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STATION!1)!GEOGRAPHY!OF!GREECE!!

Geography!Shapes!Greek!Life!!

Ancient!Greece!consisted!mainly!of!a!mountainous!peninsula!jutting!out!into!the!Mediterranean!Sea.!!It!also!included!approximately!1,400!islands!in!the!Aegean!and!Ionian!seas.!!Lands!on!the!western!coast!of!Anatolia!were!also!part!of!ancient!Greece.!!The!region’s!physical!geography!directly!shaped!Greek!traditions!and!customs.!!

The!Sea.!!The!sea!shaped!Greek!civilization!just!as!rivers!shaped!the!ancient!civilizations!of!Egypt,!the!Fertile!Crescent,!India,!and!China.!!In!one!sense,!the!Greeks!did!not!live!on!a!land!but!around!a!sea.!!Greeks!rarely!traveled!more!than!85!miles!to!reach!the!coastline.!!The!Aegean!Sea,!the!Ionian!Sea,!and!the!neighboring!Black!Sea!were!important!transportation!routes!for!the!Greek!people.!!These!liquid!highways!linked!most!parts!of!Greece.!!As!the!Greeks!became!skilled!sailors,!sea!travel!also!connected!Greece!with!other!societies.!!Sea!travel!and!trade!were!also!important!because!Greece!itself!was!poor!in!natural!resources.!!Greece!lacked!timber,!precious!metals,!and!usable!farmland.!!

The!Land.!!Rugged!mountains!covered!about!threeTfourths!of!ancient!Greece.!!Mountains!divided!the!land!into!a!number!of!different!regions.!!The!mountain!chains!ran!mainly!from!northwest!to!southeast!along!the!Balkan!Peninsula.!!They!significantly!influenced!Greek!political!life.!!Unlike!the!Egyptians!or!the!Chinese,!it!was!difficult!to!unite!the!ancient!Greeks!under!a!single!government.!!Greece!developed!small,!independent!communities!within!each!little!valley!and!its!surrounding!mountains.!!Most!Greeks!gave!their!loyalty!to!these!local!communities.!! In!ancient!times,!the!uneven!terrain!also!made!land!transportation!difficult.!!Early!Greek!roads!were!little!more!than!dirt!paths.!!For!example,!the!cityTstate!Sparta!was!only!about!60!miles!from!Olympia,!the!site!of!the!Olympic!Games.!!Yet,!it!took!Spartans!almost!seven!days!to!travel!that!distance.!! Much!of!the!land!itself!was!stony!and!only!a!small!part!of!it!approximately!20%T!was!arable,!or!suitable!for!farming.!!Tiny!but!fertile!valleys!covered!about!oneTfourth!of!Greece.!!The!small!streams!that!watered!these!valleys!were!not!suitable!for!large!scale!irrigation!projects.!! With!so!little!fertile!farmland!or!fresh!water!for!irrigation,!Greece!was!never!able!to!support!a!large!population.!!It!was!estimated!that!no!more!than!a!few!million!people!lived!in!ancient!Greece!at!any!given!time.!!Even!this!small!population!couldn’t!expect!the!land!to!support!a!life!of!luxury.!!As!a!result,!the!Greeks!based!their!diet!on!basic!crops!such!as!grains,!grapes,!and!olives.!!A!desire!for!more!living!space,!grassland!for!raising!livestock,!and!adequate!farmland!may!have!been!factors!that!motivated!the!Greeks!to!seek!new!sites!for!colonies.!!

The!Climate.!!Climate!was!the!third!important!environmental!influence!on!Greek!civilization.!!Greece!has!a!varied!climate!with!temperatures!averaging!48!degrees!Fahrenheit!in!the!winter!and!80!degrees!Fahrenheit!in!the!summer.!!In!ancient!times,!these!moderate!temperatures!supported!an!outdoor!life!for!many!Greek!citizens.!!Men!spent!much!of!their!leisure!time!at!outdoor!public!events.!!They!met!often!to!discuss!public!issues,!exchange!news,!and!take!an!active!part!in!civic!life.!

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STATION!1)!GEOGRAPHY!OF!GREECE!Directions:!

1. Read!“Geography!of!Greece”.!2. Then!fill!out!the!chart!in!your!packet.!3. Then!fill!out!the!blank!map!of!Greece!using!the!resources!at!your!station.!4. Answer!the!questions!following!the!map.!

!Geographical!

Feature!Effects!

(at!least!3!bullets!each)!

Sea! !

Land! !

Climate! !

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Locate!and!place!on!the!map:!Athens,!Mycenae,!Crete,!Mediterranean!Sea,!Aegean!

Sea!

1.!!How!did!location!affect!the!cultural!development!Greece?!

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2.!!What!kind!of!trade!did!Greece!have?!

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3.!!List!and!describe!three!positive!and!three!negative!effects!that!Greece’s!geography!

had!on!its!development.!

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STATION 2- MYCENAEN AND DORIAN CIVILIZATION DIRECTIONS:

1. First, read the summary on the Myceneans, their trade and culture.

2. Then highlight the important facts in this reading.

3. Circle 5 key terms (important words, word you do not know, words repeated in the text, etc). Define these words on the right side of the reading.

4. On the left side of the reading write brief summaries of the text.

Mycenaean people had migrated from the Eurasian steppes and settled on the

Greek mainland in 2000bc. Their leading city was named Mycenae, which gave them their name. Mycenae was located on a steep, rocky ridge and surrounded by a protective wall up to 20 feet thick. The fortified city of Mycenae could withstand almost any attack. From Mycenae, a warrior-king ruled the surrounding villages and farms. Influential and militaristic rulers controlled the Mycenaean communities in towns such as Tiryns and Athens. These kings dominated Greece from about 1600 to 1200bc.

MYCENAN CULTURE AND TRADE: The nobles who lived within the fortresses enjoyed a life of surprising splendor.

They feasted in great halls with a dazzling variety of gold pitchers and silver cups.

Warrior-kings won their enormous wealth by controlling local production and commercial trade. They also led their armies in search of plunder. Wealthy kings of the Bronze Age (2000-1100bc) wielded bronze weapons and drank from cups of gold.

The common people used tools made from less expensive materials such as wood and stone. Most were farmers, but others worked as weavers, goat herders, or stonemasons.

Warrior-kings also invaded Crete. The Minoan was the civilization that had flourished on Crete for 600 years. The Mycenaean invasions prevented the Minoans from rebuilding. But they incorporated and preserved elements of Minoan culture by making it apart of their own lives.

Because of their contact with the Minoans, the Mycenaeans saw the value of seaborne trade, and expanded trade to islands in the Aegean, Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, Italy, and Crete.

Mycenaean adapted the Minoan writing system to the Greek language, and decorated with Minoan designs. Their legacy survived in the form of legends. These legends later formed the core of Greek religious practice, art politics, and literature.

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Trojan War- the Mycenaeans fought a ten year war against Troy, an independent trading city located in Anatolia. Greek stories tell of their army’s capture of the legendary city of Troy by hiding soldiers in a hollow wooden horse.

DORIAN CULTURE:

! After the Trojan War, the Mycenan civilization collapsed. The Dorians moved into the war-torn countryside.

! The economy collapsed and trade came to a standstill. The writing under the Dorians was temporarily lost as well. No written record exists in this time therefore little is known about this time period.

! Since there was little writing the Greeks learned history through the spoken word. One man who was the greatest storyteller was Homer. He composed epics.

! The Greeks developed a rich set of myths about their gods. Through these myths, the Greeks sought to understand the mysteries of nature and the power of human passions.

QUESTIONS:

1. What was one main difference between the nobles and the common people?

2. When Myceneans invaded Crete, who did they conquer?

3. What aspects of the Minoan culture did they keep? Why do you think they did?

4. Why were epics important to the Greeks of the Dorian period?

5. Compare and contrast these two time periods.

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STATION 3- GREEK GOVERNMENT DIRECTIONS:

1. Read!the!handout!in!your!stations!about!the!four!different!types!of!government!

in!Greece.!

2. Fill!out!the!chart!below!with!the!information.!

! Monarchy! Oligarchy! Tyranny! Democracy!

Definition!

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How!was!this!form!of!

gov’t!practiced!in!

ancient!Greece?!

! ! ! !

Why!did!this!form!of!

government!decline!in!

ancient!Greece?!

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Create!a!picture!to!help!

you!remember!the!

definition.!

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STATION 4- Athens versus Sparta

DIRECTIONS:

1. Read and study the chart below. 2. Create a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting Sparta and Athens. 3. Create a timeline based on the Peloponnesian War.

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1. The Athens were able to maintain contact with their allies & keep getting their supplies because of their access to the water & strong navy. Sparta was more powerful on land with their army. 2. They joined with their long time enemy, the Persians. 3. It began a period of decline for Greece.

The Peloponnesian War

431-404 B.C

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Events • Tensions building between Athens and Sparta for

years • Athens has advantage at sea, Sparta by land • Pericles strategy was to avoid war on land and wait

behind a defensive wall to attack Sparta’s allies from the sea

• Plague kills hundred of Athenians including General Pericles

Effects • Athens lost its empire after 27 years of

war • Confidence in democratic government

declines • Ends Greek Golden Age • Sets the stage for Phillip II of

Macedonia to easily invade & conquer Greece

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STATION 6- Persian Wars DIRECTIONS:

1. Read the following outline of the Persian Wars. 2. Highlight important facts. 3. Create a summary of the information in a paragraph. 4. Then fill out the fishbone map with the main ideas of the outline.

The Persian Wars Why Fight?

• Greeks had been settling on the west coast of Asia Minor (Persia) • Persia conquered these colonies • In 499 B.C. Greeks in these colonies revolted against Persian rule (they were used to ruling

themselves—democracy) • Athens sent troops to support the revolt

Crushing the Revolt

• Emperor Darius of Persia crushed the revolt rather quickly • He decided to punish Athens for helping the colonies • After training for a few years Darius sent troops to invade Greece • Sailed on to the Bay of Marathon

The Battle of Marathon

• Athens asked Sparta to help, but Spartan troops would not arrive for 9 days (they were in the middle of religious festivals)

• Other jealous city-states decided not to help Athens against the Persian Empire • So Athens took on the mighty Persian Empire by themselves

A Serious Mismatch

• Persian troops—100,000 • Athenian troops—20,000 • Did Athens really have any hope against these odds?

Victory

• The Athenian army was well-trained and did not break formation as they charged the Persian lines • The organized charge surprised the large but scattered (and poorly organized) Persian army • The Persian soldiers turned and ran from the oncoming Athenians

A Slaughter

• The Athenian army almost drove the Persians back to the sea • Final tally

– Persians—6, 400 dead – Athens—192 dead – Darius returned to Persia never to return

Back for Revenge

• The Persian Emperor Darius never returned, but his son Emperor Xerxes did • In 480 B.C. the Persians returned to Greece • They brought even more men this time around

The Battle of Thermopylae

• Persians met a force of Greeks at Thermopylae • This was a small mountain pass that controlled access to all of Greece • For two days 7,000 Greeks held the Persians back, but…

The Downfall

• A Greek traitor showed the Persians a secret passageway • This allowed the Persians to sneak up from behind and attack the Greeks • Most of the Greek defenders ran away

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A Heroic Act

• About 300 Spartans stayed behind and fought to their deaths • This allowed the other Greeks to escape capture or certain death

Here come the Persians

• The Persians poured into Greece • They got their revenge by wreaking havoc • They even burned Athens to the ground • What were the Greeks to do?

The Battle of Salamis

• As their city-state burned the Athenian people and the army escaped to the island of Salamis • The Persians were quick to follow the retreating Greeks to Salamis

Those Clever Athenians

• The Greeks ships first sailed from shore like they were fleeing the island • They then turned quickly around and began ramming the Persian ships • Before the Persians knew what had happened half of their fleet was on the ocean floor • The Persians once again retreated back to Persia

The Final Battle

• The Battle of Plataea • The Greeks and Persians at equal strength • Athens and Sparta fought side by side • Greek military superiority won out and Persia retreated for good

How did the Greeks do it?

• Three reasons – Inherent advantage of the defender – They were better soldiers – They used the element of surprise

!Summary:!________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________!________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________!________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________!________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________!________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________!________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________!________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________!

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!STATION 7- Pericles and Direct Democracy

DIRECTIONS:

1. Read!the!following!excerpt.!2. Then highlight the important facts in this reading.

3. Circle 5 key terms (important words, word you do not know, words repeated in the text, etc). Define these words on the right side of the reading.

4. On the left side of the reading write brief summaries of the text.

5. Then choose one word and fill out the chart.

6. Then answer the questions that follow.

Pericles Funeral Oration

In the winter of 431 B.C., Athens honored its war dead with a public funeral. As part of the ceremony, Pericles spoke in praise of the dead and the city for which they had died. His speech is the best expression of the Athenians’ pride in their polis.

Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states. Instead, others copy what we do. Our plan of government favors the many instead of the few; that is why it is called a democracy. As for laws, we offer equal justice to everyone. As for social standing, advancement is open to everyone, according to ability. High position does not depend upon wealth, nor does poverty bar the way… We take pleasure in the arts, but without extravagance, and in knowledge without being soft… Our public leaders have their own businesses, as well as politics, to take care of. Our ordinary citizens see to their own livelihoods but are also capable of making political decisions. Unlike other nations, we Athenians do not call a man who takes no part in public life quiet or unambitious; we call such a man useless… In short, our polis is the school of all of Greece… This is the Athens for which these men nobly fought and died because they could not bear the thought of losing such a city.

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1. How does Pericles define a democracy? 2. In what aspects of life should a citizen take an interest to lead a full life? 3. (a) How does Pericles describe Athens’s position in Greece? (b) What evidence does he offer of its leadership? !!!!!!!

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STATION 8- Greek Philosophers DIRECTIONS:

1. Read!the!Philosophers!Chart.!2. Then!create!your!own!chart!summarizing!the!information!(PUT!IN!YOUR!OWN!

WORDS).!3. Then!fill!out!the!triple!Venn!diagram!based!on!the!chart.!4. Then!fill!in!the!SOAPStone!for!Socrates!quote.!

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Socrates Plato Aristotle

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SOCRATES QUOTE: “If you don't get what you want, you suffer; if you get what you don't want, you suffer; even when you get exactly what you want, you still suffer because you can't hold on to it forever. Your mind is your predicament. It wants to be free of change. Free of pain, free of the obligations of life and death. But change is law and no amount of pretending will alter that reality.”

Letter Ideas to Think About

Subject

Occasion

Audience

Purpose

Speaker

Tone

Words

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STATION 9- Alexander the Great and Hellenistic Age DIRECTIONS:

1. Read the charts and outlines. 2. Highlight the important aspects. 3. Then follow the directions of the following sheet.

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