DEVELOPMENTS OF EU DEVELOPMENTS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL

POLICYPOLICY

EU ENVIRONMENTAL EU ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYPOLICY

► No explicit Treaty provision for any No explicit Treaty provision for any environmental policy environmental policy

► Nowadays: + 200 pieces of legislation Nowadays: + 200 pieces of legislation covering almost all policy areas (air, water, covering almost all policy areas (air, water, soil, noise, birds, habitats, biodiversity, soil, noise, birds, habitats, biodiversity, urban and hazardous waste, chemicals, urban and hazardous waste, chemicals, biotechnologies, genetically modified biotechnologies, genetically modified organisms, energy, climate change, impact organisms, energy, climate change, impact and risk assessment, civil protection, etc.)and risk assessment, civil protection, etc.)

►Alternative forms of regulation: Alternative forms of regulation: market, self-regulation, eco-audit, market, self-regulation, eco-audit, eco-labelling, public information, etc.eco-labelling, public information, etc.

►A shared (single) policy with the A shared (single) policy with the member states (Europeanization)member states (Europeanization)

►6 Environmental Action Programmes 6 Environmental Action Programmes (1973-2010)(1973-2010)

5 established Principles5 established Principles

Precaution (assess, appraise and Precaution (assess, appraise and communicate risks that science is not yet communicate risks that science is not yet able to evaluate fully)able to evaluate fully)

Prevention (instead of reaction)Prevention (instead of reaction) Rectifying pollution at sourceRectifying pollution at source ““Polluter pays” Polluter pays” Subsidiarity (EU action only when it can Subsidiarity (EU action only when it can

deal with problems more effectively than deal with problems more effectively than national or regional governments).national or regional governments).

Global DimensionGlobal Dimension

► A common Strategy for Sustainable A common Strategy for Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

► The most progressive environmental policy The most progressive environmental policy in the world in the world

► Environmental considerations into other EU Environmental considerations into other EU external policies (trade, cooperation, etc.)external policies (trade, cooperation, etc.)

► A proactive international player (i.e. Kyoto)A proactive international player (i.e. Kyoto)► Approximately one third of Community Approximately one third of Community

environmental policy aims to implement legally environmental policy aims to implement legally binding international commitments. binding international commitments.

Why a European policy?Why a European policy?

►Transborder pollution (subsidiarity)Transborder pollution (subsidiarity)►Harmonization of environmental Harmonization of environmental

standards (internal market)standards (internal market)►European Commission and EP European Commission and EP

increasing activism increasing activism ►Member states pushers Member states pushers ►Growing public opinion awareness Growing public opinion awareness

(Green groups and parties)(Green groups and parties)

However…However…

The state of the European environment The state of the European environment still is a source of growing concern:still is a source of growing concern:

► Implementation (normative) gap Implementation (normative) gap ► Integration gap (EPI), Integration gap (EPI), ►New Challenges (enlargement, Kyoto)New Challenges (enlargement, Kyoto)

An Incremental ProcessAn Incremental Process

► Original sources of EU regulation: art. 100 Original sources of EU regulation: art. 100 (harmonization) and 308 ECT (implicit powers)(harmonization) and 308 ECT (implicit powers)

► 1967: First directive on “classification, labelling and 1967: First directive on “classification, labelling and packaging of dangerous substances” packaging of dangerous substances”

► 1970: First directive on “car emission standards 1970: First directive on “car emission standards caused by diesel engines” (optional harmonisation)caused by diesel engines” (optional harmonisation)

► 1979: Birds directive1979: Birds directive► 1980: Minimum standards for drinking water 1980: Minimum standards for drinking water

DirectiveDirective► 1985: Environmental Impact Assessment Directive1985: Environmental Impact Assessment Directive

► 1988: Large combustion plants emissions1988: Large combustion plants emissions► 1990: Public access to envir information1990: Public access to envir information► 1992: Habitats directive1992: Habitats directive► 1994: European Environmental Agency1994: European Environmental Agency► 1994: Implementing the Montreal Protocol of the 1994: Implementing the Montreal Protocol of the

Vienna Convention (Ozone layer) Vienna Convention (Ozone layer) ► 1996: Directive on integrated pollution prevention 1996: Directive on integrated pollution prevention

and controland control► 2000: Framework directive on water2000: Framework directive on water► 2002: Ratification of Kyoto Protocol on Climate 2002: Ratification of Kyoto Protocol on Climate

ChangeChange

Environmental Action PlansEnvironmental Action Plans

► 1973-76: polluter pays principle1973-76: polluter pays principle Reduce and prevent pollutionReduce and prevent pollution Protect the environment and improve Protect the environment and improve

quality of lifequality of life Support for international initiativesSupport for international initiatives

► 1977-81: strengthening control on 1977-81: strengthening control on implementationimplementation

► 1982-86: shift from control to prevention; 1982-86: shift from control to prevention; impact assessment, integration of impact assessment, integration of environmental policy considerations in other environmental policy considerations in other fields fields

► 1987-92: from regulation to economic 1987-92: from regulation to economic instruments (taxes, incentives)instruments (taxes, incentives)

► 1993-2000: “Towards Sustainable 1993-2000: “Towards Sustainable Development”Development”

► 2000-2010: “The Future is in our Hands”…2000-2010: “The Future is in our Hands”…

External pressuresExternal pressures

► 1970 – US Environmental Agency 1970 – US Environmental Agency ► 1972 - UN Conference on the Human 1972 - UN Conference on the Human

Environment (Stockholm)Environment (Stockholm)► 1973 - 1st EAP (Principle “Polluter Pays”)1973 - 1st EAP (Principle “Polluter Pays”)► 1984 - Txernobil nuclear accident 1984 - Txernobil nuclear accident ► 1987 - UN Brundtland Report1987 - UN Brundtland Report► 1992 – Rio Summit1992 – Rio Summit► 1992 – Vth Environment Action Programme 1992 – Vth Environment Action Programme

1992-2000 (“Towards Sustainability”)1992-2000 (“Towards Sustainability”)► 2002 - Johannesburg Summit2002 - Johannesburg Summit► 2001 – EU SD Strategy2001 – EU SD Strategy

Internal pressuresInternal pressures

► Economic expansion-recessionEconomic expansion-recession► Environmental disastersEnvironmental disasters► Seveso dioxins (1976)-“Seveso Seveso dioxins (1976)-“Seveso

directive” directive” on the major-accident hazards on the major-accident hazards of certain industrial activities (1982) of certain industrial activities (1982)

► Accidental or deliberate Marine Accidental or deliberate Marine Pollution directive Pollution directive

► Rivers degradationRivers degradation: Rhine pollution : Rhine pollution Convention (2000)Convention (2000)

► Public opinion awareness: Green Public opinion awareness: Green movement and partiesmovement and parties

Internal Market PressuresInternal Market Pressures

►The Environment as an economic The Environment as an economic imperative (Free Market imperative (Free Market competition)competition)

►Concern of environmental Concern of environmental protection as a potential threat protection as a potential threat for market distortions for market distortions

►Competitive disadvantage as a Competitive disadvantage as a result of “environmental result of “environmental dumping”dumping”

►New decision making rules (SEA)New decision making rules (SEA)

Transboundary pollutionTransboundary pollution

►Air (acid rain)Air (acid rain)►Rivers (Rhin)Rivers (Rhin)►SeasSeas►BirdsBirds►Hazardous Waste moving across Hazardous Waste moving across

bordersborders

THE CONSTITUTIONALIZATION THE CONSTITUTIONALIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYOF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

►The Single European Act (1986)The Single European Act (1986)

►Maastricht (1992)Maastricht (1992)

►Amsterdam (1997)Amsterdam (1997)

SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT (1986)(1986)

► EP becomes a Common policyEP becomes a Common policy► Integration of environmental considerations Integration of environmental considerations

into the other EC policiesinto the other EC policies► Improving environmental quality as a Improving environmental quality as a

legitimate Comunity objectivelegitimate Comunity objective Preserve, protect and improve the quality Preserve, protect and improve the quality

of the environmentof the environment Protecting human healthProtecting human health Ensure a prudent and rational use of Ensure a prudent and rational use of

natural Resourcesnatural Resources

SEA (AUE)SEA (AUE)

►QM voting for environmental decisions QM voting for environmental decisions necessary for the completion of the necessary for the completion of the Internal Market (art.100)Internal Market (art.100)

►After a Community harmonisation After a Community harmonisation measure has been adopted, Member measure has been adopted, Member States may:States may: Maintain existing national provisions to Maintain existing national provisions to

protect the environmentprotect the environment Introduce new national provisions to Introduce new national provisions to

protect itprotect it

THE TREATY OF MAATRICHT THE TREATY OF MAATRICHT (1992)(1992)

► The Rio SummitThe Rio Summit► ““Sustainable growth” as one main objective Sustainable growth” as one main objective

of the EU (art. 2)of the EU (art. 2)► The Environment is a full common policy The Environment is a full common policy ► Includes the precautionary principle (art. Includes the precautionary principle (art.

130)130)► Penalty payment for non-compliance (art. Penalty payment for non-compliance (art.

171)171)► QM voting and co-decision procedure with QM voting and co-decision procedure with

exceptions (tax policy, territoirial setting, exceptions (tax policy, territoirial setting, energy)energy)

► Cohesion Fund for Env. infrastructuresCohesion Fund for Env. infrastructures

THE TREATY OF AMSTERDAM THE TREATY OF AMSTERDAM (1997)(1997)

Enhances:Enhances:

►The importance of SD and The importance of SD and environmental protectionenvironmental protection

►Subsidiarity (decisions at the lowest Subsidiarity (decisions at the lowest level)level)

►The international role of the EUThe international role of the EU

SD and AmsterdamSD and Amsterdam

► SD becomes one of the main objectives of SD becomes one of the main objectives of the EU as important as eco and social the EU as important as eco and social progress (art. 2)progress (art. 2)

► It is one of the Union’s main tasksIt is one of the Union’s main tasks► ““Environmental protection requirements Environmental protection requirements

must be integrated into the definition and must be integrated into the definition and implementation of Community policies and implementation of Community policies and activities into the other policies” (art. 6)activities into the other policies” (art. 6)

► Integration is one one the means of Integration is one one the means of promoting SDpromoting SD

5th Environment Action Program 5th Environment Action Program (1992-2000)-Towards (1992-2000)-Towards

SustainabilitySustainability►The features of sustainabilityThe features of sustainability

to maintain the overall quality of lifeto maintain the overall quality of life to maintain continuing access to natural to maintain continuing access to natural

resourcesresources to avoid lasting environmental damageto avoid lasting environmental damage SD meets the needs of the present SD meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsgenerations to meet their own needs

5th EAP – 2 major principles5th EAP – 2 major principles

1.1. The The integration integration of the environmental of the environmental dimension in all major policy areas as a dimension in all major policy areas as a key factor: environmental protection key factor: environmental protection targets can only be achieved by involving targets can only be achieved by involving those policy areas causing env those policy areas causing env deteriorationdeterioration

1.1. Only by replacing the command-and-Only by replacing the command-and-control approach with control approach with shared shared responsibility responsibility between the various actors between the various actors (governments, industry and the public) can (governments, industry and the public) can commitment to agreed measures be commitment to agreed measures be achieved achieved

Mid-term assessment (1996)Mid-term assessment (1996)

►5 priority areas5 priority areas1) improving integration of the envir into 1) improving integration of the envir into

other policies (CAP, transport, energy, other policies (CAP, transport, energy, industry and tourismindustry and tourism

2) Use of a wider range of instruments (see 2) Use of a wider range of instruments (see next)next)

3) Increased implementation and 3) Increased implementation and enforcement measures by improved and enforcement measures by improved and simplified legislationsimplified legislation

4) Additional action in the field of 4) Additional action in the field of communication and informationcommunication and information

5) Reinforcing the global Union’s role 5) Reinforcing the global Union’s role

A wider range of policy A wider range of policy instrumentsinstruments

Legislation to set env standardsLegislation to set env standards Market-based instruments (taxes, Market-based instruments (taxes,

incentives, voluntary agreements and incentives, voluntary agreements and instruments, etc.) to encourage the instruments, etc.) to encourage the production and use of environmentally production and use of environmentally friendly products and processesfriendly products and processes

Horizontal support measures (EEA, R+D Horizontal support measures (EEA, R+D Programs, public information, education, Programs, public information, education, trainingtraining

Sectoral and spatial planning Sectoral and spatial planning Environmental Impact Evaluation Environmental Impact Evaluation Financial support (CAP, SF, Cohesion, LIFE, Financial support (CAP, SF, Cohesion, LIFE,

URBAN, etc)URBAN, etc)

LIFELIFE► Financial Instrument for the Environment, introduced in Financial Instrument for the Environment, introduced in

1992. It co-finances projects in three areas:1992. It co-finances projects in three areas:► LIFE Nature: conserve natural habitats and the wild fauna LIFE Nature: conserve natural habitats and the wild fauna

and flora of EU interest, according to the Birds and and flora of EU interest, according to the Birds and Habitats directives, thus supporting implementation of the Habitats directives, thus supporting implementation of the European Union's nature conservation policy and the European Union's nature conservation policy and the Natura 2000 Network.Natura 2000 Network.

► LIFE-Environment: implementation of Community policy LIFE-Environment: implementation of Community policy and legislation on the environment in the EU and CCs. and legislation on the environment in the EU and CCs. Demonstration and development of new methods for the Demonstration and development of new methods for the protection and the enhancement of the environment.protection and the enhancement of the environment.

► LIFE-Third Countries: technical assistance activities for LIFE-Third Countries: technical assistance activities for promoting SD in third countries. Development of promoting SD in third countries. Development of environmental management capacities, both for our environmental management capacities, both for our administrative partners outside the Union and for administrative partners outside the Union and for companies and NGOs.companies and NGOs.

► El Reglamento LIFE define cinco ámbitos de intervención:

• ordenación y aprovechamiento del territorio;

• gestión de aguas;

• reducción del impacto ambiental de las actividades económicas;

• gestión de residuos;

• reducción del impacto ambiental de los productos mediante una política integrada de productos.

Procedimiento legislativo Procedimiento legislativo LIFE LIFE

► February/March 2007: Formal meeting of the Conciliation Committee 28 February/March 2007: Formal meeting of the Conciliation Committee 28 November 2006 : Conciliation Committee constitutive meeting November 2006 : Conciliation Committee constitutive meeting

► 24 October 200624 October 2006 : EP Plenary vote on LIFE+ (Legislative resolution 2nd : EP Plenary vote on LIFE+ (Legislative resolution 2nd reading)reading)

► 14 September 2006 : EP Committee for Environment, Public Health and 14 September 2006 : EP Committee for Environment, Public Health and Food Safety : Isler Béguin (Greens/EFA, FR) recommendation for second Food Safety : Isler Béguin (Greens/EFA, FR) recommendation for second reading on LIFE+ reading on LIFE+

► 27 June 2006 27 June 2006 : EU Environment Council reaches agreement on LIFE+ : EU Environment Council reaches agreement on LIFE+

► 26 May 2006 26 May 2006 : Commission proposes revised budget (EUR 2,097.9 : Commission proposes revised budget (EUR 2,097.9 for LIFE+ 2007-2013). for LIFE+ 2007-2013).

► 2 December 20052 December 2005 : Environment Council reached partial political : Environment Council reached partial political agreement on LIFE+. agreement on LIFE+.

► 7 July 20057 July 2005 : EP Plenary vote on LIFE+ (legislative resolution 1st : EP Plenary vote on LIFE+ (legislative resolution 1st reading Codecision)reading Codecision)

► 14 April 200514 April 2005 : Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on LIFE+ (OJ C : Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on LIFE+ (OJ C 231 of 20.09.2005). 231 of 20.09.2005).

► 29 September 200429 September 2004 : Commission proposes LIFE+ to run from 2007-2013 : Commission proposes LIFE+ to run from 2007-2013 COM(2004) 621 final.COM(2004) 621 final.

La Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente

► Información sólida e independiente acerca

del medio ambiente. ► Principal fuente de información para los

responsables del desarrollo, adopción, aplicación y evaluación de las políticas medioambientales, así como el gran público.

► Cuenta con 31 Estados miembros: los 27 de la► Unión, además de Bulgaria, Islandia,

Liechtenstein, Noruega, Rumanía y Turquía.

Clientes Clientes

►La Comisión Europea, el Parlamento Europeo, el Consejo (especialmente a través de sus presidencias) y los estados miembros.

►Otras instituciones, como el CdR y el CES ►Otros usuarios: la comunidad empresarial,

el mundo académico, ONG, etc.

.

FuncionesFunciones

► Registrar, recopilar, analizar y difundir datos sobre el Registrar, recopilar, analizar y difundir datos sobre el estado del medio ambiente. estado del medio ambiente.

► Proporcionar a la Comunidad y a los Estados Proporcionar a la Comunidad y a los Estados miembros la información objetiva necesaria para miembros la información objetiva necesaria para elaborar y aplicar políticas eficaces y acertadas en elaborar y aplicar políticas eficaces y acertadas en materia de medio ambiente. materia de medio ambiente.

► Contribuir al control de las medidas Contribuir al control de las medidas medioambientales. medioambientales.

► Trabajar para que los datos sean comparables a Trabajar para que los datos sean comparables a escala europea. escala europea.

► Favorecer el desarrollo e integración de técnicas de Favorecer el desarrollo e integración de técnicas de previsión en el ámbito del medio ambiente. previsión en el ámbito del medio ambiente.

► Garantizar una difusión amplia de información Garantizar una difusión amplia de información medioambiental fidedigna. medioambiental fidedigna.

FuentesFuentes► Una amplia gama de fuentes.► Eionet: Red europea de información y observación del

medioambiente. ► La AEMA tiene la responsabilidad de desarrollar esta red y

coordinar sus actividades. ► Colabora con los Puntos Focales Nacionales (agencias

nacionales de medio ambiente o los ministerios de medio ambiente), responsables de coordinar las redes nacionales (alrededor de 300 entidades en total).

► Entre las tareas principales de los Puntos Focales Nacionales están la identificación de las necesidades de información, la recogida de datos e informaciones procedentes, entre otras, de actividades de vigilancia en los Estados miembros y su envío a la AEMA, así como el apoyo a la AEMA en el análisis y uso de la información y en la difusión de ésta entre los usuarios finales

SectoresSectores

► la calidad del aire; la calidad del aire; ► la calidad de las aguas; la calidad de las aguas; ►el estado del suelo, de la fauna y de la el estado del suelo, de la fauna y de la

flora; flora; ►el uso del suelo y los recursos naturales; el uso del suelo y los recursos naturales; ► la gestión de residuos; la gestión de residuos; ► las emisiones sonoras; las emisiones sonoras; ► las sustancias químicas; las sustancias químicas; ► la protección del litoral y marina. la protección del litoral y marina.

The preparation of the VIth The preparation of the VIth EAPEAP

► In July 1998 (30 months after the In July 1998 (30 months after the proposal was presented by the COM!!) proposal was presented by the COM!!) the EP and the CM agreed in the EP and the CM agreed in concialition a text on the Review of the concialition a text on the Review of the Vth EAPVth EAP

►The Helsinki European Council (Dec. The Helsinki European Council (Dec. 1999) invited the COM to “prepare a 1999) invited the COM to “prepare a long-term strategy on economic, social long-term strategy on economic, social and ecological SD” to be submitted to and ecological SD” to be submitted to the Gothemburg Council (June 2001)the Gothemburg Council (June 2001)

Göthembourg Summit (June Göthembourg Summit (June 2001)2001)

COM method: consultation paper to COM method: consultation paper to generate discussion and inputs from generate discussion and inputs from other EU institutions and civil societyother EU institutions and civil society

Compehensive strategies of 9 Councils: Compehensive strategies of 9 Councils: Environment, Transport, Energy, Environment, Transport, Energy, Agriculture, Industry, Internal Market, Agriculture, Industry, Internal Market, Development, ECOFIN, General AffairsDevelopment, ECOFIN, General Affairs

5 Key approaches to5 Key approaches to

1)1) Ensure the implementation of existing Ensure the implementation of existing legislationlegislation

2)2) Integrate env concerns into all relevant Integrate env concerns into all relevant policy areaspolicy areas

3)3) Work closely with business and consumers Work closely with business and consumers to identify solutionsto identify solutions

4)4) Ensure better and more accessible Ensure better and more accessible information for citizensinformation for citizens

5)5) Develop a more env conscious attitude Develop a more env conscious attitude towards land usetowards land use

Environment 2010: Our Future, Our Environment 2010: Our Future, Our ChoiceChoice

The 6th EAP 2001-2010The 6th EAP 2001-2010►4 priority areas4 priority areas

Climate changeClimate change Nature and biodiversityNature and biodiversity Environment and healthEnvironment and health Natural resources and wasteNatural resources and waste

►Approaches emphazise the need for Approaches emphazise the need for more effective implementation and more effective implementation and more innovative solutionsmore innovative solutions

►A wider constituency must be A wider constituency must be addressed, including business who can addressed, including business who can gain form EPgain form EP

►The Program seeks new and The Program seeks new and innovative instruments for meeting innovative instruments for meeting complex challengescomplex challenges

► Action must be taken by all at all levels: Action must be taken by all at all levels: public authorities, citizens and businesspublic authorities, citizens and business

► Changes in consumption and investment Changes in consumption and investment patterns are neededpatterns are needed

► Political leadership is essential (narrow Political leadership is essential (narrow sectoral interests must not prevail)sectoral interests must not prevail)

► A new integrative approach to policy-makingA new integrative approach to policy-making► A responsible partner in a globalized world: A responsible partner in a globalized world:

“leadership through example”“leadership through example”

Challenges and implications of Challenges and implications of SD for public institutions and SD for public institutions and

citizenscitizens

““Without increasing environmental Without increasing environmental concerns in the economic sectors and concerns in the economic sectors and without a stronger participation and without a stronger participation and commitment of citizens and commitment of citizens and stakeholders, our development will stakeholders, our development will remain unsustainable” (VI EAP)remain unsustainable” (VI EAP)

A number of implicationsA number of implications

1)1) Changes in behaviourChanges in behaviour2)2) Increasing capabilitiesIncreasing capabilities3)3) Information and communicationInformation and communication4)4) Social participationSocial participation5)5) Conflict managementConflict management6)6) Integration of policiesIntegration of policies7)7) Vertical-horizontal coordinationVertical-horizontal coordination8)8) InstrumentsInstruments9)9) CooperationCooperation

EU Environmental Policy EU Environmental Policy ActorsActors

►CMCM►COMCOM►EPEP►ECJECJ

The Council of Ministers The Council of Ministers

► competitive dynamic: negotiation “pushers-competitive dynamic: negotiation “pushers-laggards”laggards”

► isolation of environmental ministers from domestic isolation of environmental ministers from domestic pressures,pressures,

► policy-transfer (ideas, practices),policy-transfer (ideas, practices),► package dealing (compromises, i.e. Cohesion Fund)package dealing (compromises, i.e. Cohesion Fund)► awareness about financial-administrative costs awareness about financial-administrative costs

(long deadlines for implementation)(long deadlines for implementation)► unawareness (internal pressures, implementation unawareness (internal pressures, implementation

gap)gap)► short terminisn (governments) vs. strategic non short terminisn (governments) vs. strategic non

elected thinkers (Commission)elected thinkers (Commission)► expectations of poor compliance (member states expectations of poor compliance (member states

responsible for enforcement)responsible for enforcement)

The CommissionThe Commission

► A creative policy-entrepreneur (only 500 A creative policy-entrepreneur (only 500 officials)officials)

► Key player at the stage of agenda setting Key player at the stage of agenda setting and policy formulation (expertise and and policy formulation (expertise and consultation networks)consultation networks)

► A segmented player: DG environment, less A segmented player: DG environment, less powerful than Industry or Agriculture. Need powerful than Industry or Agriculture. Need for coordination with other DGs concerned. for coordination with other DGs concerned. Coordination with EP committees Coordination with EP committees (Environment, Budget, Regional policy) (Environment, Budget, Regional policy)

► Implementation control deficitImplementation control deficit

The European ParliamentThe European Parliament

►The “greenest” of the 3 main policy-The “greenest” of the 3 main policy-making bodiesmaking bodies

►Committee on the Environment, Public Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer ProtectionHealth and Consumer Protection

►Co-decision procedureCo-decision procedure

European Court of JusticeEuropean Court of Justice

►Pusher of EU environ policy-makingPusher of EU environ policy-making►Before the SEA (AUE)Before the SEA (AUE)►Emancipation of the env. Agenda from Emancipation of the env. Agenda from

the market agenda (Danish bottle)the market agenda (Danish bottle)►Ensures compliance with EU law Ensures compliance with EU law

(infringements procedures) ex: fining (infringements procedures) ex: fining Greece for uncontrolled waste tipping; Greece for uncontrolled waste tipping; Spain for inland bathing watersSpain for inland bathing waters

►Preliminary ruling (recurso prejudicial)Preliminary ruling (recurso prejudicial)

The EU as an international The EU as an international actoractor

►1/3 of environmental measures linked 1/3 of environmental measures linked to international agreements (air to international agreements (air pollution, water, waste, wildlife, pollution, water, waste, wildlife, climate change, etc.)climate change, etc.)

►Ambiguity: who negotiates? Ambiguity: who negotiates? ► Internal-external negotiation (Kyoto) Internal-external negotiation (Kyoto)

Cambio climáticoCambio climático► LinksLinks

► International bodies: International bodies: UnitedUnited NationsNations FrameworkFramework ConventionConvention onon ClimateClimate ChangeChange (UNFCCC) (UNFCCC)

IntergovernmentalIntergovernmental Panel Panel onon ClimateClimate ChangeChange (IPCC) (IPCC)

OECD OECD ClimateClimate ChangeChange sitesite

► EU activities:EU activities: European Climate Change Programme European Climate Change Programme

DG Environment DG Environment

Sixth Framework Programme for Research: Sustainable development, global change and ecosystems Sixth Framework Programme for Research: Sustainable development, global change and ecosystems

European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change

European Environment Agency European Environment Agency

► Specific reports:Specific reports: EEA Briefing 3/2005 – Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Europe (2005/12/07)EEA Briefing 3/2005 – Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Europe (2005/12/07)

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Europe (2005/12/07)Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Europe (2005/12/07)

EEA Briefing 1/2005 – Climate change and river flooding in Europe (2005/04/06)EEA Briefing 1/2005 – Climate change and river flooding in Europe (2005/04/06)

► Other information: Other information: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research

UK Climate Impacts Program UK Climate Impacts Program

Potsdam Institute for Climate change research Potsdam Institute for Climate change research