nathalie isabel et al. -...
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Assessing the risks associated with the dispersion of novel genes/alleles into the
environment
Nathalie Isabel et al.
NASEM, Washington DC5 April 2018
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Outline
1. Background
2. Research framework
3. Studied System: Main ResultsPoplarsLarches
4. Conclusions
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Background
Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)
The Canadian Environmental Protection ActThe Seeds Act, etc.
«… safety concerns are posed primarily by the presence of a novel trait or substance in a product, rather than how novelty wasintroduced… »
Background
Canada
reviewed by Bonfils TGG 2005 These novel traits can be introduced: biotechnology,
mutagenesis, conventional breeding techniques, and gene editing technology.
Federal Regulatory Framework
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“Plant that contains a trait which is both new to the Canadian environment and has the potential to affect the specific use and safety of the plant with respect to the environment and human health. “
Plant with Novel Trait (PNT)
Background
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plants-with-novel-traits/eng/1300137887237/1300137939635
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Poplars as the first candidate
2006
GM poplars
Field Trial (CFS) established in 1997
Courtesy of Armand Séguin, NRCan
Background 5
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“Plant that contains a trait which is both new to the Canadian environment and has the potential to affect the specific use and safety of the plant with respect to the environment and human health. “
Plant with Novel Trait (PNT)
Background
The CFIA’s environmental safety assessment takes into account:
•the potential of the plant to become a weed
•the potential of a plant to create a weed by cross-pollinating with another plant
•the potential impact on biodiversity
Not allowed to reproduce
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plants-with-novel-traits/eng/1300137887237/1300137939635
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Poplar with exotic component as a proxy for PNT
Background
2006
GM poplars
Field Trial (CFS) established in 1997
Courtesy of Armand Séguin, NRCan
Poplars with exotic components
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Background
2006
GM poplars
Field Trial (CFS) established in 1997
Courtesy of Armand Séguin, NRCan
Poplars with exotic components
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Poplar with exotic component as a proxy for PNT
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Risk assessment for PNTsSteps of the introgression process
Research Framework 9
Exposure: The probability that a defined hazard will occur
Hazards: Potential of an agent or situation to cause and adverse effect
Ele
me
nts
of
ex
po
su
rea
nd
pro
gre
ss
tow
ard
sth
e h
aza
rds
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Risk assessment for PNTs
Steps of the introgression process
Research Framework
Old
Natural forests
Contemporary
Plantations vs
Natural forests
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Contact Zones
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P. balsamifera
P. deltoides
P. trichocarpa
P. angustifolia
P. fremontii
PoplarsStudied systems 11
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Hybrid poplars (poplars with exotic component)Studied systems 12
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P. deltoidesP. balsamifera
(LN) x D L x NB x D
Native hybrid Hybrid with exotic component
Hybrid poplars (some examples)Studied systems 13
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P. b
alsa
mif
era
P. d
elto
ides
SNP
Gros-Louis et al. 2005 TGG
Meirmans et al. (2007) Can J Bot
Talbot et al. (2011) Can J For Res
Isabel et al. (2013) TGG
Floate et al. (2015) New Phytol
Tools and methods
Simulations
Studied systems 14
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Studied zones (poplars)Studied species
Eastern Canada
Central CanadaP. balsamifera
P. deltoides
P. trichocarpa
P. angustifolia
P. fremontii
Step Region 15
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Do exotic poplars cross with native species
in natural settings?
Agroforestry lansdcape vs natural forest
Risk assessment for PNTsHybridization
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Eastern Canada
500 m
• 67 mother-trees • ~ 5000 seed analysed• > 100 male clones
P. deltoides
P. balsamifera
Hybrids & Exotics
Meirmans et al. 2010 Am J Bot
Agroforestry
Forest
Hybridization Eastern Canada
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Agroforestry
Forest
P. deltoides
P. balsamifera
Hybrids & exotics
P. balsamifera
20%
P. balsamifera
72%
Effect of landscape and recipient native species
Eastern Canada
More than 1000 male clonal varietiesP. deltoides
2%
Fragmented habitat Recipient (15-30-yr-old) Distance: 17-531 m
Natural forestRecipient (50-yr-old) Distance: 18-282 m
Meirmans et al. 2010 Am J Bot
Hybridization 18
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Central Canada
• 23 mother-trees
(all P. balsamifera)
• ~ 2000 seed analysed
• 1 putative male parent (LND)
Hybridization Central Canada
Talbot et al. 2012 For Ecol Manag
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Watson
0.1%
Blakley
2.4%
Talbot et al. 2012 For Ecol Manag
Hybridization
Effect of landscape and recipient genotypes
Central Canada 20
Fragmented habitatRecipient (20-50-yr-old)MulticlonalDistance: 20m - 1.5km
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Talbot et al. 2011 Can J For Res
Exotic poplars in central Canada
Russian (LN) poplars
(100-yr-old)
Russian
Northwest
P. deltoides
Walker
Others
Assiniboine
Over 34 million trees distributed (1909-2006)
The Shelterbelt Centre
(Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada)
Hybridization Central Canada 21
21Density of pollen and seed production
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Do hybrids establish themselves in nature?
Do they reproduce?
Under which conditions?
Risk assessment for PNTsBackcrossing to recipient species
Backcrossing to recipient
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• 108 trees sampled, ~280 km2
• 4.6% (5/108), female parent: donor
Saskatchewan
Central Canada
Backcrossing to recipient Central Canada
Ronald & Steele 1974 Can J Bot
Manitoba
23Density of pollen and seed production
(S. DiFazio 2004)
Fragmented habitatRecipient (30-50-yr-old) Distance: up to 1 km
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Backcrossing to recipient Eastern Canada 24
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P. deltoides
P. balsamifera
P. nigra
hybrides
Québec
Chicoutimi
Sherbrooke
15 pops
635 samples
2.4%
Thompson et al. 2010 Mol Ecol
Impact of disturbancesBackcrossing to recipient Eastern Canada 25
Natural to disturbed habitats
Recipient (50-yr-old) Distance: 18-282 m
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Hybrids and fitnessBase-de-plein-air Sainte-Foy
Eastern CanadaFitness
• B = P. balsamifera
• D = P. deltoides
• N = Natural hybrids (DxB)
• X = Exotic hybrids (BxN, DNxB, etc.)
• Leaf & flowering phenology• Reproductive fitness• Disease susceptibility• Etc
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Disturbed habitatRecipient (20-50-yr-old)Distance: from 100m to few km
19.6% (27/138)
2009
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Ex: Disease susceptibility
No significant difference between native and hybrids
• Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp)
• M. medusae (Mmd)Rust susceptibility
Ure
dia
/ c
m2
Roe et al. 2014 Ecol & Evol a, b
Hybrids and fitnessEastern CanadaFitness 27
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1. Does spontaneous hybridization occur between exotic and
native species in natural settings?
2. If spontaneous hybrids do form, are they viable?
Do they reproduce ? Where?
3. Are they more fit than their parental species?
Yes, genotypes/recipient species, environment
Yes, seed mediated gene flow, disturbed habitats
Summary - Poplars
For many characters they are intermediate
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Do exotic larches reproduce with native speciesin natural settings?
Risk assessment for PNTs
Recipient species Donor species
L. decidua
L. kaempferi
L. sibirica
& hybrids
Studied systems 29
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Effect of landscape and recipient species
Bonaventure
Lotbinière
Seeds
0.9%Recruits
2.8%
Seeds
3.2%Recruits
1.5%
5000 seed, 1000 recruits
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Risk assessment for PNTs
Steps of the introgression process
Research Framework
Contemporary
Plantations vs
Natural forests
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Contact Zones
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Long distance gene flow Recipient species
Fct: 0.063100 nuclear SNPs1200 individualsMeirmans et al. 2017 JEB
Populus balsamifera
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Risk assessment for PNTs
Steps of the introgression process
Research Framework
Old
Natural forests
Contemporary
Plantations vs
Natural forests
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Contact Zones
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Oldman River and Red Deer River
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P. balsamifera
P. deltoides
P. angustifolia
Central CanadaBiotic interactions
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Floate et al. 2016 New Phytol.
Oldman River
Central CanadaBiotic interactions
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The framework
Patrick Meirmans et al. 2009 Evol Appl
Amanda Roe et al. 2014a,b Ecol Evol
Patrick Meirmans et al. 2010 Am J Bot
StaceyThompson et al. 2010 Mol Ecol
Patricia Talbot et al. 2012 For Ecol Manag
Patrick Meirmans et al. 2013 TGG
Jared LeBoldus et al. 2013 Plos One
Kevin Floate et al. 2015 New Phytologist
36
Meirmans et al. 2017 JEB
Julie Godbout et al. unpublished
Conclusions
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Social licensing, Economical values & Ecosystem services
Missing piece37
Howlett & Migone 2010 Technology in Society
Conclusions
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Julie GodboutManuel LamotheMarie-Claude Gros-LouisAudrey LachanceEric DussaultDaniel PlourdePhilippe TanguayJosyanne LamarcheAmanda RoeChris McQuarrieTannis BeardmoreDale Simpson
Bill SchroederKevin Floate
Jared LeBoldus
Patrick Meirmans
Jean BousquetDamase Khasa
Barb ThomasPeter Blemis
Pierre Périnet’s teamMartin Perron’ team
Stewart Rood
Tom WhithamMatt Lau