Years of Crisis Years of Crisis (1919-1939)(1919-1939)

In this presentation we will discussIn this presentation we will discuss The Post WarThe Post War

A Worldwide Depression A Worldwide Depression Fascism Rises in EuropeFascism Rises in Europe

Aggressors Invade NationsAggressors Invade Nations

Ashley GoodwinAshley Goodwin11stst Block Block

Dr. Linebarger Dr. Linebarger Chapter 31 Power Point ProjectChapter 31 Power Point Project

PostwarPostwar In the Postwar period people In the Postwar period people

began questioning began questioning traditional beliefs. Some traditional beliefs. Some people found answers in people found answers in new scientific new scientific developments, which developments, which challenged the way people challenged the way people looked at the world. As the looked at the world. As the society became more open, society became more open, women demanded more women demanded more rights and young people rights and young people adopted new values.adopted new values.

A New Revolution in ScienceA New Revolution in Science Albert Einstein and Sigmund Albert Einstein and Sigmund

Freud ideas had a big impact on Freud ideas had a big impact on the 20the 20thth century. Albert Einstein century. Albert Einstein was born in Germany. He offered was born in Germany. He offered startling new ideas on space, time, startling new ideas on space, time, energy, and matter. In 1905, energy, and matter. In 1905, Einstein theorized that while the Einstein theorized that while the speed of light is constant, other speed of light is constant, other things that seem constant, such as things that seem constant, such as space and time are not. Since space and time are not. Since relative motion is the key to relative motion is the key to Einstein’s idea, it is called the Einstein’s idea, it is called the Theory of Relativity.Theory of Relativity.

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Sigmund Freud ideas Sigmund Freud ideas

were as revolutionary as were as revolutionary as Einstein’s. Freud treated Einstein’s. Freud treated patients with patients with psychological problems. psychological problems. He constructed a theory He constructed a theory about the human mind. about the human mind. He believed that much of He believed that much of human behavior is human behavior is irrational, or beyond irrational, or beyond reason.reason.

Einstein and Sigmund FreudEinstein and Sigmund Freud

Literature in the 1920’sLiterature in the 1920’s The brutality of World War I caused philosophers and writers to The brutality of World War I caused philosophers and writers to

question accepted ideas about reason and progress. Many people question accepted ideas about reason and progress. Many people also feared the future and expressed doubts about traditional also feared the future and expressed doubts about traditional religious beliefs. In 1922, T.S. Eliot, an American poet living in religious beliefs. In 1922, T.S. Eliot, an American poet living in England, wrote that western society had lost its spiritual values. England, wrote that western society had lost its spiritual values. He described the postwar as a barren “wasteland”, “drained of He described the postwar as a barren “wasteland”, “drained of hope and faith”. hope and faith”.

The horror of war made a deep impression on many writers. In The horror of war made a deep impression on many writers. In the search for meaning in an uncertain world, some people the search for meaning in an uncertain world, some people turned to the philosophy known as existentialism. A major turned to the philosophy known as existentialism. A major leader of this movement was the philosopher Jean Paul Sartre of leader of this movement was the philosopher Jean Paul Sartre of France. Existentialists believed that there is no universal France. Existentialists believed that there is no universal meaning to life. Each person creates his or her own meaning in meaning to life. Each person creates his or her own meaning in life through choices made by actions taken. life through choices made by actions taken.

Jean Paul Sartre

Revolution in the ArtsRevolution in the Arts During this period many new directions in During this period many new directions in

painting and music began in the prewar painting and music began in the prewar period, they evovled after the war.period, they evovled after the war.

Surrealism, is an art movement that Surrealism, is an art movement that sought to link the world of dreams with sought to link the world of dreams with real life, this came from Freud’s idea’s. real life, this came from Freud’s idea’s. This caused surrealists to call on the This caused surrealists to call on the unconciuos part of their minds. Many of unconciuos part of their minds. Many of their paintings have an eerie, dreamlike their paintings have an eerie, dreamlike quality and depict objects in unrealistic quality and depict objects in unrealistic ways. ways.

Society Changes/ Women’s Society Changes/ Women’s Roles ChangesRoles Changes

World War I disrupted social patterns. The war World War I disrupted social patterns. The war allowed women to take on new roles. After the allowed women to take on new roles. After the war, women suffrage became a law in many war, women suffrage became a law in many countries including the United States,Britian, countries including the United States,Britian, Sweden, and Austria. Women abandoned Sweden, and Austria. Women abandoned restrictive clothes and hairstyles. They also wore restrictive clothes and hairstyles. They also wore makeup, drove cars, and drank and smoked in makeup, drove cars, and drank and smoked in public. public.

Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman risked Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman risked arrest by speaking in favor of birth control. arrest by speaking in favor of birth control. Women looked for new jobs, and the number of Women looked for new jobs, and the number of women in medicine, education, journalism, and women in medicine, education, journalism, and other professions increasedother professions increased

Technology AdvancesTechnology Advances During World War I, scientists During World War I, scientists

developed new drugs and medical developed new drugs and medical treatments that helped millions of treatments that helped millions of people in Post War years. These people in Post War years. These technology advances were used technology advances were used to improve transportation and to improve transportation and communication after the warcommunication after the war..

Automobile Automobile The automobile benefited from a host of wartime The automobile benefited from a host of wartime

innovations and improvements electric starters, air innovations and improvements electric starters, air filled tires, and more powerful engines. Cars now had filled tires, and more powerful engines. Cars now had headlights and chrome platted bumpers. British headlights and chrome platted bumpers. British factories produced 34,000 cars in 1913. After the factories produced 34,000 cars in 1913. After the war car prices dropped and middle class could afford war car prices dropped and middle class could afford cars. cars.

By 1937 the British were producing 511,000 cars a By 1937 the British were producing 511,000 cars a year. Increased auto use by the average family led to year. Increased auto use by the average family led to lifestyle changes. Most traveled for pleasure . The lifestyle changes. Most traveled for pleasure . The auto also affected where people lived and work. auto also affected where people lived and work. People moved to the suburbs and commuted to work People moved to the suburbs and commuted to work in the cities.in the cities.

1913 and 1937 Model 1913 and 1937 Model AutomobilesAutomobiles

Airplanes IntroducedAirplanes Introduced International air travel became a main object/tool International air travel became a main object/tool

after the War . In 1919, two British pilots made after the War . In 1919, two British pilots made the first successful flight across the Atlantic, the first successful flight across the Atlantic, from Newfoundland to Ireland.from Newfoundland to Ireland.

In 1927, an American pilot named Charles In 1927, an American pilot named Charles Lindbergh Captured world attention with a 33-Lindbergh Captured world attention with a 33-hour solo flight from New York to Paris. Most of hour solo flight from New York to Paris. Most of the worlds passenger airlines were established the worlds passenger airlines were established during the 1920’s. At first only the rich were able during the 1920’s. At first only the rich were able to afford air travel.to afford air travel.

1927 Airplane and Charles 1927 Airplane and Charles LindberghLindbergh

Radio and Movies Become Radio and Movies Become PopularPopular

The real development for radio came during The real development for radio came during World War I. In 1920, the world’s first World War I. In 1920, the world’s first commercial radio station- KDKA in commercial radio station- KDKA in Pittsburg Pennsylvania began broadcasting.Pittsburg Pennsylvania began broadcasting.

Motion pictures were also major industry in Motion pictures were also major industry in the 1920’s. Many countries from Cuba, to the 1920’s. Many countries from Cuba, to Japan, produced movies. The king of Japan, produced movies. The king of Hollywood’s silent screen was the English Hollywood’s silent screen was the English born Charlie Chaplin, a comic genius best born Charlie Chaplin, a comic genius best known for his portrayal of the lonely little known for his portrayal of the lonely little tramp bewildered by life. In the late 1920’s, tramp bewildered by life. In the late 1920’s, the addition if sound transformed movies.the addition if sound transformed movies.

KDKA Radio StationKDKA Radio Stationand Charlie Chaplinand Charlie Chaplin

A Worldwide DepressionA Worldwide Depression During the late 1920’s European During the late 1920’s European

nations were rebuilding war nations were rebuilding war economies. Only the United States economies. Only the United States and Japan came out of the war in and Japan came out of the war in better economic shape than before better economic shape than before the war.the war.

Postwar EuropePostwar Europe

In both human suffering and economic In both human suffering and economic terms, the results of the World War I terms, the results of the World War I were immense. The war left every major were immense. The war left every major European country nearby bankrupt. And European country nearby bankrupt. And Europe’s domination in world affairs Europe’s domination in world affairs declined after the war.declined after the war.

Unstable New Democracies Unstable New Democracies From 1914 to 1918, Europe’s last absolute rulers From 1914 to 1918, Europe’s last absolute rulers

had been overthrown. The first of the new had been overthrown. The first of the new government in Russia were formed in 1917. government in Russia were formed in 1917.

The Provisional Government hoped to establish The Provisional Government hoped to establish constitutional and democratic rule. Unfortunately constitutional and democratic rule. Unfortunately within months it fell to a Communist dictatorship. within months it fell to a Communist dictatorship. Even though this happened most European Even though this happened most European nations had democratic governments. nations had democratic governments.

Unstable New Democracies Unstable New Democracies (Continued)(Continued)

Many citizens of the new democracies had little experience with Many citizens of the new democracies had little experience with representative government. In Austria- Hungry, France and Italy I representative government. In Austria- Hungry, France and Italy I was almost impossible for one party/candidate to win enough was almost impossible for one party/candidate to win enough support to govern effectively.support to govern effectively.

When no single party won a majority, a When no single party won a majority, a coalition governmentcoalition government, or , or temporary alliance of several parties, was needed to form a temporary alliance of several parties, was needed to form a parliamentary majority. The parties disagreed on so many policies parliamentary majority. The parties disagreed on so many policies that coalitions rarely stayed together long.that coalitions rarely stayed together long.

Frequent changes in government made it hard for democratic Frequent changes in government made it hard for democratic countries to develop strong leadership and move toward long-term countries to develop strong leadership and move toward long-term goals. The weakness of a coalition government became a major goals. The weakness of a coalition government became a major problem in times of crisis. Voters in a lot of countries were willing problem in times of crisis. Voters in a lot of countries were willing to give up a strong democratic government for strong, to give up a strong democratic government for strong, authoritarian leadership.authoritarian leadership.

The Weimar The Weimar WarWar

Germany’s new democratic Germany’s new democratic was set up in 1919. Known as was set up in 1919. Known as Weimar Republic it was Weimar Republic it was named after the city where named after the city where the national assembly met. the national assembly met. The Weimar Republic had The Weimar Republic had serious weakness from the serious weakness from the beginning, First Germany beginning, First Germany lacked a strong democratic lacked a strong democratic tradition. And postwar tradition. And postwar Germany had a lot of political Germany had a lot of political parties and many minor ones. parties and many minor ones. On top of all this a lot of the On top of all this a lot of the German’s began to blame the German’s began to blame the government for all of the government for all of the problems they were currently problems they were currently going through.going through.

Germany also faced enormous Germany also faced enormous economic problems that had economic problems that had begun during the war. begun during the war. Germany had not greatly Germany had not greatly increased it’s taxes during increased it’s taxes during war. To pay the expenses for war. To pay the expenses for the war the Germans just the war the Germans just printed out some money. printed out some money. After Germany’s defeat this After Germany’s defeat this money lost it’s value quickly. money lost it’s value quickly. Germans needed more and Germans needed more and more money to buy just the more money to buy just the basic needs of the country. basic needs of the country. People took a lot of money to People took a lot of money to buy food. And as a result of buy food. And as a result of this many German’s began this many German’s began to question the value of their to question the value of their new democratic government.new democratic government.

Weimar WarWeimar War

Trying To Gain Economic StabilityTrying To Gain Economic Stability Germany recovered from the 1923 inflation thanks to an Germany recovered from the 1923 inflation thanks to an

international committee. The committee which was ran by international committee. The committee which was ran by Charles Dawes an American banker. The Dawes plan provided a Charles Dawes an American banker. The Dawes plan provided a two hundred million loan from banks in America to stabilize two hundred million loan from banks in America to stabilize German currency and to strengthen it’s economy.German currency and to strengthen it’s economy.

In 1924 the Dawes Plan helped slow down inflation. The In 1924 the Dawes Plan helped slow down inflation. The German economy began to recover this attracted more loans German economy began to recover this attracted more loans and investments from the United States. By 1929 German and investments from the United States. By 1929 German factories were producing as much as they had before the war.factories were producing as much as they had before the war.

Charles DawesCharles Dawes

Financial CollapseFinancial Collapse In the late 1920s American economic In the late 1920s American economic

prosperity largely sustained the world prosperity largely sustained the world economy. If the U.S. economy economy. If the U.S. economy weakened the whole world’s economic weakened the whole world’s economic system might collapse. In 1929 it did. system might collapse. In 1929 it did.

Despite prosperity several weaknesses Despite prosperity several weaknesses in the U.S. economy caused serious in the U.S. economy caused serious problems. These included uneven problems. These included uneven distribution of wealth, overproduction distribution of wealth, overproduction by business and agriculture, and the by business and agriculture, and the fact that many Americans were buying fact that many Americans were buying less. less.

By 1929 American factories were By 1929 American factories were turning out nearly half of the world’s turning out nearly half of the world’s industrial goods. Sixty percent of all industrial goods. Sixty percent of all American families earned at less than American families earned at less than $2,000 a year. This caused most of the $2,000 a year. This caused most of the families to be to poor to be able to families to be to poor to be able to purchase any goods being produced.purchase any goods being produced.

Being unable to sell their items most Being unable to sell their items most stores cut back on the amount of stores cut back on the amount of items they were ordering from items they were ordering from factories. This caused factories to factories. This caused factories to reduce the number of workers and reduce the number of workers and production. This caused a downward production. This caused a downward spiral of the economy. Workers lost spiral of the economy. Workers lost their jobs and families bought even their jobs and families bought even less amounts of goods. This caused less amounts of goods. This caused factories to make more cuts in their factories to make more cuts in their productions and lay off more productions and lay off more employees.employees.

Overproduction also affected farmers. Overproduction also affected farmers. American farmers were producing American farmers were producing more and more food. They faced more and more food. They faced competition with farmers in Australia, competition with farmers in Australia, Latin America, and Europe. A Latin America, and Europe. A worldwide surplus of agricultural worldwide surplus of agricultural products drove prices and profits products drove prices and profits down. Being unable to sell their crops down. Being unable to sell their crops at a profit many farmers could not pay at a profit many farmers could not pay off the bank loans that helped keep off the bank loans that helped keep them on their feet. Their unpaid bills them on their feet. Their unpaid bills etc caused the banks to weaken and etc caused the banks to weaken and forced some banks to close.forced some banks to close.

Stock Market Crashes!!Stock Market Crashes!! In September 1929 some In September 1929 some

investors noticed that the investors noticed that the stock prices where really stock prices where really higher than normal. The higher than normal. The economy started to settle their economy started to settle their stocks, because they thought stocks, because they thought that the prices would go down that the prices would go down soon. soon.

By Thursday October 24 the By Thursday October 24 the slow lowering of stock prices slow lowering of stock prices had started an slide downward had started an slide downward to an bad economy. As a result to an bad economy. As a result people began to panic. people began to panic. Everyone wanted to sell their Everyone wanted to sell their stocks, but no one wanted to stocks, but no one wanted to purchase any. Prices dropped purchase any. Prices dropped to an even lower level on to an even lower level on Tuesday, October 29. record Tuesday, October 29. record of 16 million stocks were sold. of 16 million stocks were sold. Then the market Then the market collapsedcollapsed..

The Great Depression The Great Depression A long business slump was known a A long business slump was known a

the the Great Depression. Great Depression. The stock The stock market did not cause the Great market did not cause the Great Depression by itself but it Depression by itself but it quickened the collapse of the quickened the collapse of the economy and made the economy and made the depression more difficult. By depression more difficult. By 1932, factory production was 1932, factory production was cut in half. Thousands of cut in half. Thousands of business had failed and banks business had failed and banks had closed. had closed.

Around 9 million people lost the Around 9 million people lost the money in their saving accounts money in their saving accounts when banks had no money to when banks had no money to pay for them. Many farmers lost pay for them. Many farmers lost their land when they could not their land when they could not pay their mortgage payments. pay their mortgage payments. By 1933 one-fourth of all By 1933 one-fourth of all American workers had no jobs.American workers had no jobs.

Because of war debts and Because of war debts and dependence on American dependence on American loans and investments, loans and investments, Germany and Austria were Germany and Austria were particularly were affected. particularly were affected. In 1931 Austria’s largest In 1931 Austria’s largest bank had failed. In Asia bank had failed. In Asia both farmers an urban both farmers an urban workers suffered as the workers suffered as the value of the exports fell by value of the exports fell by half between 1929 and half between 1929 and 1931. 1931.

The crash in the economy The crash in the economy was felt heavily in Latin was felt heavily in Latin America. Europe and the America. Europe and the United States demanded United States demanded for Latin American for Latin American products such as: sugar, products such as: sugar, beef and cooper. beef and cooper.

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

World Confront CrisisWorld Confront Crisis The Depression confronted The Depression confronted

democracies with a lot of democracies with a lot of serious challenges to their serious challenges to their economic and political economic and political systems. Each country systems. Each country solved their problems in solved their problems in different ways.different ways.

The Great Depression affected Britain greatly. The Great Depression affected Britain greatly. To take care of the emergency British voters To take care of the emergency British voters elected a multiparty coalition known as the elected a multiparty coalition known as the National Government. It passed high National Government. It passed high protective tariffs, increased taxes, and protective tariffs, increased taxes, and regulated the currency. It also lowered regulated the currency. It also lowered interests rates to encourage industrial interests rates to encourage industrial growth. By 1937, unemployment had been growth. By 1937, unemployment had been cut in half, and production had risen above cut in half, and production had risen above 1929 levels. Britain avoided political 1929 levels. Britain avoided political extremes and preserved democracy.extremes and preserved democracy.

In 1932, in the first presidential election after In 1932, in the first presidential election after the Depression had begun, U.S. voters elected the Depression had begun, U.S. voters elected Franklin D Roosevelt. On March 14, 1933, the Franklin D Roosevelt. On March 14, 1933, the new president sought to restore America’s faith new president sought to restore America’s faith in their nation. Roosevelt began an program of in their nation. Roosevelt began an program of government reform that he called the New Deal. government reform that he called the New Deal. Large public works projects helped to provide Large public works projects helped to provide jobs for the unemployed. New government jobs for the unemployed. New government agencies gave financial help to businesses and agencies gave financial help to businesses and farms. Large amounts of money were spent on farms. Large amounts of money were spent on welfare and relief programs. The New Deal did welfare and relief programs. The New Deal did reform the American economic system.reform the American economic system.

France had a more self sufficient economy. By France had a more self sufficient economy. By 1935, one million French workers were 1935, one million French workers were unemployed. The crisis contributed to unemployed. The crisis contributed to political instability. In 1933, five coalition political instability. In 1933, five coalition governments formed and fell. In 1936 governments formed and fell. In 1936 moderates, Socialists, and Communists moderates, Socialists, and Communists formed a coalition. The Popular Front passed formed a coalition. The Popular Front passed a series of reforms to help workers. Price a series of reforms to help workers. Price increases quickly offset wage gains. increases quickly offset wage gains. Unemployment remained high. France also Unemployment remained high. France also preserved democratic government.preserved democratic government.

Fascism Rises in EuropeFascism Rises in Europe► Fascism was a militant political movement that emphasized Fascism was a militant political movement that emphasized

loyalty to the state and obedience to it’s leader. Unlike loyalty to the state and obedience to it’s leader. Unlike fascism had no clearly defined theory or program. Most fascism had no clearly defined theory or program. Most Fascists shared several ideas. They preached an extreme Fascists shared several ideas. They preached an extreme form of nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country. Fascists form of nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country. Fascists believed that nations must struggle and that peaceful states believed that nations must struggle and that peaceful states would be conquered soon. would be conquered soon.

► Fascists did not seek a classless society. They believed that Fascists did not seek a classless society. They believed that each class had its place and function. In most cases, Fascist each class had its place and function. In most cases, Fascist parties were made up of aristocrats and industrialists, war parties were made up of aristocrats and industrialists, war veterans, and the lower middle class. Fascists were veterans, and the lower middle class. Fascists were nationalists.nationalists.

► Fascism rise in Italy was faced by bitter disappointment over Fascism rise in Italy was faced by bitter disappointment over the failure to win larger territorial gains at the 1919 Paris the failure to win larger territorial gains at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The rise in inflation and unemployment Peace Conference. The rise in inflation and unemployment also caused an widespread affect of social unrest.also caused an widespread affect of social unrest.

Fascists Want a ChangeFascists Want a Change► Fascists wanted a leader who would take action. A newspaper editor Fascists wanted a leader who would take action. A newspaper editor

and politician named and politician named Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini boldly promised to rescue boldly promised to rescue Italy by reviving it’s economy and rebuilding its armed forces. Italy by reviving it’s economy and rebuilding its armed forces. Mussolini had founded the Fascists party in 1919. As economic Mussolini had founded the Fascists party in 1919. As economic problems got worse he became more popular. Soon Mussolini talked problems got worse he became more popular. Soon Mussolini talked bad about the government in public. Groups o Fascists that wore black bad about the government in public. Groups o Fascists that wore black t-shirts attacked Communists and Socialists on the streets. Mussolini t-shirts attacked Communists and Socialists on the streets. Mussolini paid attention to the fear of workers revolt, he won support from the paid attention to the fear of workers revolt, he won support from the middle class, the aristocracy and industrial leaders. middle class, the aristocracy and industrial leaders.

► In October 1922, about 30,000 Fascists marched on Rome. They In October 1922, about 30,000 Fascists marched on Rome. They demanded King Victor Emmanuel III to put Mussolini in charge of the demanded King Victor Emmanuel III to put Mussolini in charge of the government. The king decided that Mussolini was the best hope for government. The king decided that Mussolini was the best hope for the dynasty to survive. Soon Mussolini took power over the the dynasty to survive. Soon Mussolini took power over the government “legally.” government “legally.”

► Mussolini got rid of democracy and outlawed all political parties Mussolini got rid of democracy and outlawed all political parties except for the Fascists. Mussolini outlawed strikes. He wanted to except for the Fascists. Mussolini outlawed strikes. He wanted to control the economy by allying the Fascists with the industrialists and control the economy by allying the Fascists with the industrialists and landowners with a lot of land. Mussolini never had total control landowners with a lot of land. Mussolini never had total control because of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler in Germany.because of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler in Germany.

Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini

Hitler Gains Power In Hitler Gains Power In GermanyGermany

► In 1919 Hitler joined a tiny right-wing political group. This group had the In 1919 Hitler joined a tiny right-wing political group. This group had the same belief that Germany had to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and same belief that Germany had to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and combat communism. It’s policies formed the German brand of fascism combat communism. It’s policies formed the German brand of fascism known as Nazism. The group adopted the swastika, of hooked cross, as its known as Nazism. The group adopted the swastika, of hooked cross, as its symbol. The Nazis also set up a private militia called the “Storm Troopers” symbol. The Nazis also set up a private militia called the “Storm Troopers” or “Brown Shirts”or “Brown Shirts”

► Hitler’s success as an organizer and speaker led him to be chosen der Hitler’s success as an organizer and speaker led him to be chosen der Fuehrer, or the leader of the Nazi party. Hitler and the Nazis plotted to seize Fuehrer, or the leader of the Nazi party. Hitler and the Nazis plotted to seize power in Munich in 1923. His attempt failed and Hitler was arrested. He power in Munich in 1923. His attempt failed and Hitler was arrested. He was supposed to serve five years in prison but he served less than nine was supposed to serve five years in prison but he served less than nine months.months.

► While Hitler was in jail he wrote While Hitler was in jail he wrote Mein KompfMein Kompf. This book set forth his . This book set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany. Hitler believed that non-Aryan “races” beliefs and his goals for Germany. Hitler believed that non-Aryan “races” such as Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies were lower than everyone else. He called such as Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies were lower than everyone else. He called the Versailles Treaty an outrage and voted to regain German lands. Hitler the Versailles Treaty an outrage and voted to regain German lands. Hitler also stated that Germany was overcrowded and that it needed more also stated that Germany was overcrowded and that it needed more lebensraumlebensraum, or living space. He promised to get that space by conquering , or living space. He promised to get that space by conquering eastern Europe and Russia.eastern Europe and Russia.

► When America stopped giving loans the German economy collapsed. This When America stopped giving loans the German economy collapsed. This caused the Germans to turn to Hitler for security and leadership.caused the Germans to turn to Hitler for security and leadership.

Hitler is ChancellorHitler is Chancellor► An An chancellorchancellor the prime minister or president in certain the prime minister or president in certain

countries.countries.► The Nazis had become the largest political party by 1932. The Nazis had become the largest political party by 1932.

January 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg named Hitler January 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg named Hitler chancellor. This made Hitler to come to power legally.chancellor. This made Hitler to come to power legally.

► When Hitler got I office he called for new elections in hopes When Hitler got I office he called for new elections in hopes to win a parliamentary majority. Just six days before the to win a parliamentary majority. Just six days before the election, fire destroyed the Reichstag building, where the election, fire destroyed the Reichstag building, where the parliament met. A lot of people blamed the on the parliament met. A lot of people blamed the on the Communists, the Nazis and their allies won the election by Communists, the Nazis and their allies won the election by a little bit. Hitler used his power to turn Germany into a a little bit. Hitler used his power to turn Germany into a totalitarian state. He banned all other political parties and totalitarian state. He banned all other political parties and had opponents arrested. An elite black- uniformed unit had opponents arrested. An elite black- uniformed unit called the SS (Schutzstaffe) or an protection team was called the SS (Schutzstaffe) or an protection team was created. They were to only be loyal to Hitler.created. They were to only be loyal to Hitler.

Hitler And The NazisHitler And The Nazis

The SS Become Stronger and The SS Become Stronger and StrongerStronger

In 1934, the SS arrested and murdered hundreds of In 1934, the SS arrested and murdered hundreds of Hitler’s enemies. The violence etc from the Hitler’s enemies. The violence etc from the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police shocked most Gestapo, the Nazi secret police shocked most Germans and had them in total obedience. The Germans and had them in total obedience. The Nazis took control of the economy very quickly. The Nazis took control of the economy very quickly. The new laws banned strikes an got rid of individual new laws banned strikes an got rid of individual labor unions, and gave the government over labor unions, and gave the government over business and labor. Hitler put millions of people to business and labor. Hitler put millions of people to work. They made factories, built highways, created work. They made factories, built highways, created weapons, and fought in the war. This caused the weapons, and fought in the war. This caused the unemployment rates to drop from 6 million to 1.5 unemployment rates to drop from 6 million to 1.5 million in 1936.million in 1936.

Hitler Continues To ControlHitler Continues To Control► Hitler wanted more than just economic and political Hitler wanted more than just economic and political

power, he wanted to have control over every Germans power, he wanted to have control over every Germans life. To gain the publics side Hitler used commercials, life. To gain the publics side Hitler used commercials, radio stations, the press, literature, paintings, and film. radio stations, the press, literature, paintings, and film. Books that did not contain Nazi beliefs were to be Books that did not contain Nazi beliefs were to be burned. Churches could not talk badly about the actions burned. Churches could not talk badly about the actions of the Nazis and the government. Kids in school had to of the Nazis and the government. Kids in school had to join Hitler Youth (for boys) or League of German Girls. join Hitler Youth (for boys) or League of German Girls. Hating the Jews was one of the main concerns for the Hating the Jews was one of the main concerns for the Nazis. Jews were less than one percent (1%) of the Nazis. Jews were less than one percent (1%) of the nation but they were still blamed for all of the problems nation but they were still blamed for all of the problems Germany was going through since the war. Hatred Germany was going through since the war. Hatred toward the Jews was also known as anti-Semitism and toward the Jews was also known as anti-Semitism and this began to spread quickly throughout Germany. In this began to spread quickly throughout Germany. In 1933, the Nazis passed a law that took away most of 1933, the Nazis passed a law that took away most of Jews rights. Jews rights.

Violence Against JewsViolence Against Jews► Violence against the Jews became Violence against the Jews became

worse and worse. On November worse and worse. On November 9,1938 Nazi parties attacked Jews 9,1938 Nazi parties attacked Jews in their homes and destroyed in their homes and destroyed thousands of their buildings. This thousands of their buildings. This event was known as “Night of the event was known as “Night of the Broken Glass” and this event Broken Glass” and this event trigged a bad life for the Jews living trigged a bad life for the Jews living in Germany from then on.in Germany from then on.

Aggressors Invade NationsAggressors Invade NationsDuring the 1920’s, the Japanese government became During the 1920’s, the Japanese government became more democratic. In 1922, Japan signed the international more democratic. In 1922, Japan signed the international treaty agreeing to respect China’s borders. In 1928 it treaty agreeing to respect China’s borders. In 1928 it signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war. As long signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war. As long as Japan remained prosperous, the civilian government as Japan remained prosperous, the civilian government kept power.. When the Great Depression hit many kept power.. When the Great Depression hit many people blamed it on the government. people blamed it on the government. Military leaders gained support and soon won control Military leaders gained support and soon won control over the country. Just like Hitler and Mussolini, Japan over the country. Just like Hitler and Mussolini, Japan militarists were extreme nationalists. They wanted to militarists were extreme nationalists. They wanted to restore traditional control of the government to the restore traditional control of the government to the military.military.

Japan Invades ManchuriaJapan Invades Manchuria

In 1931 the Japanese army seized In 1931 the Japanese army seized Manchuria. They then began to build Manchuria. They then began to build mines and factories. This attack was the mines and factories. This attack was the first direct challenge to the League of first direct challenge to the League of Nations. By the early 1930’s the League Nations. By the early 1930’s the League included all democracies except the included all democracies except the United States, and it also included United States, and it also included Germany, Japan and Italy. Japan withdrew Germany, Japan and Italy. Japan withdrew from the league in 1933from the league in 1933

Closing CreditsClosing Credits

Thank you for viewing my power point Thank you for viewing my power point presentation over chapter 31 “Years of Crisis” presentation over chapter 31 “Years of Crisis” from your textbook. I hoped you have gained from your textbook. I hoped you have gained some knowledge on some of the most important some knowledge on some of the most important years in history.years in history.

Ashley GoodwinAshley GoodwinAll Pictures From: All Pictures From: www.google.comwww.google.comAl Information From: World History Textbook Al Information From: World History Textbook Chapter 31Chapter 31