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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

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Page 1: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF:

THE EUROPEAN UNION

HARI S RINIVASROOM: I -312 / 079 -565 -7406

International Environmental Policy

Page 2: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

28 Countries of the European Union

Of the 47 countries that are located in Europe, 28 form the European Union

Page 3: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

23 Official Languages

Page 4: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

The Treaties – Basis for democratic cooperation built on law

1952The European Coal and Steel

Community (ECSC)

1958The treaties of Rome:

The European Economic Community(EEC)

The European Atomic Energy Community(EURATOM)

1987The Single

European Act

1993Treaty on European

Union – Maastricht1999

Treaty of Amsterdam

2003Treaty of Nice

2009Treaty of Lisbon

Page 5: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

“Europe”?

European Commission (including Environment)

Council of MinistersEuropean ParliamentEuropean Court of

Justice (ECJ)

“EUROPEAN

UNION”

28 Member

Countries

Page 6: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Enlargement – from 6 to 27 countries

1952

1973

1981

1986

1990

1995

2004

2007

Page 7: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Fall of Berlin Wall – end of Communism in Central and Eastern EuropeEU economic help begins: PHARE program

Criteria set for a country to join the EU:• democracy and rule of law• functioning market economy• ability to implement EU laws

Formal negotiations on enlargement begin

Copenhagen summit agrees enlargement

10 new EU members: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia

1989

1993

1998

2002 2004

2007 Bulgaria and Romania join the EU

Candidates:Croatia, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland, Turkey

© R

eu

ders

The Big Enlargement – healing the division of Europe

Page 8: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

The Lisbon treaty – taking Europe into the 21st century

The Treaty will make the European Union:

More efficient Simpler processes, full-time president for the Council.

More democratic Stronger role for the European Parliament and national parliaments, "Citizens Initiative", Charter of Fundamental Rights.

More transparent Clarifies who does what, greater public access to documents and meetings.

More united on High Representative for Foreign Policy. the world stage

More secure New possibilities to fight climate change and terrorism, secure energy supplies.

Page 9: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Celebrating the European Union -A Half Century of Change and Progress

Since the creation of the EU half a century ago, Europe has enjoyed the longest period of peace in its history.

European political integration is unprecedented in history.

EU enlargement has helped overcome the division of Europe – contributing to peace, prosperity, and stability across the continent.

A single market and a common currency benefit companies and consumers.

EU has united the citizens of Europe – while preserving Europe’s diversity.

European UnionUnited in diversity

Page 10: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

The Single Market - freedom of choice

Four freedoms of movement:

4 goods

4 services

4 people

4 capital

© G

ett

y Im

ag

es

Has led to:

• significant reductions in the price of many products and services, including internet access and airfares.

• 40% drop in price of phone calls from 2000-2006

• 2.8 million new jobs

Page 11: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Why should the EU get involved?

Many areas of life have a regional as well as national focus

The environment and social policy are two such areas

International agreements on the environment, e.g. Kyoto Protocol

There is greater importance because of the EU’s enlargement

Page 12: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Why should the EU get involved?

If one member state’s environment becomes degraded, it affects other member states, e.g. pollution from the seas or air

Identifies areas requiring EU actionGathers information and debatesReaches agreement amongst member states

EU Action

Page 13: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

What then?

It issues a ‘Directive’ or an instruction to member states’ governments to take action

The member states make law to enforce the EU’s Directive

The EU reports on progress made

The whole process depends on detailed negotiation and debate at EU level

Members reach an agreement

Some members may receive special exemptions

Page 14: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Obligations of Member States

Directives converted into legally binding domestic law

Practical application of these norms in individual situations

Enforcement in the event that laws are broken

EU“Directive

s”

Page 15: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Objectives of EU environmental policy

Article 174(1) of EC Treaty

preserving, protecting and improving the quality of the environment

protecting human healthprudent and rational utilisation of natural

resourcespromoting measures at international level

to deal with regional or worldwide environmental problems

Page 16: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Principles of EU environmental policy

high level of protection precautionary principle principle of preventive

action principle of rectification

at source polluter pays principle

Principles of Sustainable

Development

Environmental Action Programmes

Page 17: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Environmental Principles

The Polluter Pays Principle Industry should pay the true costs of its methods of production is necessary

Principle of prevention Action to be taken to protect the environment at an early stage

The proximity principle

The best place to deal with a problem is as close to that problem as possible

Precautionary Principle ’It is better to be safe than sorry. ’

High Level of Protection Principle

High level of protection must be integrated into all policies and action

The integration principle

Environmental objectives must be integrated in other policy sectors

Page 18: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Substantive environmental law

GeneralAirWaterWasteChemicalsBiodiversity/Nature

conservationBiotechnologyNoiseIndustrial riskIntegrated pollution

controlEco-labeling and auditsClimate

Over 400 pieces of

legislation altogether!!

Page 19: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Procedural environmental law

Main instruments used:

Integrated environmental permits (IPPC)Environmental impact assessment (EIA)Strategic environmental assessment (SEA)Environmental management and audit (EMAS)Freedom of access to environmental informationPublic participation in environmental decision-

makingAccess to justice in environmental matters

Page 20: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

From Policy to Action

1. Legislative instruments

2. Market-based instruments

3. Supporting instruments (tecnical instruments)

4. Financial support mechanisms

EU Directives

EUEnvironmenta

l Policy

Page 21: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Market Based Instruments

• Environmental leavies • Tradable emission permits • Deposit-refund systems • Enforcement incentives • Financial aid • Industry agreements • Environmental liability

• Eco-label • Eco-taxes • Eco-audit • Liability

Industry

Energy

Transport

Agriculture

Tourism

Page 22: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

The Future

Europe’s challenges vary Balance of economically emerging eastern

Europe and advanced/developed western Europe

Europe’s role in global governance, particularly the United Nations

International immigration to Europe

Environment

Common political ideals

Regional level problems

Page 23: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Challenges for the Future

Unequal economic development

Structural reforms and unemployment

Weak administrative capacity

High cost of environmental regulations (est. EUR 120 bn over 10 years)

“Environment one of most difficult

areas for accession negotiations”

Challenges for

the Future

Page 24: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Newcomers and New Eco Problems

10 newcomers of the EU

• Cyprus• Estonia• Hungary• Latvia• Lithuania• Malta• Poland• The Czech Republic • Slovakia• Slovenia

Reported themes of accession

• Air quality• Waste• Water quality• Nature conservation• Industrial pollution, risk

management• Chemicals• GMO’s• Nuclear safety• Noise emission• Horizontal legislation• Administrative capacity

Page 25: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: THE EUROPEAN UNION HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406 International Environmental Policy

Contact me …

Prof. Hari SrinivasRoom: I-312

Tel: 079-565-7406Email: [email protected]

Class website:

http://www.gdrc.info/iep