national environmental policy of: india hari srinivas room: i-312 / 079-565-7406 international...
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF:
INDIA
HARI SRINIVASROOM: I -312 / 079 -565-7406
International Environmental Policy
India and Japan
• Land Area: India is about 10 times the size of Japan, It takes three days and four nights to travel from the south of India to the north by train!
• Population: For every Japanese, there are 10 Indians
• GDP: India is still a developing country - Japan’s economy is three times bigger than India. One Japanese person produces the same GDP as four Indians!
Environmental Problems in India
Pollution. Deforestation. Wildlife trade. The aspirations and lifestyles of more than one billion people. These are some of the critical environmental issues that India grapples with every day.
Pollution: • Water• Air• Solid waste• Land/Soil• Greenhouse gas
emissions, including CO2
Population growth
Poor Environment
al quality
Environmental Problems
Environmental problems grew out of:
• Population growth
• Changes in Lifestyles
• Lack of awareness of negative impacts on the environment
… and not just due to
economic growth
Environmental Problems
Population size and growth
Need more land
Need more food
Need more
resources
Need more water
Produce more waste
Emit more GHGs
Create air
pollution
DEFORESTATION
INTENSIVEAGRICULTURE
MINING
GROUND WATER
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L D
EG
RA
DA
TIO
N
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L P
OL
LU
TIO
N
Causes of Environmental Problems
Environmental Problems
Agricultural Practices
Lifestyle Issues
Population growth
Economic Activity
FOOD SECURITY
URBANIZATION
POVERTYREDUCTIO
N
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Causes of degradation
The Underlying Causes of Environmental Degradation in India:
Social Factors Economic Factors Institutional Factors
Causes of degradation
Social Factors Economic Factors Institutional Factors
Population
Poverty
Urbanization
Causes of degradation
Social Factors Economic Factors Institutional Factors
• Poorly functioning markets for environmental goods and services
• Market distortions created by price controls and subsidies
• Manufacturing technology of industries
• Expansion of chemical based industry
• Growing transport activities, including expansion of port and harbour activities.
Causes of degradation
Social Factors Economic Factors Institutional Factors
• Lack of awareness and infrastructure makes implementation of most of the laws relating to environment, extremely difficult and ineffective.:
• Costs• Human resources• Curruption • Other issues
India’s Development Paths
Essential focus: economic growth and poverty alleviation
Pre – 1970 Asset Creation & Redistribution
1970s and 1980s Income and Employment Generation
1990s Liberalization and Globalization Environment Awareness and Integration
Post 2000 Towards Inclusive Growth Climate Awareness and Integration Green Economy
Environmental Policy Roots
Ancient India:
Lifestyle and behaviour
Colonial India:
Pollution of air, water and landWildlife trade
Modern India:
Pollution control,Conservation
strategies,Link to
development,Green economy
Environmental Policy Roots
The Water Act (1988) The Constitution of India (1976) The Air Act (1987)
The Environmental Protection Act of 1986 The Environmental Protection Rules of 1986 The Product Liability Insurance Act of 1991
Agenda 21 Precautionary Principle Polluter Pays Principle
UN Conference on Human Environment,
1972
Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984
Earth Summit, 1992
Environmental Policy
National Environment Policy
It is the first initiative in strategy-formulation for environmental protection in a comprehensive manner.
It undertakes a diagnosis of the causes of environmental degradation with a view to identifying solutions required.
It recognizes that economic and financial policies need to take account of their unintentional impacts on environmental degradation.
Environmental Action:
• Demo projects• Opening
markets• Partnerships• Monitoring• Education• Technology
development• …
Legislative Framework
Constitution:
Fundamental Rights, Principles
of State Policy, Fundamental
Duties
Legislative Framework:
• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977
• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• Atomic Energy Act of 1982 • Motor Vehicles Act ,1988• The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 • The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 • Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA) • The National Environment Appellate
Authority Act, 1997 • Public Liability Insurance Act (PLIA), 1991 • National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995
Institutional Framework
Central Government Ministry of Environment & Forests and its
regional officesCentral Pollution Control Board and its regional
offices
State Government: State Dept of EnvironmentState Pollution Control Board / State Pollution
Control Committee
Multistakeholder Participation
Government ministries at national and state level
High courts and the Supreme Court
NGO sector
Mass Media
Business and Indutry
Example: Judicial Process
The High Courts and Supreme Court of India have intervened a number of times to protext the environment:
Public Trust Precautionary Principle Polluter Pays Principle Liability Principle Sustainable Development
Courts have used these principles
to order the government to take action on
the environment
Economic Policies
Environmental “Protection”?
Economic policies
Environmental Policies
Environmental policies
Right now, economic policies and environmental policies are in “conflict”
Environmental issues need to be made a part of economic growth and development policies
Integrated Environmental
Management Policies
Policy Focus
Industrial Policies
Urbanization Policies
PolicyFocus
Inclusive Growth
and Green
Economy
Preserving the
Environment
Emerging Challenges for India
Pollution Control
Emerging Challenges for India
• Steering a Rapidly Developing Economy– Macro-economic Issues– Globalisation and International Trade
• Integrating Poor and Vulnerable Communities– Internal Security and Inclusive Growth– Migration and Trans-boundary Issues
• Reducing Ecosystems Damage and Climate Change
Emerging Challenges for India
POSITIVE STRENGTHs THAT COULD
LEAD TO A “GREEN INDIA”
Green Economy strategies
Global Image and brand nameStrong
democratic institutions
Aware and educated
professionals
India is an Enigma!
v/sPressures of economic growth and development
Very aware and democratic
society
How can India balance …
India is an Enigma!
v/sActive roles played by non-state actors, including legal courts
Government as a key policy
maker
How can India balance …
India is an Enigma!
v/sActive roles played by non-state actors, including legal courts
Government as a key policy
maker
How can India balance …
India is an Enigma!
v/s Pressure from huge population
Genuine efforts to protect the environment
How can India balance …
Contact me …
Prof. Hari SrinivasRoom: I-312
Tel: 079-565-7406Email: [email protected]
Class website:
http://www.gdrc.info/iep