Ban Liquor– Carry out reforms in CID– Change Arms Act– Release all Political Prisoners– Accept Postal Reservation Bill

• Industrialists– Introduce Textile Protection

Reserve Coastal Shipping for the Indians– Introduce favorable exchange rate

• Peasants– Reduce land revenue by 50%– Abolish Salt Tax and Government’s Salt Monopoly

Rajagopalachari salt March in TN Kelappan’s March in Kerala

Dharsana Salt Agitation

Launch of CDM• Dandi March (March 12- April 6, 1930)

– March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi– Lawyers to give up their practice– People to refuse to pay taxes– Boycott law Courts– Government servants to resign from their Jobs

• Spread of the Movement– TN – Rajagopalachari marched from Trichy to Vedaraniyyam– Kerala- kelappan marched from Calicut to Poyannur– Gandhi arrested when conducting a raid on Dharsana salt works– Surya Sen’s Chittagong Armory Raid– Peshawar- Abdul Gaffer khan (Frontier Gandhi) organised “Red Shirts” (started

the monthly magazine Pukhtoon)– Sarojini naidu, Imam Sahib, Mani lal (Gandhi’s Son) led a raid on dharsana salt

Works– Rani Gaidinlu carried out the revolt in Manipur and Nagaland

Abdul Gaffar Khan

Continued…• First RTC (Nov 1930- Jan 1931)

– Not Attended by INC– Attended by Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and Princes

• Gandhi Irwin Pact ( March 5, 1931)– Immediate release of all Political Prisoners not convicted of Violence– Remission of all fines not yet collected– Return of all lands not yet sold to third parties– Lenient treatment to Government Servants who had resigned– Right to make salt for personal consumption– Withdrawal of Emergency Ordinances– Right to peaceful and Non-aggressive Picketing

– Unaccepted Demands• Public enquiry into Police Atrocities• Commutation of Death Sentences of Bhagat Singh and his Comrades

– INC agreed to• Withdrawal of Civil Disobedience Movement• Participate in 2nd RTC

Continued…• Karachi Session 1931 ( President- Vallabhai Patel)

– Endorsed Gandhi Irwin Pact– Resolutions of FRs and National Economic Programme Adopted– For First time Declared Swaraj as in addition to Political Freedom, Economic

Freedom has to be obtained

• Second RTC and Civil Disobedience Movement– Communal Award ( Separate Electorates for the Depressed Classes)

• Gandhi Vs Ambedkar on Casteism

• Poona Pact ( September 1932)– No Separate Electorates for the Depressed Classes– Increased Reservation for the Depressed in the Provincial and Central

Legislature

Gandhi’s Harijan Campaign• Gandhi’s Thoughts on Caste

– Root and Branch Eradication of Untouchability– Campaign based on Humanism and Reason– Not against the Caste System– Preached for Co- Existence of Different Castes

• Set up All India Anti- Untouchability League

• Started the Weekly Harijan

• Shifted to Saygraha Ashram in Wardha as he had taken pledge in 1930 not to return to Sabarmati Ashram unless Swaraj was Won

Harijan Campaign

Strategic Debate• First Stage Debate ( Course of National Movement During Non- Mass

Struggle)– Constructive Work along Gandhian Lines– Entry to the Councils– Continuation of Mass Struggle ( Nehru and Subhash Bose)

• Opposition to Struggle- Truce- Struggle– Gandhi’s resignation from Congress in 1934

• Second Stage Debate ( Acceptance of Office)– Rejection of Office by Nehru and Subhash Bose– Acceptance of Office

• Congress Performance in the Elections– Majority in all Provinces Except Bengal, Assam, Punjab, Sindh and NWFP– Single largest Party in Bengal, Assam and NWFP