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Compliments of Patrick Haney Horn High School Mesquite ISDMesquite, Texas

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TAKS Biology Review

Understanding prefixes and root words is critical in any class, but especially in science.

Bio means life, so biology is the study of life or living things. Biotic factors in an environment are the factors that are living.

The prefix “a-” means without. Abiotic factors in an environment are nonliving factors. They are “without life.”

Decide whether the following environmental factors are biotic (B) or abiotic (A).

Soil_______ Rainfall_______ Producers_______

Water_______ Herbivores_______ Air_______

Consumers_______ Light_______ Carnivores_______

Symbiosis_____________________ is the word used to describe the types of relationships that organisms have with each other. There are three types of symbiotic relationships that you need to know.

Mutualism is the name for the relationship when both organisms benefit.

Parasitism is the name for the relationship when one organism, the parasite, benefits

while the other organism is hurt.

Predation is when one organism kills and eats another organism.

Decide whether the following relationships are mutualistic (M) or parasitic (P) or predatory (X).______ A tree provides food and shelter for an ant that protects the tree from invaders

______ A bee collects nectar from a flower and spreads its pollen in return

______ An armadillo digs out the roots of tree

______ A snake devours a field mouse.

______ A bacteria grows inside of a cut and passes toxins into the bloodstream

______ A bacteria lives inside the digestive track breaking down complex nutrients for the host

______ A tapeworm absorbs nutrients from the intestine of a dog

______ A dog is provided shelter by a human while protecting the human from burglars

______ A clownfish finds shelter in a sea anemone while chasing away predators of the anemone


Predator vs. PreyAnimals have developed a number of different adaptations to help them defend

themselves and stay alive. One of the main adaptations that animals use the most is camouflage. Camouflage helps animals hide from one another.There are two reasons why animals use camouflage to hide:

1. Because they are being preyed on by a predator and are trying to hide for safety2. Because they are a predator and they are trying to ambush their prey

So how can we control the amount of an organism in an environment?

1. If you want to decrease an animal within an ecosystem, the best way to do it is to increase either its predators (so it will get eaten) or its parasites (so it will get sick).

2. If you want to increase an animal’s population, the best way to do it is to increase its prey (so it can have more to eat) or decrease its competition (so it doesn’t have to fight for its food)

Remember: Think about what each word means and how it is used. Do not answer any question before you have read every answer at least TWICE!

Food Chains and Food Webs

1. Species of the genus Toxicodendron, which includes poison ivy and poison oak, produce a gummy oil that causes a severe itchy rash in some animals. This substance is part of the toxicodendron species’ –

A defense mechanismsB nutritional processesC support systemD clinging ability

2. Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at –

A competing with birdsB making its own foodC hiding from predatorsD running very rapidly

3. Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population?

A Fewer preyB A reduction in competitionC More parasitesD A period of drought

4. After being introduced in the 1930s, the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) became established throughout much of the southern United States. One biological way to control fire ants might be to introduce organisms that are –

A mutualitstic with fire ant queensB nurtured by fire ant workersC preyed on by fire ant dronesD parasitic to fire ant larvae


Another way to show how organisms relate in an environment is to use food chains and food webs. These diagrams show the flow of energy through an ecosystem.

Before we get started looking at food chains and webs, there is some vocabulary that you will need to look over. Once again, we will look at the prefixes and roots of our vocabulary to see what they mean.

The root vore means to devour or eat.

Carne means meat, so a carnivore eats ________________ Example:____________________

Herb means plant, so a herbivore eats _________________Example:____________________

Omni means everything, so an omnivore eats _________________Example:______________

Plants use the energy from the sun to produce sugars.They change the _____________ energy of the Sun into the ______________ energy in sugars.

Animals consume plants and other animals.They do this to get the _______________ energy that is stored inside of them.

Fill in the blanks below using the following word bank:secondary primary producers tertiary

Plants produce sugars, so plants are _______________________.

The FIRST animal or insect to eat a plant is the ___________________ consumer.

The animal that eats the primary consumer is the _______________________ consumer.

The animal that eats the secondary consumer is the ______________________ consumer.

Each of these levels is known as a TROPHIC LEVEL.

Label each of the organisms in the food chain below using the correct producer/consumer terms.

__________________ ________________ _______________

_____________ __________________ ________________ _______________

What was the secondary consumer in the food chain above?_______________________

The arrows may seem to be going the wrong direction, but you read them as follows:

Plants are eaten by Aphids are eaten by Spiders are eaten by Sparrows.

Create your own Food Chain below and answer the following questions:

Plants Aphids Spiders Sparrows


What is your secondary consumer? __________________________________

What is your producer? ________________________________

What is your primary consumer? ___________________________________

What is your tertiary consumer? ____________________________________

Test taking trick: To keep yourself from getting confused, you can use a simple numbering system that will allow you to know what each organism in a food web or chain is. Simply place a zero (0) on the producer and count upwards once for each arrow. This means that there should be a one (1) on the primary consumer, a two (2) on the secondary consumer and a three (3) on the tertiary consumer. This method will work every time as long as you start counting with a zero on the producer. (Don’t forget that plants are producers.)

Use this food web to answer the questions 1-3:

Producers have the MOST energy, and each level after them gets less and less.

2. Wolves and hawks are on the same trophic level because they -

A both live on landB are both large animalsC both eat primary consumersD have similar hunting patterns

3. Which organisms in this food web can be described as both primary and secondary consumers?

A HawksB RabbitsC WolvesD Mice

1. Which organisms in this food web are omnivores?

A SparrowsB RabbitsC MiceD Grasshoppers

1. In this food pyramid, which level contains the greatest amount of energy?

A Tertiary consumersB Secondary consumersC Primary consumersD Producers

3. A food pyramid represents the relative amounts of energy in trophic levels. Which of the following correctly shows a food pyramid?

Rabbits

HawksWolves

Grasshoppers Mice

Sparrows

Grass Grains

Sunlight

Sunlight is shown in the food web because __________________ get their energy from the sun.


Osmosis

Genetics

When water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration, it is known as _______________________.

This can cause cells to either BURST OPEN or SHRIVEL UP.

1. When a sea urchin egg is removed from the ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells and bursts. Which of these causes water to enter the egg?

A CoagulationB Sodium pumpC Active transportD Osmosis

2. The difference in the size of each layer of this food pyramid is primarily the result of the difference in-

A food choices of individual nichesB oceanic zones of habitatC the amount of food energy at each

trophic levelD the relative heights of the organisms

A

DC

B

2. Which would most likely cause the liquid in Tube A to rise?

A Starch concentrations being equal on each side of the membrane

B Water passing from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentration

C Water and starch volumes being the sameD Solute in the tubes changing from a

higher temperature to a lower temperature

Osmosis Apparatus


The ____________________ of the cell contains all of the genetic information of the cell. A cell will act according to the instructions inside of the nucleus, no matter where the nucleus came from. This is the basis for cloning.

___________ stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

Base PairingWhen DNA pairs up: A = T G = C

Write out the DNA base sequence that will complement the following sections of DNA.

3’ A A T G C G 5’ 3’ T A G C C G A T 5’3’ G C C G C A A T 5’

5’ ____________ 3’ 5’ _______________ 3’5’ _______________ 3’

3’ G T A G T A 5’ 3’ G A T T A C A 5’ 3’ A T T C A T A A 5’

5’ ____________ 3’ 5’ ______________ 3’ 5’ _______________ 3’

The process of passing information from DNA to RNA is called __________________________________

When DNA pairs with RNA, the only change is that instead of T, we use U.

Write out the RNA base sequence that will complement the following sections of DNA.

3’ A A T G A A 5’ 3’ C A A C G G A A 5’ 3’ T G C G A A A T 5’

5’ ____________ 3’ 5’ _______________ 3’5’ _______________ 3’

The process of passing information from RNA to proteins is called __________________________________

Use the codon chart below to fill in the appropriate amino acid sequences:(Hint: If you want to make this simple, draw a line after every 3rd letter and then just look for the codons in order.)

Phosphate groupNitrogenous base

Sugar (deoxyribose)

1. All of the following are found in a DNA molecule except –

A carbon dioxideB deoxyriboseC nitrogenD phosphate

2. DNA passes information to RNA during the process of –

A transcriptionB active transportC regenerationD osmosis

3. Which molecule is most responsible for determining an organism’s eye color, body structure, and cellular enzyme production?

A Complex starchB Fatty acidC CarbohydrateD Deoxyribonucleic acid

4. If the template strand of DNA is 5’AGATGCATC3’, the complimentary strand will be –

A 3’TCTACGTAG5’

B 5’CTACGTAGA3’

C 3’AGATGCATC5’

D 5’AGACGTCTA3’


1) A G U A A U A A A 2) U U G G U G G C A

___________________________________ _____________________________________

5’AGAUCGAGU3’ 5’ACAUCGAGU3’

The proteins in your body are determined by the sequence of bases in the DNA strand.

A ______________________ is when the sequence of bases is changed because it has not been copied exactly.

Mutations can happen in any cell, but only mutations that occur in the gamete cells (sperm and egg cells) are passed on to the next generation.

1. The chain above represents three codons. Which of the following changes would be expected in the amino acid chain if the mutation shown above occurred?

A The amino acid sequence would be shorter than expected.B The identity of one amino acid would change.C The amino acid sequence would remain unchanged.D The identities of more than one amino acid would change.

2. The assembly of a messenger RNA strand that normally begins with UAC has been changed so that the newly assembled messenger RNA strand begins with UAG. Which of the following will most likely occur?

A The protein will be missing the first amino acid.B The amino acids that make up the protein will all be different.C The mRNA will become attached to a ribosomeD The production of the protein will be stopped.

1. Mutations in DNA molecules can occur when-

A replication of DNA is exactB a DNA enzyme attaches to an RNA codonC RNA codons are replaced by DNA

nucleotidesD a change occurs in DNA nucleotide bases

2. In DNA, which of the following determines the traits of an organism?

A Amount of adenineB Number of sugarsC Sequence of nitrogen basesD Strength of hydrogen bonds


Although mutations can occur when DNA is being copied, cells copy their chromosomes so that each daughter cell that is created is genetically identical to the parent cell.

To examine what traits will be passed on to the next generation, we can use a tool called

PUNNETT SQUARES.

Every child has 2 copies of EVERY gene. (One from each parent) This combination of alleles is your genotype.

Dominant alleles are shown by using a ____________ letter. Recessive alleles are shown by using a ______________ letter.

You only need 1 copy of the dominant allele for that phenotype to win and show up.Both copies have to be the recessive allele for that phenotype to show up.

GgBb (male) x ggBB (female)

BB BbBB Bb

Gg ggGg gg

Gene Trait

G Green feathers (dominant)g Yellow feathers (recessive)L Long beak (dominant)l Short beak (recessive)

3. DNA molecules separate into single strands, which are then used to construct two identical strands of DNA. This process ensures that the-

A cytoplasm is in equilibriumB mitochondria are genetically identical to

the chloroplastsC parent cells use little ATPD daughter cells are genetically identical

to the parent cells

4. If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis?

A 11B 19C 38D 76

G g B b

g

g

Test taking trick: If you have to look at more than one allele at a time, don’t panic. You can just do each of them separately and you will get the same answer.

Make sure that you DO NOT mix up your letters. (GB x gB does NOT work!)

B

B


Energy

Plants

Plants

Allele Trait TypeG Solid gray fur Dominantg Striped gray fur RecessiveB Green eyes Dominantb Blue eyes Recessive

GGLl (male) x Ggll (female)

GgBb (male) x ggBB (female)

1. Which trait will most likely be observed in all offspring of the above set of parents?

A Green feathersB Yellow feathersC Long beakD Short beak 3. According to the table, which of the

following phenotypes would probably occur in all the offspring from the parents shown above?

A Solid gray furB Striped gray furC Green eyesD Blue eyes

Plants get their energy from the ____________.

Plants produce sugars, so plants are _______________.

Plants absorb their energy from the sun in their ________________.(This means that the broader their leaves are, the more sunlight they will absorb!)

Plants convert the ___________energy of the sun into ______________ energy that can be stored in sugars.

2. If an organism has the genotype RrSsTtUu,what proportion of its gametes will be RSTU?

A 1/2 B 1/4 C 1/8

The powerhouse of the animal cell is the ____________________________.This is where energy conversions happen inside of all animal cells.

__________ is the molecule that provides All The Power to a cell.

1. Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell’s –

A mitochondriaB chloroplastsC plastidsD lysosomes

2. Which molecule provides most of the energy used to drive chemical reactions in cells?

A DNAB RNAC ATPD ADP


Bacteria

Viruses

Viruses MUST be reproduced inside of living cells.

1. Which of these structures protects a leaf from drying out?

A QB RC SD T

3. Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by -

A sunlightB photosynthesisC oxygenD carbon dioxide

4. Which process best shows the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy?

A Prevailing winds causing windmills to spin

B Green plants making their own foodC Uranium producing heat to make

steamD Tides generating electricity

5. Which of these characteristics might help a plant species survive in an area of limited sunlight?

A Bright flowersB Large leavesC Short stemsD Thick cuticles

1. In this food web, the bacteria probably function as –

A producersB herbivoresC decomposersD carnivores

2. Some antibiotics cause patients to exhibit digestive side effects. These side effects are most often the result of –

A bacteria being killed in the digestive track

B the antibiotics being converted into stomach acids

C too much water being drawn into the digestive tract

D the stomach wall being torn

3. Some bacteria thrive in hostile environments such as salt flats, boiling-hot springs, and carbonate-rock interiors, primarily because of bacteria’s –

A biochemical diversityB small sizesC round shapesD methods of movement

4. Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with-

A growthB defenseC digestionD respiration

Bacteria are the most __________ organisms on the face of the earth!

(This means that there are more types of bacteria than anything else.)

Bacteria are killed by __________________.

VERY IMPORTANT FACT:Bacteria live inside your intestines and

HELP you break down food!

2. Which structure regulates gas exchange during the processes of photosynthesis andrespiration?

A QB RC SD T

Genus Species


Viruses are NOT susceptible to antibiotics.(Antibiotics won’t kill viruses; they only kill bacteria.)

Viruses are very dangerous because they DESTROY living cells.

HIV is a virus that attacks Helper T cells.(These cells are a major part of your immune system.)

TaxonomyAll living things are put into each of the following categories:

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Genus and Species are the most specific. These two categories are used to name all living organisms.

The most closely related species will be in the same ____________.

2. Viruses differ from bacteria in that all viruses-

A cause insect-borne diseasesB can be destroyed by antibioticsC have rigid cell wallsD must be reproduced in living cells

4. One characteristic shared by a virus and a living cell is that both –

A store genetic information in nucleic acidsB have a crystalline structureC gain energy directly from the sunD use glucose for respiration

3. What is the most common threat to a host organism posed by an invading virus?

A Production of viral fluids in the bloodstreamB Fermentation of acids in the digestive systemC Destruction of cells by viral reproductionD Stimulation of muscle tone in the heart

5. Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the following are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

A Helper T cellsB Liver cellsC GABA-receptor cellsD Red blood cells

Test Taking Tip: You can tell whether or not two different species are closely related by looking at their scientific names. These are the ones in italics.

1. The diagram on the left represents a virus with its surface markers. The diagrams to the right show various animal cells with receptor sites. Which of the following cells is most likely affected by this virus?

Animalia

Animals:1. Multi-cellular2. Eukaryotic3. Mobile 4. Obtain food from

other organisms

Protista

Protists1. Single celled or

multi-cellular2. Eukaryotic3. Cilia or flagella4. Obtain nutrients from

surroundings

Plantae

Plants:1. Multi-cellular2. Eukaryotic3. Not mobile4. Produce their own

sugars during photosynthesis

5. Have cells walls


There are 3 Kingdoms in particular that you need to know about:

Using your knowledge of the Kingdoms and the information above, answer the following questions:

1. The Bullfrog, Rana catesbiana, is most closely related to the -

A spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarkiB Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystaxC northern leopard frog, Rana pipiensD African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus

2. Dogs (Canis familiaris) are most closely related genetically to which of the following organisms?

A African hunting dog (Lycaon pictus)B Gray wolf (Canis lupus)C Grizzly bear (ursus arctos)D Domestic cat (Felis catus)

DO NOT be fooled by the animals with similar common names.Only pay attention to the Latin names written in italics.

3. Multicellular eukaryotes that are usually mobile and obtain food from other organisms probably belong to the kingdom –

A PlantaeB FungiC AnimaliaD Protista

5. A laboratory investigation included examining prepared slides of pond water. Single-celled organisms were visible. These organisms probably belong to the kingdom –

A AnimaliaB FungiC PlantaeD Protista

7. The kingdom Animalia includes all of these except –

A jellyfishB spongesC amoebasD roundworms

4. Which of these classifications is most specific?

A FamilyB GenusC PhylumD Order

8. The cell above most likely belongs to an organism of the kingdom —

A AnimaliaB PlantaeC FungiD Eubacteria

6. Which of these classifications is least specific?

A FamilyB GenusC KingdomD Class


Body Systems

Test Taking Tip: You will also be expected to determine the kingdom or phylum of an organism based on its physical characteristics. You will be shown a picture of the organism and expected to figure out what it is based on a table of characteristics. There may be many words that you DO NOT remember in the table. Look for things that you do know and cancel out answers based on that.

Muscular System

1) In charge of extending limbs IMPORTANT FACT:2) Allows for all movement Muscles always PULL,

they never push.

Circulatory System

1) Delivers nutrients to the cells2) Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs

Respiratory System

1) Responsible for all of the body’s gas exchanges (inhaling and exhaling)

Endocrine System

1) Responsible for producing hormones such as adrenaline.

Nervous System

1) Sends chemical signals throughout the body that pass from nerve cell to nerve cell

Digestive System

1) Breaks down nutrients2) Delivers nutrients to circulatory system

IMPORTANT FACT:There are bacteria living inside your

digestive track that actually help you break down food. This means that they have a

mutualistic relationship with you.

Immune System

1) Main component is WHITE blood cells

IMPORTANT FACT:HIV attacks Helper T cells which are one

type of white blood cell.

5. When a person is frightened by a wild animal, some organ systems immediately become active, while others are suppressed. Which of these systems is likely to be suppressed?

A Muscular SystemB Respiratory SystemC Endocrine SystemD Digestive System

Nutrition VocabularyLipids = Fats

Carbohydrates = Sugars and StarchesAmino Acids = Proteins

1. Which system of the body would be directly affected if a large number of T cells were attacked by a virus?

A Cardiovascular systemB Immune systemC Endocrine systemD Respiratory system


2. Which of the following is directly caused by muscle action?

A Regeneration of nervesB Healing of woundsC Release of hormonesD Extension of limbs

6. Which body system is directly responsible for delivering nutrients to cells throughout the body?

A Circulatory systemB Integumentary systemC Endocrine systemD Respiratory system

3. Nutrients from digested food move from the digestive system directly into the -

A circulatory systemB integumentary systemC excretory systemD endocrine system

7. Which structure in the upper arm is responsible for raising the lower arm?

A 1B 2C 3D 4

4. Food provides the human body with all of the following except –

A caloriesB amino acidC hydrochloric acidD lipids

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