Name: ____________

Global History

GLOBAL HISTORY

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Question Types on Global History Regents

1. Vocabulary Recall

You need to know the definition of the words to answer this type of question In which field of study do people learn about the development of early human beings?

(1) economics   (2) cartography (3) political science(4) anthropology

2. Data or Chart

Data based questions ask you to evaluate information, usually from a chart. 

You might have to incorporate outside information to answer the question, but usually all you have to do is pick the right information from the chart!

The graph shows that between 1950 and 2000 the world’s population increased by approximately

(1) 1 billion (2) 4 billion(3) 6 billion(4) 8 billion      

3. Political CartoonPolitical cartoon are used as the basis of some questions.  The trick here is to use all of the information and symbolism in the cartoon (don't forget the fine print!) 

The main idea of the cartoon was that in South Africa

(1) the fall of apartheid ended racial tensions(2) Nelson Mandela was unable to bring about political reform(3) another communist government lost power(4) a significant step was taken toward racial equality  

4. MapMap based questions are among the easiest to answer on the test. 

Many times all you have to do is read the map!  Be sure to check the key and the title.  You might also need a bit of outside information.

One reason for the success of the cities in the Hanseatic League and the Italian city-states was that both were

(1) protected by mountains(2) isolated from the rest of Europe(3) accessible by water(4) close to a network of navigable rivers 

5. SimilaritiesSome questions ask you to find Similarities between events, people, cultures, etc.Similarities between events, people, cultures, etc.  

You only need to know about one of the subjects (not all!) since the answer has to apply to all of You only need to know about one of the subjects (not all!) since the answer has to apply to all of them. them.   Hammurabi’s Code, the Ten Commandments, and the Twelve Tables were all significant to their societies because they established

(1) democratic governments(2) official religions

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(3) rules of behavior(4) economic systems

6. Speaker IdentificationSpeaker Identification questions ask you to match up a quotation with a global history concept. 

Just like the "Similarities" questions, if you can identify one of the speakers then you can answer questions which ask for more than one (see below).  Or , you can eliminate some of the questions. Speaker A: “What was actually happening on the battlefield was all secret then, but I thought that the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would be of crucial importance to backward races.”  Speaker B: “We Nazis must hold to our aim in foreign policy, namely to secure for the German people the land and soil to which they are entitled...” Speaker C: “The Munich Pact saved Czechoslovakia from destruction and Europe from Armageddon.” Speaker D: “We shall defend our island, whatever the cost shall be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets. . . . We shall never surrender.”

The common theme in the statements of Speakers B and D is

(1) colonialism (2) containment (3) nationalism(4) reparations

7. Fact/OpinionFact or Opinion questions test your ability to distinguish between the two. 

Look for value words (like "good" and "worst") to identify opinions.   Which statement about the spread of nuclear weapons is a fact rather than an opinion?

(1) Nations possessing nuclear weapons should not have to limit the production of weapons.(2) The spread of nuclear weapons was a smaller problem in the 1990s than it was in the 1970s.(3) The United States and Russia signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties during the 1970s.

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(4) Only developing nations are concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons.

8. Cause/EffectRemember the chicken and the egg?

Try to determine if any of the answers are definitely a cause or an effect. Which statement explains a cause rather than an effect of the Bantu migration between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500?

(1) Techniques for herding and cultivating were spread to other peoples.(2) More than sixty million people now speak a Bantu language.(3) Trading cities developed along the coast of east Africa.(4) Population increases put pressure on agriculture.

9. Chronological OrderThese questions ask you to place a list of events in the order which they happened. 

These ones are easy if you can pick out which happened first or which one happened last--then you can easily eliminate wrong answers. A. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

B. Allies invade Europe on D-Day.

C. Germany invades Poland.

D. Japanese attack Pearl Harbor.

Which sequence shows the correct chronological order of these World War II events, from earliest to latest?

(1) A→B→C→D (2) B→A→D→C (3) C→D→B→A(4) D→C→A→B

10.Global TrendsGlobal Trends ask you to describe recent trends in the world.  They can be environmental changes, technological changes, political changes, human rights changes, etc.

Look for the answer that makes the most common sense. Since the 1960s, famine in many parts of the world has been reduced by

(1) increased urbanization(2) global warming(3) laissez-faire capitalism(4) the Green Revolution

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11.Outline HeadingThis group actually includes two types of questions--newspaper headlines and outline headings.  Both ask you to create a generalization about the list of topics. 

Again, just like the "Similarities" questions, if you know about one of the topics in the list you can probably answer the question correctly! Which heading best completes the partial outline below?

I. ________________________________A. Established a direct but limited democracy

B. Stressed the importance of the individual

C. Considered the political ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

D. Encouraged all citizens to participate in government

 (1) Political Developments of the City-State of Athens(2) Effects of the Roman Empire on Economic Development(3) Influence of Belief Systems on Byzantine Society(4) Achievements of the Age of Enlightenment “Women of Kuwait Demand the Right to Vote”“Property Inheritance Still Limited for Women of Nepal”“Women in Jordan Form Alliance to Increase Political Representation”

Which conclusion is supported by these headlines?

(1) Equal rights for women continues to be a global concern.(2) Women are not active in political issues.(3) Women have achieved equality in the area of education.(4) Communist governments have insured equal rights for women.

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Social Studies Fields

These are some fields of study within social studies that you should know:Field Descriptionsociology interaction of individuals and groupseconomics exchange of goods and services (and money)anthropology study of culture--includes archaeologygeography study of physical environment's effects on human beingscartography map makingpolitical science study of government

philosophy study of ideas like truth, existence, reality, causality, religion, and freedompsychology workings of the mind

Sources in History

A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event. Some types of primary sources include:

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable): Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official records 

CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art  RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings

Examples of primary sources include: Diary of Anne Frank - Experiences of a Jewish family during WWII  The Constitution of Canada - Canadian History  Weavings and pottery - Native American history 

What is a secondary source? A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Some types of secondary sources include:

PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries,

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encyclopedias 

Examples of secondary sources include: A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings  A history textbook  A book about the effects of WWI 

Chronological Order in HistoryThe meaning of BC is  Before Christ BCE means Before Common EraThe meaning of AD is  Anno Domini or Year of our Lord referring to the year of Christ’s birth.   CE is a recent term.  It refers to Common Era and is used in place of A.D. 2000BC-------500BC-------1AD-----500AD-----2011AD |2000BCE-----500BCE-----1CE-----500CE-----2011CE

Chronology – Global History10,000BC or BCE - 4000BC ---> Neolithic Revolution4000BC – 1000BCor BCE –--> Early River Valley Civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, China)1000BC – 500AD or CE ----> Classical Civilizations (Greece and Rome)500AD – 1400AD -----> Golden Ages (India, Middle East, China, Byzantine Empire)500AD – 1400AD -----> Middle Ages in W. Europe (Dark Ages, Medieval Times)500CE – 1400CE -----> Early Japanese History500CE – 1400CE-----> African Civilizations (Bantu Migrations, Mali, Ghana, Songhai)1100CE – 1400CE -----> Mongol Empire1400CE – 1600CE -----> The Renaissance (Golden Age of W. Europe)300AD – 1600AD -----> Pre-Columbian Civilizations in America (Maya, Aztec, Inca)1400AD – 1600AD -----> Age of Exploration and Encounter (Discovery of Americas)1500AD – 1600AD -----> Age of Absolutism in Western Europe1750CE – 1914CE -----> Age of Revolutions (Scientific, French, Latin America, Nationalism in Italy and Germany, Industrial, Imperialism)1914CE – 1917 CE -----> WWI1917AD – 1920AD ------> Russian Revolution1920AD – 1939AD -----> Totalitarianism between the Wars (USSR, Italy, Germany)1939AD – 1945 AD -----> WWII1945AD – 1991AD -----> The Cold War1945 CE – Present CE -----> Economic Issues, Communism in China, Decolonization, Conflicts and Change in the Middle East, Collapse of Communism, Ethnic Conflicts, Science, Technology, and the Environment, Human Rights Violations.Regents Practice • Analyzing the design of a Shang bronze pot • Deciphering the writing on the Rosetta Stone • Examining the fabric of a Japanese kimono

1. These actions are most often performed by(1) a political scientist (3) a sociologist(2) a geographer (4) an archaeologist

2. An economist is a social scientist who focuses on the study of the(1) development of spiritual practices(2) establishment of legal systems

(3) creation and implementation of social class systems(4) production and exchange of goods and Services

3. Which example represents a primary source?(1) a 20th-century novel about events leading up to the French Revolution(2) film footage taken during the liberation ofNazi concentration camps(3) an interview with an expert on the fall of theRoman Empire

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(4) a lecture on the impact of the slave trade4. Which document is a primary source?(1) encyclopedia article(2) modern textbook(3) biography(4) personal correspondence

A. Kemal Atäturk rises to power in Turkey.B. Pericles rules the Golden Age of Athens.C. Ayatollah Khomeini seizes power in Iran.D. Robespierre comes to power during theFrench Revolution.5. What is the correct sequence of these events?

(1) C → B → A → D (3) A → C → B → D(2) B → C → D → A (4) B → D → A → C

6. Which set of events in 19th- and 20th-centuryChinese history is in chronological order?(1) Great Leap Forward → Opium Wars →Long March → Four Modernizations(2) Four Modernizations → Long March →Opium Wars → Great Leap Forward(3) Opium Wars → Long March →Great Leap Forward → Four Modernizations(4) Long March → Four Modernizations →Great Leap Forward → Opium Wars

Political Systems

This is a list of some political (government) systems: Type of government

Description of Government Examples

monarchy   king or queen.France (Louis XIV), Russia (czars)

oligarchy   an elite class (aristocracy=nobles, theocracy=clergy) Saudi Arabiadictatorship   single leader and one political party (totalitarian). Germany (Hitler),

Iraq (Saddam Hussein)

democracy   government is under the control of the citizens or their representatives.

US, Great Britain

EconomicsEconomics studies how a society meets the needs of its people without enough resources for everyone (scarcity). 

Choices between alternative uses (trade-offs) of resources (capital) must be made based on opportunity cost (the cost of the next best alternative).  

How a society decides to answer the three basic economic questions determines which economic system they use. 

Here is a chart of different economic systems: 

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Economic System Description Key words/people ProblemsTraditional

Subsistence (survival) agriculture, barter system, follows established traditions

barter no long term planning

Market (Capitalism)Supply and Demand (market) makes decisions, focus on consumer goods, little government control (laissez faire)

profit motive, Adam Smith lotsa poor people, Depression

Command (Communism)

Government agencies make decisions, focus on industrial goods, little attention paid to consumer goods

redistribution of wealth, collectivization, commune, Karl Marx

no motivation to do better or meet needs of people

MixedCombination of Market and Command, market makes decisions on consumer goods, government directs industry in vital areas--most economies in the world are mixed now!!!

  tries to fix problems of all

 Regents Practice

1. In which economic system used by earlycivilizations are decisions about the distributionof goods based primarily on customs, beliefs, and habits?(1) mixed (3) traditional(2) free-market (4) command

2. The best definition of subsistence agriculture is

(1) supplying crops for overseas exports(2) bartering crops for manufactured goods(3) storing surplus food in case of famine(4) producing enough food for a family’s use

3. Which statement best describes an aspect of a command economy?(1) Profit motivates individuals to set up privatebusinesses.(2) Tradition, religion, and customs heavilyinfluence economic decisions.

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(3) Supply and demand regulate the economy.(4) Government directs and controls the meansof production.

4. Which feature would most likely be included in an economic system based on traditional agriculture and self-sufficiency?(1) banks (3) gold standard(2) barter (4) tariffs

5. Which activity would be most characteristic of people in a traditional society?(1) serving in government assemblies(2) working in an industrialized city(3) having the same occupation as their parents(4) establishing a mercantile system of trade

6. Which statement represents a characteristic of democracy?(1) Religious leaders control government policy.(2) Citizens are the source of power ingovernment.(3) The government limits the thoughts and

actions of the people.(4) The laws of the government are made byinfluential military officers.

7. Which generalization about democracy is most valid?

1. democratic political systems require a highly industrialized society

2. democratic governments first evolved in North America

3. democratic governments prevent their citizens from traveling abroad

4. democratic governments protect basic civil liberties

“Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely.”

--Lord Acton, British historian8. Based on this quotation, why type of government would Lord Acton most likely support?

1. dictatorship 2. absolute monarchy 3. totalitarian state 4. representative democracy

Geography

Geography can have many effects on a society, both positive and negative. 

For example, Russian geography dictated that its foreign policy would be designed to conquer a warm water port--the ones in Russia freeze every winter. 

 

Geographic isolation is when geography limits cultural diffusion and decreases cultural diversity.  – Example - China

Geographic isolation can lead to ethnocentrism--the belief that your culture is superior to all others.  – Example - China 

Here are some examples of geographic features and how they effect society: Geographic Feature How it effects society Example

Coastlineirregular--many harbors for fishing, easy to trade; hard to defendregular--few harbors, hard to gain access to interior

Greece, JapanAfrica

Archipelago chain of islands; same as irregular coastline; few natural resources Japan

Mountains monsoon cycle, good for terrace farming; natural barrier India, Southeast Asia,

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to trade, invasion, etc., anti-cultural diffusion, rise of city-states in Greece

China, Incas in Latin America

Peninsula same as irregular coastline Spain, Italy, IndiaPlain easy farming, poor defense PolandRiver easy transportation, good farming, pro-cultural diffusion Mesopotamia, EgyptDeserts anti-cultural diffusion, poor farming Sahara

 Regents Practice

1. Which geographic factor has most strongly influenced Russia’s foreign policies and economic development?

1. lack of natural resources 2. vast desert regions 3. limited access to warm-water ports 4. extensive mountain ranges

2. Throughout the 1800’s, Russia was interested in acquiring Turkey mainly because Russia wanted

1. to maintain peace in the Middle East 2. access to the Mediterranean Sea 3. to reestablish the Byzantine Empire 4. the rich farmland of the Anatolian

Plateau

3. Which statement best explains why most of the population of the people’s Republic of China live in the eastern third of the nation?

1. best agricultural land is in the East 2. largest forests are in the East 3. best fishing areas are off the eastern

coast 4. largest oil deposits are in the East

4. An effect of a mountainous topography on Inca and Chinese civilizations was the development of

1. industrialization 2. single-crop economy 3. desalinization projects 4. terrace farming

5. Which geographic feature served as a barrier that protected ancient China and was used as an invasion route by the Aryans into ancient India?(1) deserts (3) mountains

(2) rivers (4) plateaus

6. A major effect of geography on Japan is that the

1. export of oil has helped Japan maintain a favorable balance of trade

2. fertile plains have enabled Japan to keep food prices low

3. mountains have prevented invasions obey foreign nations

4. scarcity of natural resources has forced Japan to obtain raw materials from other nations

7. Which title best completes the partial outlinebelow?I. _________________________________A. Located in a region of volcanoesand earthquakesB. Has limited mineral resourcesC. Concentration of population incoastal plains

(1) Geographic Features of Japan(2) Environmental Challenges in Mongolia(3) Economic Issues Facing Saudi Arabia(4) Factors Affecting British Industrialization

8. On a map of the world, Asia is to Japan as Europe is to

1. Great Britain 2. the Netherlands 3. Austria 4. Italy

9. Korea has frequently served as a cultural bridge between(1) Cambodia and Vietnam(2) Russia and India(3) Thailand and Indonesia(4) China and Japan

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10. Which geographic factor directly influenced the early interactions between China and Korea?(1) location (3) arid climate(2) monsoons (4) tropical savannas

11. Which geographic feature most directlyinfluenced the development of Greek city-states?(1) deserts (3) vast plains(2) mountainous terrain (4) monsoons

• Separated the cultures of Europe and Asia• Hindered, but did not prevent, invaders from entering India• Terraced to increase food production in South America

12. Which geographic feature is being described in these statements?(1) river valleys (3) mountains(2) steppes (4) tundra

13. In Africa, an effect of topography and climate has been to

1. encourage rapid industrialization of the interior

2. prevent the development of kingdoms 3. promote large-scale trade between

African and Asia 4. promote the growth of diverse societies

14. Which factor most influenced the development of diverse cultures in pre-Columbian South America?(1) trade agreements(2) geographic features(3) imported religious ideas(4) peasant revolts

15. In which way have the Andes Mountains and the Amazon rain forest affected the development of Latin America?

1. promoting international unity 2. increasing cultural diversity 3. encouraging trade agreements 4. strengthening political alliances

16. Which generalization about geography of Latin America is accurate?

1. geographic features prevented foreign imperialism

2. harsh climatic conditions have prevented the development of large-scale agriculture

3. the lack of geographic barriers facilitated the development of transportation and communication systems

4. great variations in latitude and landforms resulted in a diversity of climates

17. The term monsoons can be defined as(1) seasonal winds(2) sand deposits(3) ocean currents(4) mountain avalanches

18. Many people in Southeast Asia hope for the timely arrival of the summer monsoons each year because

1. floods are the only way to water their farmlands

2. daily temperatures often reach 100 degrees Fahrenheit

3. little rain has fallen for many months 4. oases provide water for nomadic

herders

19. A geographic similarity between Italy and India is that both of these countries are located(1) on peninsulas(2) on archipelagos(3) between two oceans(4) south of the equator

20. Which geographic factor has had the most influence on Poland's historical and cultural development?

1. a severe climate 2. vast deposits of oil 3. location on the great European Plain 4. a rugged coastline

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Neolithic RevolutionBackgroundDuring the Paleolithic Period, which lasts from the beginnings of human life until about 10,000 BCE, people were nomads. They lived in groups of 20 -30, and spent most of their time hunting and gathering.  In these groups, work was divided between men and women, with the men hunting game animals, and women gathering fruits, berries, and other edibles.  These early peoples developed simple tools such as, spears and axes made from bone, wood, and stone.  Human beings lived in this manner from earliest times until about 10,000 BCE, when they started to cultivate crops and domesticate animals.  This is known as the Neolithic Revolution.

 The Neolithic Revolution was a fundamental change in the way people lived. The shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations. The Neolithic Revolution is a major turning point in human history.

Great DiscoveriesAbout 10,000 BCE, humans began to cultivate crops and domesticate certain animals.  This was a change from the system of hunting and gathering that had sustained humans from earliest times. As a result, permanent settlements were established.  Neolithic villages continued to divide work between men and women.  However, women's status declined as men took the lead in most areas of these early societies.  

Villages were usually run by a Council of Elders composed of the heads of the village's various families.  Some of these villages may have had a chief elder as a single leader. When resources became scarce, warfare among villages increased.  During war, some men gained stature as great warriors.  This usually transferred over to village life with

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these warriors becoming the leaders in society. Early social class divisions developed as a result.  A person's social class was usually determined by the work they did, such as farmer, craftsman, priest, and warrior.  Depending on the society, priests and warriors were usually at the top, with farmers and craftsman at the bottom.

New technologies developed in response to the need for better tools and weapons to go along with the new way of living.  Neolithic farmers created a simple calendar to keep track of planting and harvesting.  They also developed simple metal tools such as plows, to help with their work.  Some groups even may have used animals to pull these

plows, again making work easier.  Metal weapons were developed as villages needed to protect their valuable resources.

EffectsThe Neolithic Revolution changed the way humans lived.  The use of agriculture allowed humans to develop permanent settlements, social classes, and new technologies.  Some of these early groups settled in the fertile valleys of the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Yellow, and Indus Rivers.  This resulted in the rise of the great civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and India.

River Valley Civilizations

Early civilizations formed near rivers to take advantage of: 1. fertile soil and

2. easy transportation. 

The four major river valley civilizations are listed below. 

Civilization Name Best known for Key leaders Now part of what country

Nile pyramids, hieroglyphics Pharaohs EgyptTigris-Euphrates (Mesopotamia)

codified law (Code of Hammurabi), social classes were treated unequally

Hammurabi Iraq

Yellow or Huang He silk, gunpowder Kings ChinaIndus planned cities (Mohenjo Daro, Harappa) Indraya India/PakistanRegents Practice

1. The Neolithic Revolution is often considered a turning point in history because(1) city dwellers learned to control fire(2) societies became more nomadic

(3) nuclear families became extended families(4) permanent settlements developed in river valleys

 2. Which heading best completes the partial outline below?

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I. _________________________________A. CitiesB. Complex governmentC. Job specializationD. Writing system

(1) Examples of Early Technology(2) Results of Cultural Diversity(3) Characteristics of Civilizations(4) Causes for the Neolithic Revolution

3. Which Neolithic Revolution development led to the other three?(1) complex civilizations(2) surplus of food(3) division of labor(4) domestication of plants and animals

4. The Indus and Huang He (Yellow) rivers are both closely associated with(1) border disputes(2) sacred biblical sites(3) cradles of early civilization(4) oil discoveries

5. The Code of Hammurabi and Chinese legalism both rely on the idea that(1) governments must provide their people withrights(2) harsh laws are needed to control society(3) all subjects are equal under the law(4) religion and government must be broughtcloser together

6. One similarity found in both Egyptian andSumerian civilizations is that each developed a(1) monotheistic religion (3) ziggurat(2) compass (4) written language

7. Which geographic factor had a major influence on the development of both Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations?(1) river valleys(2) cool temperatures(3) locations near a strait(4) mountains

Classic Civilizations

China

Shang Dynasty 1650 - 1027 BCE  During the centuries of dynastic rule, the Chinese rejected other cultures as inferior to their own. This was called ethnocentrism. The Shang Dynasty is considered to be the earliest dynasty in China. Their major contribution to Chinese culture, a system of writing.

Zhou Dynasty 1027-256 BCE  The Zhou overthrew the Shang and setup their own dynasty in 1027 BCE. They explained their actions by claiming the Mandate of Heaven, or divine right of rule. The Mandate of Heaven was later used to explain the Dynastic Cycle. A dynasty would remain in power only as long as it was providing good government. When a dynasty went into decline, and began to abuse its power, it was said to lose the Mandate of Heaven, or the favor of the gods. A strong leader would usually emerge to claim the Mandate, and establish a new dynasty. The dynastic cycle would then begin again.

The Han Dynasty established a trade route known as the Silk Road. This trade route reached as far as Mesopotamia, and was a main conduit for the exchange of goods and ideas between China and other civilizations.  Over time the trade route reached 4,000 miles.  This is how Chinese cultural diffusion reached the West.

India

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In India, one of the Maurya dynasty’s lasting contributions was to spread the religion of Buddhism throughout Asia. This is an example of cultural diffusion.

Greece

Mountainous terrain and irregular coastline (geographic isolation) in Ancient Greece helped independent city-states like Athens and Sparta develop. 

 Greek (Hellenic) city states contributed much to our society, including:

1. democracy 2. individualism 3. philosophy

4. architecture

Two of the strongest city states in Greece were Athens and Sparta. 

 Athens Sparta

Government democracy, lots of input from citizens strict military stateEducation boys taught three R's, girls ran

householdboys taught military tactics, girls stayed strong and healthy

Army strong army, but there are other things in life...

military school at age 7, life in army, can marry at 20, can live at home at 30

Trade trade with anyone, became rich, lotsa art and architecture

trade introduces new, weak ideas, distracts from strong army

Greece was eventually controlled by Phillip of Macedonia (just north of Greece).  His son, Alexander, pushed his empire's boundaries to include Asia Minor (Turkey), Egypt, Palestine, Persia, and parts of India.  He spread Greek ideas wherever he went. 

The combination of Greek ideas with others conquered by Alexander is called Hellenistic culture. 

Roman Empire

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Through trade and conquest, the Roman Republic and Empire adopted Greek and Hellenistic culture and spread the ideas throughout the Mediterranean.  In addition, the Romans created a strong central government which ruled a large amount of the world's population for nearly a thousand years. 

The strong central government provided for peace and stability for a thousand years. 

Like Hammurabi, the Romans wrote their code of law (Laws of the Twelve Tables) down for their citizens to see. 

The rule of law is considered to be the Romans' greatest contribution to modern society.

 

The Roman emperor Diocletian divided the empire into Western and Eastern halves.

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The Western Roman Empire was conquered by Germanic tribes in 476 AD.  Without the presence of a strong central government, it fell into a period of disorder and weak central government known as the Middle Ages.

The Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire (named for its capital at Byzantium, renamed Constantinople).  The Byzantine Empire lasted until it was conquered by the Turks in 1453.

Regents Practice

1. During the centuries of dynastic rule, the Chinese rejected other cultures as inferior to their own. This situation illustrates the idea of

1. ethnocentrism 2. imperialism 3. social mobility 4. cultural diffusion

2. China under the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire were similar in that both grew wealthy because they(1) developed extensive trade networks(2) created classless societies(3) encouraged democratic ideals(4) established free-market economies

3. The Silk Road allowed for the

(1) exploration of China by the Roman Army(2) development of agriculture by the nomadicpeople of Central Asia(3) movement of Chinese armies throughSoutheast Asia(4) exchange of goods between Asia and theMiddle East

4. An important factor that prevented the ancient Greek city-states from uniting to form a single nation was the(1) lack of a common language(2) size of the desert regions(3) mountainous topography of the region(4) cold, hostile climate

5. The Ancient Athenians are credited with1. inventing and using the wheel

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2. eliminating slavery 3. establishing governments that had

democratic elements 4. inventing the printing press

6. In a comparison of the ancient cities of Athens and Sparta, Sparta placed more emphasis on(1) education(2) military service(3) family order(4) human rights

7. Olympic games, the poems of Homer, andHellenistic culture are associated with whichancient civilization?(1) Egyptian (3) Roman(2) Greek (4) Phoenician

8. The Code of Hammurabi and the Twelve Tables were designed to(1) create a stable society(2) promote peaceful relations with other cultures(3) provide a framework for the development ofDemocracy(4) emphasize the importance of life after death

9. The Ancient Romans’ most significant contribution to Europe has been in the area of

1. economics 2. poetry 3. drama 4. law

10. A major contribution of the Roman Republic to Western European culture was the

1. concept of government by laws 2. belief that political power should be

controlled by the military 3. establishment of agricultural communes 4. rejection of the concept of slavery

11. A major contribution of the Roman Empire to Western society was the development of

1. gunpowder 2. the principles of revolutionary socialism 3. monotheism 4. an effective legal system

12. Important long-term contributions of Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations are primarily found in the area of

1. military technology 2. religious doctrine 3. economic policy and planning 4. government and law

13. An immediate result of the fall of the Roman Empire was

1. a renewed interest in education and the arts

2. a period of disorder and weak central government

3. an increase in trade and manufacturing 4. the growth of cities and dominance by

the middle class

14. After the western Roman Empire fell toGermanic invaders in the 5th century A.D., theeastern part of the empire eventually becameknown as the(1) Byzantine Empire(2) Carthaginian Empire(3) Islamic Empire(4) Persian Empire

15. One similarity between the decline of the Roman Empire and the fall of the Manchu Dynasty was that both initially led to

1. improved economic conditions 2. democratically elected governments 3. political chaos and decentralization of

government 4. major accomplishments in art, science,

and technology

ReligionsPeople who believe in polytheistic religions believe in more than one god.  Polytheistic religions of note are: Religion Where Tenets (beliefs) Religious Sacred

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and when it began

Figures Texts

HinduismIndia, c. 1500-500 BC

reincarnation, ones actions (karma) dictate status in next life, caste system - The Hindu caste system is a rigid class system with no social mobility into which one is born.  

One's caste in the next life is determined by karma. Untouchables can never move up in caste.

Although outlawed in India today, it is still observed. However, urbanization has reduced the caste system's importance in cities. 

Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti (gods)

Veda, Bhagavad-Gita

BuddhismIndia, c. 486 BC

Four Noble Truths –1. Life is full of suffering, 2. Desire for things causes suffering3. To eliminate suffering, you must get

rid of your desires4. Follow the Eightfold Path (code of

conduct), karma, goal is nirvana (release of soul from cycle of reincarnation)

Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama)

Tripitaka

Shintoism

Japan, c. 500 BC

Animism in Africa is similar to Shintoism – a belief that everything in nature has a spirit and should be respected

Emperor of Japan

Kokiji, Nikong

 Regents Practice

1. The caste system in India was characterized by 1. toleration for various religious beliefs

3. a lack of social mobility

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2. equality between men and women 4. the right of people to choose their occupations

2. In India today, the caste system continues to have the most influence on Hindu people who 1. live in rural areas 3. attend colleges in India2. have been educated in the West 4. have industrial jobs in urban areas

3. The caste system in India and the feudal system in Europe were similar in that both 1. provided structure for society 3. established totalitarian governments2. developed concepts of natural rights 4. promoted peace and prosperity

4. The caste system is still practiced in India today primarily because it is 1. encouraged by village customs and traditions

3. supported by Christian and Muslim teachings

2. enforced by the military 4. mandated by law

5. In India today, a major reason the caste system remains strongest in rural areas is that 1. economic change occurs rapidly in villages

3. tradition remains a strong influence in small villages

2. village laws have resulted in immediate social change

4. Islam is the dominant religion

6. In India, the Caste system determined a person’s occupation, personal associations, and marriage partner. This situation shows that the Caste system

1. has helped eliminate ethnic and religious rivalries 2. has promoted social mobility within Indian society 3. has been stronger in urban areas that in rural areas 4. has been a way of life as well as an element of religion

7. The Buddhist religion teaches that salvation is earned by1. following the Ten Commandments 2. worshiping Allah as the one true god 3. learning to give up selfish desire 4. being baptized and confirmed

8. The Eightfold Path, the Four Noble Truths, and the concept of nirvana are associated with the religion of

1. Islam 2. Jainism 3. Shinto 4. Buddhism

9. Which values are most closely associated with the fundamental principles of Buddhism?

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1. competition and financial success 2. maintaining the caste system and providing education for all people 3. practicing nonviolence and giving up worldly desires 4. self-determination and democracy

10. A person who practices the Shinto faith would be most likely to1. visit a shrine placed on the shore of a lake 2. pray five times a day 3. bathe in the Ganges River 4. make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem

11. Taoism and Shintoism are similar in that both religions stress1. adhering to the five Confucian relationships 2. following the Eightfold Path 3. developing harmony between humans and nature 4. believing in one God

12. Traditional animistic beliefs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are based on1. a desire for wealth 2. a written tradition 3. an appreciation for the forces of nature 4. a willingness to accept Christianity

Monotheistic Religions

People who believe in only one god practice monotheistic religions.  The three major monotheistic religions are:

Religion Where and when it began

Tenets (beliefs) Religious Figures

Sacred Texts

JudaismPalestine, c. 1500-100 BC

Ten Commandments (code of conduct – rules of behavior), dietary laws

Moses, Solomon, David

Torah

ChristianityPalestine c. 50 BC

Jesus was Messiah promised by Old Testament (Torah), trinity,

Jesus of Nazareth

Bible (Old/New Testament)

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  IslamArabia c. 632 AD

Five Pillars, sometimes jihad, laws can be based on religious practices

Muhammad Koran (Qur'an

The Five Pillars of Islam are duties that all Muslims must fulfill. 

belief in one god "There is only one god, Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet."pray five times per day to Mecca (usually in a group)alms (money donations) to the poorfast during month of Ramadan (about Sept-Oct)pilgrimage to Mecca once during lifetime

Regents Review

1. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity share a belief in

1. the central authority of the Pope 2. a prohibition of the consumption of port 3. reincarnation and the Four Noble Truths 4. monotheism and ethical conduct

2. One similarity between the Five Pillars of Islam and the Ten Commandments is that both

1. support a belief in reincarnation 2. promote learning as a means to heaven 3. use statues to symbolize God 4. are a guide to proper moral behavior

3. One way in which the Vedas, the Bible, and the Koran are similar is that these books

1. provide guidelines to govern the behavior of believers

2. deny the existence of a supreme being who rules the universe

3. encourage strife between believers 4. support political rebellions to overthrow

existing governments

4. Jewish religions and cultural identity has been greatly influenced by

1. Ramadan and the concept of reincarnation

2. the Torah and the Diaspora 3. the New Testament and the Four Noble

Truths 4. the Koran and the code of bushido

5. The Koran, jihad, and the hegira are most closely associated with the practice of

1. Islam 2. Judaism 3. Shinto 4. Buddhism

Chinese Philosophies

Two philosophies developed in ancient China which are still around today.  They are:

Philosophy Where and when it began

Tenets (beliefs) Important Figures

Sacred Texts

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Confucianism

China, 550 BC Stressed social order, filial piety – respect for elders, (ancestor worship), civil service exams

Confucius Analects

Regents Practice

1. According to Confucius, the key to the successful organization of society is that

1. rulers should be chosen democratically 2. the evil in humans must be eliminated 3. ancestor worship should be ended 4. individuals should do what is expected

2. In traditional Chinese culture, which philosophy had the greatest influence on social order and political organization?

1. Taoism 2. Shintoism 3. Confucianism 4. Marxism

3. Confucius encouraged people to1. put their own interests first 2. reject government authority 3. believe in reincarnation 4. follow a code of moral conduct

“Beginning with childhood, all of man’s study is centered on one aim alone — to emerge successfully from the three days’ examination — and all he has in his mind is what success can bring to him in terms of power, influence, and prestige.”-Ye Shib, Chinese scholar

4. This quotation refers to the Chinese1. civil service system

2. social welfare system 3. contemplation of nature 4. religious practices

5. Confucianism in traditional China served to1. maintain social order 2. create ethnic unrest 3. emphasize material wealth 4. support democratic government

The Analects:“In his [the leader] personal conduct, he was respectful. In his serving his superiors, he was reverent. In his nourishing the people, he was kind. In governing the people, he was righteous.”— Confucius

6. These selections show that the ancient civilizations who developed these concepts placed emphasis on

1. anarchy 2. law 3. trade 4. architecture 7. Taoism and Shintoism are similar in that

both religions stress1. adhering to the five Confucian

relationships 2. following the Eightfold Path 3. harmony between humans and nature 4. believing in one God

Golden Ages in Asia

Golden Age of India

The Golden Age of India occurs under the rule of the Gupta Dynasty (320 - 550 CE) The Gupta established a strong central government.  Gupta society was ordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs.  This included a strict caste system, or class system.  The peace and prosperity created under Gupta leadership enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors.

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Math & ScienceGupta mathematicians developed the concept of zero in the use of math.  They also created a number writing system that was later adopted by the Islamic Empire.  This system became known as Arabic Numerals. This is the number writing system used throughout the world today.  Medicine

Gupta physicians developed herbal remedies to treat various illnesses.  They also developed a form of plastic surgery for the treatment of facial injuries.  Physicians vaccinated against smallpox, a practice later used in China (10th century) and Europe.   The Gupta Dynasty declined due to weak rulers and a series of invasions, but many of their cultural and intellectual achievements were saved and transmitted to other cultures

and live on today.Golden Age of China

At first, Chinese Empires were characterized by their high level of ethnocentrism (China in Chinese means "middle kingdom" the center of everything). 

Tang Dynasty 618 – 907  The Tang reestablished a unified government They redistributed land to the peasants and reintroduced the use of Confucian scholars in running the government.

Under the Tang, a strict social structure was developed. This system consisted of three main social classes, which included the gentry, the peasantry, and the merchants. Each class had its own rights and duties, and social mobility was possible from one class to another.

Tang scientists invented gunpowder in the 9th Century by combining saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. They began using block printing in the 8th Century.

Song Dynasty 960 – 1279  The first Song Emperor reunited most of China. The Song maintained extensive trade with the India, Persia, and the Middle East. Song artisans were known for their fine porcelain, and the use of

calligraphy, a form of fine handwriting.

Under the Song, the Chinese invented movable type printing machines. This idea spread to Korea and Japan, and may have also been spread to Europe by Mongol armies. The use of movable type allowed for faster printing, and the widespread diffusion of ideas.

Golden Age of IslamIslam spread throughout the Middle East. The reasons for the success of Islam, and the expansion of its empire, can be attributed to fair treatment of conquered peoples, Arab armies were able to quickly conquer territory through the use of advanced tactics and the employment of horse and camel cavalry.  Islamic rulers were very tolerant of conquered peoples, and welcomed conversion to the Islamic faith This common language helped to unite many different ethnic groups within the Islamic empire.  It also made possible the easy exchange of knowledge and ideas.

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Golden Age of IslamIslamic civilization experienced a golden age under the Abbasid Dynasty, which ruled from the mid 8th century until the mid 13th century.  The result was an era of stunning intellectual and cultural achievements.Arts & Literature.  Islamic architects borrowed heavily from the Byzantine Empire which used domes and arches extensively throughout their cities. An example of this use can be seen in the Dome of the Rock, a famous mosque in Jerusalem.

Math & ScienceIslamic scholars studied both Greek and Indian mathematics before making important contributions of their own. The most well known Islamic mathematician was al-Khwarizmi, who pioneered the study of algebra.  Islamic scholars were also skilled in astronomy.  They studied eclipses, the rotation of the planets, and calculated the circumference of the earth to within a few thousand feet.Medicine

Many advances were also made in the field of medicine.  Physicians and pharmacists were required to pass exams before treating patients.  They setup hospitals that are the basis for today's emergency rooms.  Islamic pharmacists were the first to mix sweet tasting syrups with medicine. They wrote a book called Canon on Medicine, which was

an encyclopedia of medicine. This book became the standard medical text in Europe.Golden Age of the Byzantine Empire

 

The Byzantine Empire lasted nearly 1000 years longer than the Western Roman Empire.  The Empire maintained the Roman concept of the rule of written law like Justinian's Code.   

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The Byzantine Empire was a major cultural influence of the eastern region of Europe and the Mediterranean. 

Russia, in particular, experienced a great deal of cultural diffusion from the Byzantine Empire. 

Examples are:

1. The Eastern Orthodox religion 

2. The Cyrillic (Greek) alphabet

3. Architecture (like the domes at the top of the Kremlin in Moscow, shown left)

Regents Practice

1. The Gupta Empire was best known for its(1) advances in mathematics and medicine(2) efforts to resist European imperialism(3) development of the barter system(4) construction of Angkor Wat

• Preserved Hindu traditions• Produced fine poems and drama• Made advances in mathematics, science, and medicine2. These achievements refer to contributions of the(1) Gupta Empire (3) Greek city-states(2) Persian Empire (4) Tang dynasty

3. The development of the concept of zero, the use of a decimal system, and the Buddhist cave paintings at Ajanta are all achievements of the(1) Inca Empire(2) Gupta Empire(3) Roman Republic(4) Kingdom of Songhai

4. During the centuries of dynastic rule, the Chinese rejected other cultures as inferior to their own. This situation illustrates the concept of

1. ethnocentrism 2. imperialism 3. social mobility 4. cultural diffusion

5. Which achievements are most closely associated with the Tang and Song dynasties of China?(1) wheel and stirrup(2) chinampas and calendar(3) gunpowder and movable wooden type(4) mosaics and domes

6. Technological achievements made during the Tang and Song dynasties were important because they(1) were used to defeat Kublai Khan(2) contributed to economic growth and culturaladvancement(3) increased contact with the Americas(4) led to equality between men and women

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7. Which culture is credited with the development of gunpowder, the abacus, and the compass?(1) Chinese (3) Indian(2) Persian (4) Japanese

8. Which development is most closely linked with the beginning of the Byzantine Empire?(1) emergence of the Russian Orthodox Church(2) division of the Roman Empire(3) building of the Hagia Sophia(4) fall of Constantinople

• Cyrillic alphabet adopted for use in Russia.• Russians accepted the teachings of theOrthodox Christian Church.• Onion-shaped domes dotted the skyline ofKievan Russia.

9. Which term is most closely associated with these statements?(1) ethnocentrism (3) cultural diffusion(2) interdependence (4) colonialism 10. The early Russian civilization adopted theEastern Orthodox religion, the Cyrillic alphabet,and different styles of art and architecturethrough contact with(1) traders from China(2) conquering Mongol invaders(3) Vikings from northern Europe(4) missionaries from the Byzantine Empire

11. A major contribution of the Byzantine Empire was the(1) invention of the wheel and gunpowder(2) participation of citizens in government(3) diffusion of Hindu beliefs(4) preservation of Greek science and Romanengineering

12. Which title best completes the partial outline below?I. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––A. Incorporation of European andArabic ideas in architectureB. Preservation of Greco-RomanideasC. Spread of Orthodox Christianityinto RussiaD. Development of Justinian Code(1) Age of Discovery (3) Persian Empire(2) Byzantine Empire (4) Crusades

13. One similarity between the Gupta Empire and the Arab dynasties of the Islamic Golden Age is that they(1) made advances in mathematics and literature(2) gained wealth by obtaining gold from theAmericas(3) stressed the importance of dharma and karma(4) controlled territories around the Mediterranean Seacoast

• Creation of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad• Development of algebra• Use of calligraphy as an art form

14. Which Golden Age is most closely associated with these achievements?(1) Islamic (3) Tang(2) Gupta (4) Songhai

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The Middle Ages/Medieval Times/Dark Ages in Europe

The influence of the Catholic Church (Christianity)

After the fall of the western Roman Empire in 476 AD, Europe entered a period of weak central governments and disorder known as the Middle Ages (medieval comes from the Latin words medium [middle] and aevum [age]). 

The only strong, unifying force throughout Europe was the Roman Catholic Church.  The clergy (bishops, priests, pope, etc.) maintained some of the knowledge of the Roman Empire and pervaded every aspect of medieval society. In fact, during the Bubonic Plague (Black Death), many Europeans flocked to the Church because they saw the disease as a plague from God and sought comfort in the Church.

FeudalismSociety was organized under a rigid class system with no social mobility called feudalism. 

← The king awarded land grants or fiefs to his most important nobles, barons, and bishops in exchange for their contribution of soldiers for the king's armies.

← Peasants (or serfs) worked and lived on a noble's land in exchange for protection by knights, who were bound by a code of conduct called chivalry. 

←← Social Mobility was severely limited under

Feudalism←

ManorialismThe dominant economic system in Europe during the Middle Ages was manorialism. 

← Countries divided up into smaller and smaller sections run by those with less and less power ← Manors had a central main building (or fort), were run by nobles and knights, and were self

sufficient (farms, churches, a mill, etc.) 

Manorialism decreased cultural diffusion since there was no need to leave the manor for anything. 

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In the 14th century, years of poor weather led to food shortages and starvation across Europe. 

The Black Death , a disease spread by fleas from rats, invaded from Asia and killed 1/4 of the weakened Europeans, including nobles and especially clergy.

.

Those who survived the plague inherited money from those who died and had fewer clergy to tell them what to do.

They found new and interesting ways to spend their money (like on the arts and on books...). 

Crusades (powerpoint - http://edtech2.boisestate.edu/lockwoodm/Feudalism/crusades.htm)

Toward the end of the European Middle Ages, the Catholic Church launched a series of Holy Wars against the Muslims in the Middle East.  These wars were known as the Crusades, and while their original goals were not achieved, they nevertheless, had long reaching effects.  As a result of the Crusades, trade increased, which also increased cultural diffusion between the Islamic world and Europe.  As this trade flourished and grew, new practices in business were developed, and a fundamental change in European society took place.  This time period is know as the Commercial Revolution.

Towns began to appear and grow prosperous in Europe for many reasons.

1. prosperous manors needed to exchange goods

2. the overall population increased and needed room to live

3. need for a central place to trade for eastern and Moorish goods (seen during the Crusades). 

Many in these towns became very wealthy (like in Florence, pictured to the left).

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Merchants from rich Italian city states, such as Venice and Florence, dominated this trade.  Goods from the Middle East would arrive in Venice, before following newly established trade routes to the rest of Europe.  Along these new trade routes, trade fairs were established in towns with larger populations, or at major crossroads.  Over time, merchants and craftsman settled in these towns, and some grew to be cities of several thousand people.  This fundamentally altered the way people lived in Europe, and marked the beginning of the end of feudalism and the Middle Ages.

Regents Practice

1. In Europe during the Middle Ages, the force that provided unification and stability was the

1. central government in Rome 2. military alliance between France and

Germany 3. federation of the craft guilds 4. Roman Catholic Church

2. The Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages in Europe can best be described as a church that

1. favored separation from secular governments

2. avoided involvement in social and educational matters

3. was a strong force that divided many people

4. was a stabilizing influence during a period of weak central governments

“All things were under its domain...its power was such that no one could hope to escape its scrutiny.”

3. Which European institution during the Middle Ages is best described by this statement?

1. the Guild 2. Knighthood 3. the Church 4. the nation-state

4. The growth of feudalism in Europe during the Middle Ages was primarily caused by the

1. rivalry between the colonial empires 2. suppression of internationalism 3. decline of the Roman Catholic Church 4. collapse of a strong central government

5. Feudal societies are generally characterized by

1. an emphasis on social order

2. a representative government 3. many economic opportunities 4. the protection of political rights

6. Which is a characteristic of a feudal society?

1. rapid social change 2. high literacy rate 3. industrial-based economy 4. rigid class structure

7. In European feudal society, an individual’s social status was generally determined by

1. birth 2. education and training 3. individual abilities 4. marriage

8. Feudalism in Western Europe was similar to feudalism in Japan in that

1. power was based on class relationships 2. equality among the social classes 3. direct democracy 4. monotheism

9. Which economic system existed in Europe during the early Middle Ages?

1. free market 2. socialism 3. manorialism 4. command

10. The Middle Ages in Western Europe was characterized by

1. the manor system and the importance of land ownership

2. absolute monarchies and strong central governments

3. decreased emphasis on religion in daily life

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4. extensive trade with Asia and the Middle East

11. A major goal of the Christian Church during the Crusades (1096–1291) was to

1. establish Christianity in western Europe 2. capture the Holy Land from Islamic

rulers 3. unite warring Arab peoples 4. strengthen English dominance in the

Arab world

12. In Europe, a long-term effect of the Crusades was

1. the strengthening of the feudal system 2. the adoption of Islamic religious

practices 3. an increased demand for goods from

the East 4. increased European isolation

13. In Europe, the Crusades resulted in1. greater isolation of the region from the

world 2. an increased demand for goods from

the Middle East and Asia 3. the adoption of Islam as the official

religion of many European nations 4. the strengthening of the feudal system

14. Which statement best describes the result of the Crusades?

1. Europeans maintained a lasting control over much of the Middle East

2. Islamic influence dominated Europe 3. Europeans developed tolerance of Non-

Christian religions 4. trade between Europe and the Middle

East was expanded

15. One major result of the Crusades was the1. permanent occupation of the Holy Land

by the Europeans 2. long-term decrease in European trade

3. conversion of most Muslims to Christianity

4. spread of Middle Eastern culture and technology to Europe

16. The Crusades have been called “history’s most successful failures.” Which statement best explains this expression?

1. The Crusades did not achieve their original goals, but they brought about many desirable changes in Europe.

2. Although the Crusaders captured the Holy Land, they were unable to bring about democratic reforms.

3. The Crusades helped bring about the fall of the Roman Empire

4. The Crusaders prevented the Turks from capturing Constantinople for many centuries

17. What were two indirect results of the Crusades?

1. trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was strengthened

2. trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was strengthened

3. trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was weakened

4. trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was weakened

18. In Europe during the Middle Ages, increases in trade and commerce resulted in

1. lower living standards for industrial workers

2. decreased economic rivalry between kings

3. increased political power for the clergy 4. development of towns and cities

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Feudalism in Japan

Japan developed a feudal system which had similarities to the European system.  ← The shogun (like the king) ruled the country through the daimyo (like the nobles), who were the

heads of the samurai (like the knights).  ← Peasants farmed the land in exchange for protection by the samurai, who operated under a

code of conduct known as bushido (like chivalry). 

Again, society was organized under a rigid class system with no social mobility. 

The Tokugawa Shoguns maintained an ethnocentric policy toward the outside world.  However, cultural influences from China did migrate to Japan down the Korean Peninsula.

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The Mongols

Most Regents Questions about The Mongols are based on maps. The most important thing to remember about The Mongol empire is that it was giant -

stretching from the East coast of China - all the way to Eastern Europe. The Mongols - led by Kubla and Ghengis Khan - were fierce warriors. They invented the stirrup - which allowed them to control their horses and use them in battle. The Mongols were also famous for allowing the people they conquered to maintain their

culture and identity.

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Regents Practice

1. In Japan between 1603 and 1868, the most notable action taken by the Tokugawa Shogunate was the

1. military conquest of China 2. development of extensive trade with

the Americas 3. formation of cultural links with

Europe 4. virtual isolation of the country from

the outside world

The diagram illustrates the social structure of feudal Japan.

2. This pyramid shows that feudal Japan had

 

1. a

classless society 2. a growing middle class 3. high social mobility 4. a well-defined class system

3. Feudal societies are characterized by1. an emphasis on social order 2. a representative government 3. many economic opportunities 4. the protection of political rights

4. Which is a feature of a feudal society?1. rapid social change 2. high literacy rate 3. industrial-based economy 4. rigid class structure

5. The code of bushido of the Japanese samurai is most similar to

1. belief in reincarnation and karma of Hindus

2. practice of chivalry by European knights

3. teachings of Judaism

4. theory of natural rights of the Enlightenment writers

6. A valid generalization about early Japanese culture is that Japan

1. had a strong influence on the development of culture in Korea

2. spread Shinto throughout Asia 3. maintained a uniquely individual

culture while borrowing from other cultures

4. imported almost all of its cultural ideas from China, resulting in identical cultures

7. Which factor contributed to the success of the vast empire created by the Mongols?1) employing superior military skills.2) avoiding contacts with the west.3) paying monetary tribute to local rulers.4) converting peoples to Confucianism.

Base your answer on the accompanying map 8. Which statement about the Mongols is supported by the information in the map?

1. The Yuan dynasty kept China isolated from outside influence

2. Most of the Chinese people lived in River Valleys.

3. Kublai Khan and Genghis Khan extended Mongol influence to parts of Asia

4. The city of Samarkand was part of the Yuan empire.

The Renaissance (a major turning point in history)

 The Renaissance was a re-birth of culture which started in Italy.

It started in Italy because Italian city-states were making a lot of money through trade (Patrons had a lot of money to finance art) plus Italy is in a central location near the Middle East and Asia.

Art, architecture, and literature all flourished (Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare…)

The focus of study switched from religious subjects to include worldly (secular) subjects, the individual (humanism), and in Greek and Roman ideas. 

Renaissance artists and thinkers looked back to the golden age of the Greeks for inspiration. (art – statues, architecture – columns)

Humanism was a big part of the Renaissance - artists celebrated human achievement and form (think statue of David).

The Renaissance was mostly a "secular" (non-religious) movement.

A new questioning attitude emerged where individuals felt empowered to protest traditional beliefs.

Regents Review1.One factor that enabled the Renaissance to flourish in Northern Italy was that the region had

1. a wealthy class that invested in the arts

2. a socialist form of government 3. limited contact with the Byzantine

Empire 4. a shrinking middle class

2. Which statement best describes a characteristic of the Renaissance in Europe?

1. the social structure became very rigid

2. creativity in the arts was encouraged

3. the political structure was similar to that of the Roman Empire

4. humanism decreased in importance

3. Which characteristic was common to the Golden Age of Greece and the Italian Renaissance?

1. a strong military led to national unity 2. written constitutions led to the

establishment of democratic governments

3. prosperity led to the creation of many works of art

4. political instability led directly to the formation of unified nation-states

4. Which societal condition was basic to the development of Greek philosophy and Renaissance art?

1. rigid social classes 2. emphasis on individualism 3. religious uniformity 4. mass education

5. European society during the Renaissance differed from European society during the Middle Ages in that during the Renaissance

1. the Church was no longer influential 2. the emphasis on individual worth

increased 3. economic activity declined 4. art no longer contained religious

themes

6. Which was a major characteristic of the Renaissance?

1. conformity 2. humanism 3. mysticism 4. obedience

7. In Europe, a major characteristic of humanism was

1. a belief in the supremacy of the state in relation to individual rights

2. a rejection of ancient civilizations and their cultures

3. an emphasis on social control and obedience to national rulers

4. an appreciation for the basic worth of individual achievement

8. Which statement describes a direct effect of the Renaissance on Western Europe?

1. the philosophy of humanism brought about a decrease in the power of the Roman Catholic Church

2. art began to reflect an increased emphasis on religious themes

3. nationalistic movements among the minority ethnic groups in the region declines

4. the feudal system was developed to provide stability in a decentralized political structure

9. Which statement best describes a change that occurred during both the Renaissance and the Enlightenment?

1. feudalism became the dominant political system

2. the use of reason and logic were discouraged

3. technology and science were considered unimportant

4. a new questioning spirit and attitude emerged

10. The humanists of the Renaissance differed from the traditional medieval philosophers in the humanists’

1. interest in the spiritual life of people 2. lack of interest in Ancient Greek and

Roman culture 3. rejection of Christian principles 4. emphasis on the importance of the

individual

The Protestant Reformation (a major turning point in history)

The Renaissance even affected the Church itself.  Martin Luther, a German priest, challenged some of the Church's rules.

Martin Luther was upset over the corruption within the Catholic Church. High ranking Catholic clergy were living lavish (wealthy) lifestyles from money for the

Church. Catholic clergy were selling "indulgences" - kind of like a 'get into heaven free card'. Martin Luther believed reading the Bible was the only source of knowledge of God not

the Catholic Church. He translated the Bible in the vernacular (everyday language) Unlike Catholicism, he believed that salvation comes from faith in god not good deeds. Martin Luther posted a written protest called the 95 Thesis on the door of his church

for everyone to see. Because of the new printing press - these ideas were printed up and spread all over

Europe. The Ninety Five Theses caused such a shake up in the Catholic Church that new

branches of Christianity formed.  These new churches (Lutheran, Anglican, etc.) were called Protestant (after Luther's

protest) and the process became known as the Protestant Reformation.  The Catholic Church lost power. Europe is no longer unified under the Catholic Church Now Christians are split between Catholics and Protestants The Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation by making some reforms

(changes) but also used torture and death against non-Catholics. Ex. In Spain the Inquisition killed heretics (people who opposed Catholic laws).

Regents Review

1. During the Renaissance, which development contributed most to the Protestant Reformation?

1. interest in Ancient Greece and Rome 2. advances in mathematics and science 3. questioning of traditional authority 4. attention to realism and detail

2. The Protestant Reformation and the European Renaissance were similar in that both

1. discouraged the growth of strong monarchs

2. encouraged people to question tradition 3. were led by the military 4. supported the return of the Roman

Empire

3. Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses were a call for

1. religious revolt against the German princes

2. reforms within the Roman Catholic Church

3. greater papal authority 4. crusades to spread Christianity

“Christians should be taught that he who gives to a poor man or lends to a needy man does better than if he used the money to buy an indulgence.”

4. Which major movement in European history started with the idea expressed in this statement?

1. Commercial Revolution 2. Industrial Revolution 3. Renaissance 4. Protestant Reformation

“Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason... my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will hot recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.”

—Martin Luther, Diet of Worms (1517)

5. When Martin Luther said “my conscience is captive to the Word of God,” he was referring to his belief in

1. the supremacy of the Bible over Church policies

2. imprisoning those who disagreed with Church teachings

3. maintaining the unity of the Church 4. the need for nepotism

6. Martin Luther’s posting of the Ninety-Five Theses is considered by many to be a turning point in history because

1. the Pope’s right to sell indulgences was strengthened

2. Luther soon became the leader of Germany

3. the power of the Roman Catholic Church was lessened and royal power grew

4. the Roman Catholic Church unified the German states

7. In Western Europe, a major immediate effect of the Reformation was a

1. renewed domination of the Catholic Church over the German states

2. greater tolerance of religions other than Christianity

3. decrease in educational opportunities for the middle class

4. decline in religious unity and in the power of the Catholic Church

8. Which was a result of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?

1. the Catholic Church accepted the dominance of the new Protestant religions in Italy, France, and Germany

2. Spain became a predominately Protestant nation

3. Catholic Church leaders refused to make any changes in church practices

4. the power of the Catholic Church in Europe was weakened

9. Which was a major result of the Reformation?

1. new Christian denominations emerged 2. religious teachings were no longer

allowed in the universities 3. the Crusades were organized 4. the power of the Pope was strengthened

10. The Protestant Reformation represents a turning point in European history because it

1. allowed religious reformers to escape persecution

2. standardized all religious writings 3. ended religious unity in Western Europe 4. forced most of Europe’s monarchs to

become Protestants

11. In Spain, an effect of the Inquisition during the 16th century was to

1. prevent the introduction of Protestant religions

2. reintroduce Moorish culture to the Iberian Peninsula

3. encourage the development of the Industrial Revolution

4. implement the ideas of the Renaissance in major cities

African Kingdoms

Numerous kingdoms (such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai) arose in western Africa.  These kingdoms thrived because of:

a. their locations on trade routes and

b. their abundant natural resources, (gold, ivory, and salt). 

c. A negative effect of this interaction was the start of the slave trade, when Europeans needed a cheap, reliable labor source for their New World colonies.

Mansa Musa, a Mali king, converted to Islam--his hajj (One of the 5 Pillars of Faith – Pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy city of the Muslims) has been well chronicled.

Spread of IdeasDuring the 1400s, Timbuktu became a center of learning under the leadership of Mali emperor, Mansa Musa. Again, this is the influence of Islam, with Islamic scholars

traveling from around the Muslim world to study and teach and the University of Timbuktu.  This interaction helped to spread ideas about Africa to the outside world.

Mesoamerican Civilizations (1450 – 1770)

Mesoamerica is the term for American civilizations before the arrival of Europeans. The main civilizations here are The Aztec's, The Inca's, and the Mayan's. The Regents Exam often has a questions relating to the fact that there were advanced,

complex civilizations in the America's before the arrival of Europeans. The Aztec's were in present day Mexico. They built giant stair stepped pyramids where they made human sacrifices to the Sun God. The Inca's lived in the Andes Mountains of South America and were famous for their terraced

farming. The Inca created an efficient economic system to support the empire and an extensive road

system to tie it together But once the Europeans came with their guns, cannon, metal weapons and diseases - they

quickly overran these civilizations.

Inca terrace farming

Regents Practice

1. One similarity between the Ancient African kingdoms of Egypt, Ghana, Mali and Songhai is that all of these kingdoms were located

1. in mountainous terrain 2. in coastal areas 3. on major trading routes 4. in rain forest areas

2. One reason the ancient kingdoms in western Africa prospered was that they

1. were located along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

2. had no contact with the rest of the world 3. followed the Hindu beliefs of their rulers 4. developed extensive trade in gold, ivory,

and salt

3. A similarity between the ancient western African kingdoms of Mali, Ghana, and Songhai is that these kingdoms

1. limited the power of their rulers 2. practiced Christianity 3. established economies based on trade 4. isolated themselves from contact with

other cultures

4. The contributions of the ancient civilizations of Ghana, Axum, Kush, and Mali demonstrate that

1. industrial technology was needed for African civilizations to develop

2. many African civilizations developed in southern Africa

3. most of the African Continent was unified under a single political system

4. advanced societies developed in Africa before Europeans colonized this region

5. Mansa Musa’s journey to Mecca in the 1300’s is evidence that

1. the Crusades had a great influence on western Africa

2. most African leaders were educated in the Middle East

3. European culture was superior to the cultures of western Africa

4. Islam had a major influence on the Mali Empire

6) A study of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations of Latin America would show that these civilizations1.  developed advanced and complex societies before the arrival of the Europeans 2.  established extensive trade with Pacific Rim nations 3.  were strongly influenced by their contact

with Asian and African civilizations 4.  were relatively large, but not well organized

7) In Latin America, the Maya and the Aztec civilizations were similar in that they

1.  showed little evidence of urbanization 2.  lacked a strong central government 3.  developed complex mathematical and calendar systems 4.  used military weapons superior to those of Europeans

8. Which factor most influenced the development of diverse cultures in pre-Columbian South America?(1) trade agreements(2) geographic features(3) imported religious ideas(4) peasant revolts

9. A major agricultural advancement of the Incas was the(1) domestication of cattle(2) use of a steel plow(3) terracing of mountains for farming(4) development of floating gardens

10. One reason the Spanish conquistadors were able to conquer the Aztec and Inca Empires rapidly is that

1. these empires had no standing armies 2. the Spanish had better weapons than the Aztecs and Incas did 3. the Spanish greatly outnumbered the

Aztecs and Incas4. the Aztecs and Incas joined together to

fight the Spanish

Ming Dynasty in China

Voyages of Zheng He (1405 – 1433)   The Ming empire overthrew the Mongols in 1368. Zheng He was a Chinese explorer that sailed along the coasts of S.E. Asia, India, and East Africa during the 15th century. The Chinese established trade in these areas and spread their culture to the west. However, after Zheng He’s death in 1433, the Ming Emperor ordered all voyages stopped and trade with the outside world cut off. This was done to keep China free from foreign influence (isolated) because China was ethnocentric thinking that their culture was superior to the Europeans. However, this action limited China’s development and made them an easy target for the more advanced Europeans in the coming years.

The Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1919)

The Ottomans are one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations of the modern period. Their moment of glory in the sixteenth century represents one of the heights of human creativity, optimism, and artistry. The empire they built was the largest and most influential of the Muslim empires of the modern period, and their culture and military expansion crossed over into Europe and established Islamic traditions and culture that last to the current day. In 1453, the Ottomans conquered the Byzantium capital of Constantinople and renamed it, Istanbul. Suleiman ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 as an absolute ruler but he improved the system of justice and treated the diverse people within their empire with tolerance.

Base your answer to question 1 on the map.1. Which conclusion about Zheng He’s voyages is valid based on this map?Voyages of Zheng He, 1405–33

(1) His fleet traveled only as far as the Bay of Bengal.(2) His expeditions sailed to ports in Asia and Africa.(3) His fleet conquered and controlled Luzon.(4) His expeditions traded directly with the interior of Africa.

2. During the Ming dynasty, why did China stop investing in overseas naval expeditions?

(1) Many foreigners were imitating Chineseculture.(2) Chinese leaders saw little value inexploration.(3) People disagreed with Confucius’s demandfor more territory.(4) Chinese merchants were threatened byforeign competition.

3. The Ottomans were a strong trading empirethrough the mid-1600s because they(1) controlled access to the eastern Mediterranean Sea(2) had the most powerful navy in the world(3) dominated West African caravan routes(4) conquered most of Asia

4. Which form of political leadership is most closely associated with Ivan the Terrible, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Philip II of Spain?(1) democratic (3) communist(2) absolutist (4) theocratic

Age of Exploration (1400 -1700)

As Europe came out of the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, there was an explosion of wealth from the Crusades (trade with the Middle East and Asia – Far East) 

Inventions  of navigation instruments like the

← compass ← astrolabe ← printing press (for maps, etc.)

made voyages of exploration possible.

Some of the explorers were looking for a faster way to get to Asia and trade for silk, spices, etc. (and avoid the Muslim Moors taxes to cross the Middle East). 

Many times these voyages were funded by joint stock companies. Cities like Amsterdam (left) grew very prosperous as places where investors funded voyages.

The Commercial Revolution in Europe led to an expansion of overseas trade and dominance of European nations. (HUGE change in Europe’s economy from manorialism to capitalism, investment, and joint stock companies, led to lotsa exploration and trade.)

 

While the explorers often failed to find a faster way to get to Asia, they did find areas rich in natural resources. 

They also exploited the local population and turned them into a cheap labor force. That labor force allowed then to send cheap raw materials home. 

These new areas were called colonies.  The maps  show European colonies in North and South America. 

This interaction began to introduce Europeans to all kinds of new things, including foods like sugar, corn, squash etc. Unfortunately for the natives in the colonies, the explorers brought uninvited guests (diseases) with them. 

Diseases like smallpox wiped out Mesoamerican civilizations and their advanced \

← mathematics ← calendars ← architecture ← government and ← cities (Tenochtitlan and Machu Picchu)

and replaced them with death and European dominance. This exchange between the New World and Europe became known as the Columbian Exchange.

Columbian Exchange Presentation - http://edtech2.boisestate.edu/lockwoodm/Imperialism/images/ColumbianExchange.ppt

Mercantilism can be called "imperialism on steroids." ← Colonies send raw materials (harvested by cheap

local labor) back to the mother country.  

← Those raw materials are turned into manufactured goods in the mother country's factories. 

← Those manufactured goods are sold back to the colonies at a large profit.

The colony must trade only with the empire--they cannot trade with other empires or their colonies. This created a kind of monopoly

In the America’s, the Spanish created the encomienda system of forced labor where Indians, then Africans, were forced to work on plantations (large farms) for the Spanish. This exploited (took advantage of) the indigenous

(native) peoples.

Another example of imperialism is called the Triangle Trade. 

After the vast majority of their workforce in the New World was killed off by smallpox, the Europeans turned to Africa for a new labor force. 

← Slaves were bought in Africa using gold and rum “sugar from America. 

← Slaves were brought to America through the Middle Passage across the Atlantic

← Those slaves were used to produce raw materials and cash crops (sugar, cotton, tobacco) to be shipped back to Europe.  

← The factories produced manufactured goods (textiles, rum, etc.) to be sold to Africa and America.

Regents Practice

1. The use of the terms Encounter and Columbian exchange represents attempts to describe the(1) nature of cultural interactions(2) establishment of land grants(3) results of scientific innovations(4) origins of divine right theory

2. What was a significant effect of the Columbian exchange?(1) The Aztec conquered a vast empire.(2) Potatoes were introduced into the diet ofsome Europeans.(3) Prince Henry the Navigator established aschool for sailors.(4) China closed its borders to foreigners.

3. Which revolution in Europe is most closelyassociated with the rise of capitalism, theformation of guilds, and the growth of bankingsystems?(1) Commercial (3) Agrarian(2) Scientific (4) Glorious

4. One effect of the encomienda system in Latin America was that it(1) eliminated the use of guilds(2) promoted isolationism(3) exploited indigenous peoples(4) reduced Spanish influence

5. Which was a result of the Commercial Revolution

1. decline in population growth in Europe 2. shift of power from Western Europe to

Eastern Europe 3. spread of feudalism throughout Western

Europe 4. expansion of European influence

overseas

6. The Commercial Revolution in Western Europe led directly to the

1. development of a socialist economy 2. establishment of the Guild System 3. weakening of the power of the middle

class 4. expansion of world trade

7. Which system developed as a result of the Commercial Revolution

1. manorialism 2. communism 3. bartering 4. market economy

8. In Latin America during the early period of Spanish colonialism, the deaths of large numbers of the native people led to

1. a decline in Spanish immigration to the Americas

2. the removal of most Spanish troops from the Americas

3. the importation of slaves from Africa 4. improved health care in the colonies

9. What was a direct result of the trans-Atlanticslave trade on African cultures?(1) Many African communities faced economicdisaster.(2) European industrial factories were established throughout Africa.(3) Animism was no longer practiced in Africa.(4) Africans across the continent hired Europeans to train their military.

10. The Middle Passage is best defined as(1) a route through the Swiss Alps(2) a narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water(3) the forced journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas(4) the expulsion of Muslims from Spain

11. One reason the Spanish conquistadors were able to conquer the Aztec and Inca Empires rapidly is that

1. these empires had no standing armies 2. the Spanish had better weapons than

the Aztecs and Incas did 3. the Spanish greatly outnumbered the

Aztecs and Incas 4. the Aztecs and Incas joined together to

fight the Spanish

12. Which was a characteristic of the policy of mercantilism followed by Spanish colonial rulers in Latin America?

1. the colonies were forced to develop local industries to support themselves

2. Spain sought trade agreements between its colonies and the English

3. the colonies provided raw materials and bought Spanish made goods

4. Spain encouraged the colonies to develop new political systems to meet colonial needs

13. Spain’s colonial policy of mercantilism affected the development of Latin American nations by promoting

1. the production of raw material and cash crops

2. free and rapid trade with Asia and Africa 3. respect for the rights of indigenous

people 4. isolationism as a response to

international political issues

14. According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should be

1. acquired as markets and sources of raw materials

2. considered an economic burden for the colonial power

3. grated independence as soon as possible

4. encouraged to develop their own industries

15. Which was an immediate result of the European Age of Exploration?

1. Islamic culture spread across Africa and Asia

2. European influence spread to the Western hemisphere

3. independence movements developed in Asia and Africa

4. military dictatorships were established throughout Europe

16. A major result of the Age of Exploration was

1. a long period of peace and prosperity for the nations of Western Europe

2. extensive migration of people from the Western Hemisphere to Europe and Asia

3. the fall of European national monarchies and the end of the power of the Catholic Church

4. the end of regional isolation and the beginning of a period of European global domination

Absolutism and Limits on Government

 Louis XIV (ruled France from 1643 to 1715) was an absolute monarch.  He gained riches from trade with the new world and used it to consolidate his power in France.

Absolute monarchs were believed to rule by divine right--they ruled because it was God's will (Louis XIV was known as the "Sun King" because of this). Divine Right is similar to the Chinese concept of Mandate of Heaven. It was difficult to oppose anything the monarch did. 

The phrase "I am the state" has been attributed to Louis.

Louis expanded France to the borders shown in the map on the left  by increasing the military at the taxpayer's expense.  He also had the Palace of Versailles built at the taxpayer's expense. 

In Russia, Peter the Great used autocratic methods to modernize Russia, pushing through social and economic reforms and importing western technology.  Later, Catherine the Great achieved the Russian dream of a warm-water port on the Black Sea by waging war against the Ottoman Empire.

England was the first country to experiment with introducing democratic ideas into the government and reducing the power of the king.

This new form of government is called a limited monarchy.

Here are examples of some of their reforms:

Reform DescriptionMagna Carta Granted rights to both clergy and nobility.

Considered to be the beginnings of British democracy.

English Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights which created a limited monarchy and established Parliament as the ruling body of England.

Glorious Revolution

Political revolution in Great Britain limited the power of the monarchy and making Parliament supreme.

Regents Practice

1. Which type of government is shown in the cartoon? 

1. a socialist republic 2. an absolute monarchy 3. a communist dictatorship 4. a democracy

“. . .The person of the King is sacred, and to attack him in any way is an attack on religion itself. Kings represent the divine majesty and have been appointed by Him to carry out His purposes. Serving God and respecting kings are bound together.”

—Bishop Jacques Bossuet

2. This statement describes the philosophy that existed during the

1. existed during the 2. Age of Absolutism 3. Renaissance 4. Industrial Revolution

3. Which person would most agree with this statement?

1. John Locke 2. Karl Marx 3. Elizabeth II 4. Louis XIV

4. What was a key characteristic of an absolute monarchy in the 16th and 17th centuries?

(1) centralized governmental authority(2) increased political rights for peasants and serfs(3) freedom of religion(4) a system of checks and balances

5. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great changed Russia by

1. abolishing all social class distinctions 2. becoming constitutional monarchs 3. preventing wars with neighboring

nations 4. introducing western ideas and customs

6. Westernization in Russia came about largely through the

1. efforts of Peter the Great and his successors

2. invasion of Russia by Sweden 3. desire of the United States to seek new

markets 4. acceptance of the policies of the

Eastern Orthodox Church

7. The Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights led the English government to develop a political system in which

(1) rulers were responsible to the people(2) religious authorities controlled the lawmaking process(3) the power of the monarch came from God(4) the individual was denied a trial by jury8. The signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 and the Glorious Revolution in 1688 were key events in English history because they resulted in

(1) creating alliances with France(2) defeating Protestant nobles(3) limiting the power of the monarchy(4) annexing territory

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Scientists were one group who radically changed the way people looked at the world around them during and after the Renaissance. Many scientists turned from traditional viewpoints and challenged long accepted ideas. Institutions like the church sometimes persecuted these scientists for their work.

These are just a few examples of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution:

Scientist AccomplishmentCopernicus Heliocentric (sun centered) universeGalileo TelescopesNewton Laws of Motion (Gravity)Kepler Laws of planetary MotionOne of the main ideas to come out of the Scientific Revolution was the use of the Scientific Method. The Scientific Method uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on how the universe works.

The Enlightenment developed as an extension of the Scientific Revolution.  During the  Scientific Revolution, Europeans discarded traditional beliefs and began using reason to explain the world around them.  While the Scientific Revolution focused on the physical world, the Enlightenment attempted to explain the purpose of government, and describe the best form of it.  The Enlightenment was an intellectual reaction to absolute monarchies (like Louis XIV) and stressed the strength of human reason.

Enlightenment thinkers (listed below) challenged absolute monarchy. Their ideas included:

government should be responsible to the people  all people had guaranteed, natural rights and freedoms

These ideas spread among the French people prior to the revolution.  Enlightenment Thinker IdeasLocke Life, liberty, etc.-natural rightsVoltaire Freedom of thought, expression, religionMontesquieu Separation of PowersBeccaria Abolition of torture

 

Regents Practice

1. Which pair of ideas was central to the Scientific Revolution?

(1) social stability and economic self-sufficiency(2) observation and experimentation(3) technology and military expansion(4) scarcity and interdependence

2. Seventeenth-century scholars Galileo Galilei and René Descartes faced serious challenges to their scientific theories because their ideas(1) were based on the Bible(2) contradicted traditional medieval Europeanbeliefs(3) relied only on teachings from non-Christiancultures(4) were not supported by scientific investigations

3. Which statement about the Scientific Revolution in Europe is accurate?(1) The existence of natural laws was rejected.(2) Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the universe.(3) New ideas supported the geocentric theory of Ptolemy.(4) The Bible was used to justify new scientificfindings.

Base your answer to question 4 on the chart below and on your knowledge of social studies.

4. Which period is most closely associated with the major ideas of these philosophers?

Philosopher IdeaLocke Natural rights — life, liberty, propertyMontesquieu Separation of powersVoltaire Freedom of thought, expression, and religion

(1) Crusades (3) Reconquista(2) Renaissance (4) Enlightenment

5. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke both agreed that a government should be based on the(1) separation of nationalities(2) religious values of the people(3) equal distribution of wealth(4) consent of the governed

6. Enlightenment thinkers encouraged theimprovement of society through the(1) teachings of the church(2) use of reason(3) development of absolutism(4) establishment of a rigid social hierarchy

7. Many Enlightenment philosophers used reason to(1) reinforce traditional beliefs(2) strengthen religious authority(3) reveal natural laws(4) encourage censorship

8. One way in which Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau are similar is that they were(1) philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment(2) chief ministers during the French Revolution(3) leaders of the Italian unification movement(4) supporters of the Counter Reformation

9.In Two Treatises of Government, John Locke wrote that the purpose of government was to(1) keep kings in power(2) regulate the economy(3) expand territory(4) protect natural right10. Which statement expresses an idea of theEnlightenment?(1) The king is sacred and answers only to God.(2) History is a continuous struggle betweensocial classes.(3) Those who are the most fit will survive andsucceed.(4) All individuals have natural rights.

The French Revolution (1789 – 1915)French Society was divided into three classes or "estates". 

First Estate=clergySecond Estate=nobilityThird Estate=everyone else

Each estate was granted an equal voice in an advisory legislative group called the Estates General who would meet whenever there was a need to advise the king. 

The Estates General had no real power under the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV.

This cartoon from the time tells us a great deal about common attitudes in France about the division of classes. The third estate is the man in chains.

He supports the clergy and nobility on his back.For most people in France, the estates system was unfair. Although the First and Second Estates had a much smaller population than the Third Estate, they had equal ranking in the Estates General. 

Since the nobility and the clergy paid little or no taxes to the king, the commoners paid for the vast majority of the government--wars, palace building (Versailles), etc. 

The Third Estate was not very happy with the way the king ran the country, but since they believed that God had chosen the king, what could they do?

Louis XVI was not the same kind of leader that the previous kings were.  Although still an absolute monarch, Louis was losing his power because of:

Enlightenment thought revolutionary ideas from America discontent from the Third Estate

fiscal mismanagement    When Louis did little to fix a food shortage and economic crisis in the 1780's, the dissatisfaction with the crown began to organize itself. Unruly mobs in Paris and the countryside and political groups in the cities like the Jacobin Club (a group of educated rich commoners with political aspirations) began to call for reform.  Louis called a meeting of the Estates General in May 1789 to help with the crisis and  to satisfy those calling for reform.

The meeting of the Estates General did little to help Louis XVI solve the economic crisis. 

The high amount of debt accumulated by previous kings (American Revolution, Palace of Versailles, etc.) made it difficult to give the economy the boost it needed--there simply wasn't enough cash around. 

Also, Louis didn't want to give up any of the crown's power and authority just to help out the commoners.

Frustrated with this lack of action, the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly of France (the law making body) in June of 1787. 

Hearing the news, Louis had the new National Assembly locked out of their meeting hall.  The Assembly moved to a nearby indoor tennis court and took an oath not to disband until they had written a French constitution (hence the "Tennis Court Oath") and created a new government. 

Of course, this new constitution would not include the king...

The Declaration of the Rights of Man, written in August of 1789, was based on the American Declaration of Independence.  It was written by the National Assembly, was based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, and challenged the authority of the crown. 

The document set forth what the French people could and should expect from the government; it stated that men have rights that no government can override. 

Louis XVI sent troops into Paris to try to save his kingship by force.  Challenging Louis' authority, a mob in Paris attacked an armory (holds weapons) and prison called the Bastille in July of 1789. 

The Bastille had been built as a fortress by the French Monarchy during the Middle Ages and was seen as a symbol of the old

regime. 

The Paris mob forcibly gained control of the fortress, freed the prisoners, and killed the armory's commander. 

This very symbolic victory against the crown is still celebrated today (Bastille Day is July 14th).

The new constitution (see "Tennis Court Oath" ) was implemented and the French Republic declared in September of 1792.  Louis was beheaded for treason.  The new Republic then declared war on Britain, Spain, and the Netherlands. 

France was in economic and political turmoil and at war with most of Europe.

The French Republic  had difficulty managing the problems of country.  Their solution was to create a small executive body called the Committee of Public Safety which would implement the policies of the Republic. 

A Jacobin member named Maximillien Robespierre took charge of the Committee and instituted a policy he referred to as "The Terror". 

The Committee would create stability by removing "anti-revolutionary sentiment".  Anyone acting or speaking against the government was arrested and imprisoned. Even the slightest hint of dissatisfaction (like complaining about high prices) was grounds for imprisonment and death.  

Many were put to death by the guillotine (pictured right).  One of Robespierre's first victims was Marie Antoinette herself!  

The Reign of Terror resulted in the executions of tens of thousands of French citizens.  It ended when Robespierre himself was guillotined.

Regents Practice“Angry Mob Destroys Bastille”“Robespierre’s Execution Ends Reign of Terror”“Napoleon Seizes Power”

1. Which country’s revolution is referred to in these headlines?(1) Spain (3) France(2) Austria (4) Russia2. Under the Old Regime in France, the burden oftaxation fell mostly on the(1) monarchy (3) nobles(2) clergy (4) commoners

3. A study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that pre-Revolutionary governments

1. are more concerned about human rights than the governments that replace them

2. refuse to modernize their armed forces with advanced technology

3. attempt to bring about the separation of government from religion

4. fail to meet the political and economic needs of their people

4. Which of these events related to the FrenchRevolution occurred first?

(1) Napoleon became emperor of France.(2) The Declaration of the Rights of Man wasissued.(3) Louis XVI called the Estates General intosession.(4) The Committee of Public Safety led theReign of Terror.5.In France, which was a major result of the French Revolution?

1. the king was restored to unlimited power 2. the clergy dominated government 3. the middle class gained political

influence 4. the tax burden was carried by the lower

class

6. Which statement is a valid generalization about the immediate results of the French Revolution of 1789?

1. the Roman Catholic Church increased its power and wealth 2. the revolution achieved its goal of

establishing peace, democracy, and justice 3. the revolution had little impact4. the French middle class gained more power

7. One way in which Robespierre and Napoleon are similar is that they both(1) played an important role at the Congress ofVienna(2) increased their power during the FrenchRevolution(3) were executed for treason by Frenchmonarchs(4) led armies against the Haitians8. One major effect of Napoleon’s rule of France was that it led to(1) an increase in the power of the RomanCatholic Church(2) massive emigration to the Americas(3) trade agreements with Great Britain(4) a restoration of political stability

9. What was one effect of the French Revolution?(1) Differences between ethnic groups wereeliminated.(2) Communism became popular.(3) Militarism was discouraged.(4) Nationalistic feelings were stimulated.Congress of Vienna Restores Monarchy to France”“Czar Nicholas I Limits Freedom of the Russian Press”“Reform Movements Crushed in Hungary, Italy, and the German States”

10. These headlines could be described as1. reactions to the French Revolution 2. movements to unify all of western

Europe 3. efforts to improve the conditions of

factory workers 4. attempts to promote trade between

European nations

Latin American RevolutionsThe ideals of the French Revolution (liberty, fraternity, equality) were spread all over Europe by the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.  Many countries across the continent saw the success of the French Revolution and were inspired to revolt themselves.  Revolutionary, democratic thought became a part of the culture. 

In Latin America, the Spanish and French denied people basic rights.Latin America’s Social Class system lacked social mobilityPeninsulares Creoles Mestizos, Mulattoes SlavesRevolution Leader(s) Revolutionary

GroupConditions Dictator(s)

French many Third Estate No money left from American Revolution

Napoleon

Latin American

Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Toussaint l’Ouverture, Bernardo O’Higgins, Pedro I

many Encomienda system left many impoverished while Spaniards grew wealthy

many

Regents Practice1. During the early 1800’s, which was a major influence on the struggle for political independence in Latin America?

1. poor conditions in urban centers in Latin America

2. the American and French Revolutions

3. the desire of the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America to escape European control

4. demands by Latin American workers to own their own factories

2. The social class system in Latin America during the 16th and 17th centuries reflects the(1) dominance of Spanish-born nobility(2) emerging equality between classes(3) influence of mestizo economic power(4) increasing social mobility of Native AmericanIndians

3. One similarity in the leadership of Latin Americas Jose de San Martin, Toussaint

l’Ouverture, Bernardo O’Higgins, and Pedro I was that each was

1. 20th-century caudillos 2. leaders of liberation movements 3. members of the Organization of

American States (OAS) 4. winners of the Nobel Peace Prize

4. Which of these situations was the direct result of the other three?

1. nations of Latin America won independence

2. revolutions occurred in North America and France

3. the Napoleonic wars weakened Spain’s power

4. creoles and mestizos became discontented with Spanish rule

Nationalism – Unification of Italy and Germany (1800 – 1900)

The Unification of ItalyThe political structure of the Italian peninsula prior to 1861 was that of a fragmented group of small kingdoms and principalities.  There was no political cohesion while internal fighting and rivalries were hampering any progress.  However, the people of the Italian peninsula, shared language, culture and a historical background.  Some Italian leaders began calling for nationalism with the goal of bringing Italy together into a sovereign nation-state with autonomous rule.  

The most famous of Italian nationalistic leaders were Count Camilo Cavour, Guiseppe Garibaldi, and Guiseppe Mazzini.  Mazzini was instrumental in being the "soul" of Italian nationalism.  He also established the secret society known as Young Italy, an organization devoted to a united Italy.  Garibaldi was considered to be the "sword" of Italian nationalism.  His band of Red Shirts conquered forces opposed to unification and forced southern Italy into a cohesive political unit.  Cavour was the "brain" in his role as a skilled diplomat.  Cavour successfully received aid from France in a war against the Austrians and eventually put Victor Emmanuel II on the throne of a completely united Italian nation-state in 1861.

The Unification of GermanyGermany, during the Metternich Age, was also fragmented. For many of the same reasons, there was a nationalistic movement calling for the unification of Germany.  Of all the German states, Prussia was the most powerful, dominating the other, smaller states.  Prussia was ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm, however, the person with the most power was Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck, shown here.  It was Bismarck who strengthened German unity and power by calling on the nationalistic tendencies of the German people.  Bismarck was able to unite Germany through his policy of Realpolitik, or realistic politics, which is a Machiavellian "end justifies the

means" approach to strengthening and uniting Germany.  Bismarck was a strong proponent of "Blood and Iron".  Blood represented the sacrifices the German people would have to make in achieving the goal of unification, Iron represented the need to industrialize.  Bismarck saw that in order to be a world power, Germany would have to catch up with much of the rest of Europe in the areas of technology and factory production. Germany was unified in 1871.

Regents Practice

1. The unification of Germany under Otto vonBismarck demonstrates the(1) influence of Marxist ideology(2) impact of nationalism(3) force of civil disobedience(4) power of democratic ideals

2. The slogan “Blood and Iron” and a unitedGermany are most closely associated with(1) Prince Metternich (3) Camillo Cavour(2) Simón Bolívar (4) Otto von Bismarck

3. Which individual is associated with the phrase blood and iron as related to the unification ofGermany?(1) Otto von Bismarck(2) Giuseppe Garibaldi(3) Kaiser Wilhelm II(4) Count Camillo di Cavour

4. One political objective of both Otto von Bismarck and Giuseppe Garibaldi was to(1) overthrow divine right monarchies(2) unify their nations(3) establish communist systems(4) form an alliance with Great Britain

Industrial Revolution (1800 – 1900’s)The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. 

Also, the Enclosure Movement, which was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, left many people jobless and homeless. These people would provide the workforce of the Industrial Revolution.

Geography: Great Britain has an abundance of the natural resources needed for industrialization, such as iron ore and coal. Britain also had access to many navigable rivers

and natural harbors which provided for the easy movement of goods both within the country, and overseas.

Along with technological advances in farming (there was enough food to go around now - surplus) and manufacturing, the British mercantile economic system created huge amounts of capital to help build railroads, factories, etc. to shift the country's population from farming in the country to working in factories in the cities (urbanization). 

Laissez-Faire Economics: This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government.  This economic system dominated most of the Industrial Revolution.

Urbanization: People moved to towns and cities to be closer to the factories.  Conditions were very poor during the early part of the Industrial Revolution, as factory workers lived in overcrowded buildings, with no sewage or sanitation services.  This resulted in widespread disease.

Working Conditions: Factory workers worked very long hours, for little pay, under harsh conditions.  Workers included children as young as 8, both male and female.  Many people were injured or killed due to unsafe working conditions.

Societal Changes: New roles were defined for Middleclass men and women.  MC men went to work in business, while MC women worked from home and cared for the family.  The higher standard of living for the middle class meant that their children received some form of formal education. Working-Class families faced many hardships due to poor living and working conditions, and most WC children never received an education.

Communism: Karl Marx wrote in The Communist Manifesto (1848) that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class). He predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services.

Over time, reform legislation(laws) passed in Great Britain, France, and Germany led to legalizing trade unions, setting minimum wages, and limiting child labor.Regents Practice1. Increased agricultural production in England in the late 1700s contributed directly to(1) the development of a worldwide communications network(2) the introduction of manorialism(3) a decrease in the power of the monarch(4) an increase in life expectancy

2. In England, which circumstance was a result of the other three?(1) availability of labor(2) abundance of coal and iron(3) waterpower from many rivers(4) start of the Industrial Revolution

3. Which pair of natural resources were used to change transportation and manufacturing inGreat Britain during the Industrial Revolution?(1) gold and salt(2) diamonds and petroleum(3) copper and tin(4) coal and iron ore4. Which statement about railroad systems in the 19th and early 20th centuries is accurate?(1) Imperialists rejected the use of railroads intheir colonies.(2) European governments opposed the development of railroads.

(3) Railroads helped promote the factory system and urbanization.(4) Railroads made transportation of goods less efficient.

5. What was a result of the Industrial Revolution in Europe?(1) the growth of the middle class(2) an increase in nomadic herding(3) a decline in urban population(4) a decrease in international trade

6. Adam Smith would most likely agree with which statement?(1) Revolution is the only solution to economicproblems.(2) Five-year plans are needed to industrialize.(3) All nations would benefit from an agricultural economy.(4) Government should follow a laissez-fairepolicy.

6. Which written work criticized the capitalistsystem during the Industrial Revolution?(1) Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx andFriedrich Engels(2) “White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling(3) The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith(4) The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin

Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on thespeakers’ statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.Speaker A: If the rate of population growthcontinues to exceed the growth in thefood supply, there will not be enoughfood for all of the people.Speaker B: There are people who are wealthy and people who are poor. This is just howthings are.Speaker C: History is the story of class struggle. Eventually, the working class will rise up and revolt against the wealthy.Speaker D: The government should do what is best for most of its people.

7. Which speaker best represents the views of Karl Marx?(1) A (3) C(2) B (4) D

8. To which situation are these speakers most likely reacting?(1) growth of Zionism(2) rise of industrialization(3) division of Africa(4) formation of military alliances9. During the 1800s, reform legislation passed in Great Britain, France, and Germany led to(1) formation of zaibatsu, greater equality formen, and establishment of a banking system(2) legalizing trade unions, setting minimumwages, and limiting child labor(3) government-owned factories, establishmentof five-year plans, and limits placed onimmigration(4) bans on overseas trade, mandatory militaryservice, and universal suffrage for women

Global Impact of Industrialization

MigrationsBetween 1845 and 1900, a wave of global migrations occurred as a result of improvements in transportation, population growth, and the various social, political, and economic conditions present throughout the world.  Many different European ethnic groups fled to the United States after the revolutions of 1830 and 1848.

Potato FamineIreland experienced a famine in 1845 when their main crop, potatoes, was destroyed by disease.  Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on.  As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.

Industrialization of Japan

In the 1800's the United States sent Commodore Matthew Perry to visit Japan.  After seeing the commodore's ship (left, in distance) and huge guns, the Japanese realized that a huge change was necessary in order to avoid becoming a colony of the west.  In Japan, the Shogun who allowing trade with the United States, was removed and the Emperor Meiji was restored to the throne. As a result, Japan

developed industry and military, sent students to study Western ways, to avoid colonization. The Meiji Restoration modernized Japan's economy and military and allowed it to become a dominant power in Asia.

Regents Practice

1. What was the main reason for the extensive Irish emigration to North America in the 1840s?(1) mass starvation (3) civil war(2) military draft (4) smallpox outbreak

Base your answer to question 2 on the 19thcentury song lyrics below.. . . What has poor Ireland done, mother, —What has poor Ireland done,That the world looks on, and sees us starve,Perishing one by one?Do the men of England care not, mother, —Whether they live or die? . . .— A. M. Edmond,“Give Me Three Grains of Corn, Mother”

2. Which event is most closely associated with the conditions described in these lyrics?(1) civil war(2) famine(3) Glorious Revolution(4) independence from Great Britain

3. Many critics believe that the policy of the British government during the Irish Famine(1) contributed to food shortages(2) ignored military concerns(3) discouraged emigration(4) led directly to civil war4. Which action did Japanese leaders take directly following the visit of Commodore Perry in 1853?(1) They attacked the British navy.(2) They opened more ports to trade.(3) They increased the power of the shogun.(4) They allowed opium into Japan.

5. Which action in Japanese history occurred during the Meiji Restoration?(1) Japan modernized its economy.(2) Mongols invaded the islands of Japan.(3) The Japanese government adopted anisolationist policy.(4) Buddhism became the official religion ofJapan.

New Imperialism (1850’s – 1950’s)"Imperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, and cultural life. 

After the Industrial Revolution, this became a common practice of European nations seeking new sources of raw materials and markets to sell manufactured products. 

Industrialized countries of the west sought to expand their economies by obtaining raw materials which could be transported back to factories, turned into manufactured goods, and shipped back to the colonies markets for sale." 

Nationalism, or pride in one’s country, also contributed to the growth of imperialism. Citizens were proud of their country’s accomplishments, which sometimes included taking over foreign areas. As European nations became competitive with one another, there was an increased pressure to practice imperialism.

As Europeans took over foreign lands, they viewed the culture of the native population to be inferior to their own. This concept became known as “Burden” after a popular poem by the same name was published by Rudyard Kipling in 1899. In it, he describes a sentiment that many Europeans had--that it was the duty of Imperial nations to "raise up" their colonies to European standards of living like: education, infrastructure, religion, clothing, etc.  This is sometimes referred to as Social Darwinism, or the belief that all human groups compete for survival, and that the stronger groups will replace the weaker groups.

In the late 1800's, the only remaining unclaimed land in the world was in Africa. 

European nations competed with each other to gain as African colonies as possible before the other countries did. The Berlin Conference set the rules for the carving up of the continent.

This period was known as the "Scramble for Africa".  Colonial boundaries were created by the Europeans that had nothing to do with those used by the people living there (compare the map to the African Kingdoms map).  Whole families, clans, tribes, and nations were split up because of the boundary line created by the outsider Europeans. 

Groups who had warred with each other for centuries now found themselves part of the same colony. 

Although not a colony as a whole, parts of China had come under the rule of foreign powers. 

Many countries claimed a sphere of influence in China. 

Great Britain, for example, used military force to defeat the Chinese in the Opium Wars, which resulted in:

unfair treaties for China expanded British imperialism in specific regions 

In India, one reaction was the Sepoy Rebellion.  It failed, and Great Britain secured its hold on India even further. 

Many in groups in China sought to remove western influences by force, like the "The Righteous and Harmonious Fists," or Boxers. Uprisings, like the Boxer Rebellion failed, and the Chinese government gave the Western powers even more control over their country. 

Since Japan is an archipelago, it has few natural resources.  In order for it to industrialize and remain free of Western influence it would need to find some. 

The Japanese took over much of East Asia.  Leaders of conquered countries were installed in puppet governments that were manipulated by the Japanese (the last emperor of China became the leader of a new Manchurian country called Manchukuo). 

By 1942, most of eastern Asia was under Japan’s control.

Regents Practice

1. Much of which area of the world came underEuropean colonial control in the 19th century?(1) Japan (3) Africa(2) Southwest Asia (4) Latin America

2. The Portuguese control of Macao and the British control of Hong Kong in China are examples of(1) collectivization (3) self-determination(2) imperialism (4) containment

3. Which statement best expresses the Western perspective regarding Rudyard Kipling’s “white man’s burden”?(1) Europeans should preserve traditional cultures in Africa and Asia.(2) Europeans must protect existing African and Asian economies.(3) Europeans suffered great hardships inexploring new trade routes to Asia.(4) Europeans had a duty to introduce the

benefits of their civilization to non-Europeanpeoples.

4. Which statement would Social Darwinists most likely support?(1) Universal suffrage is a basic human right.(2) Political equality strengthens the effectiveness of government.(3) Stronger groups have the right to rule andcontrol weaker groups.(4) Public education should be guaranteed to all members of a society.

5. Which of these developments in Africa was a cause of the other three?(1) Rival tribal groups fought wars.(2) The Berlin Conference of 1884 influencedcolonial boundaries.(3) Traditional territories and culture groupswere permanently fragmented.(4) African economies became dependent on the sale of cash crops and raw materials.

6. What was a principal reason for the success of European colonialism in Asia in the late 1800s?(1) Asians respected Europeans as representatives of an advanced civilization.(2) Europe was able to dominate military andcommercial relations with Asia.(3) Europeans respected Asian laws and customs.(4) Many Asians adopted European religiouspractices.

7. During the 19th century, European nationsestablished spheres of influence in China mainly to(1) profit from the ivory trade(2) introduce Islam to the Chinese people(3) gain commercial advantages in China(4) obtain human rights for Chinese citizens24

8. A similarity between the Sepoy Rebellion in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China is that both were(1) attempts to remove foreign influence

(2) movements to establish communist governments(3) efforts to restore trade monopolies(4) struggles to westernize cultures

9. The Sepoy Rebellion is considered an important event in Indian history because it was one cause of the(1) independence movement in India(2) secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan(3) establishment of French colonies in India(4) creation of the Mughal Empire by Muslims

10. Japan’s policy of expansion in the early 20thcentury was motivated by(1) a lack of natural resources(2) a plan to end unequal treaties(3) the need to increase cultural diffusion(4) the desire to spread communism

11. What is one reason for Japan’s involvement in the first Sino-Japanese War and the annexation of Korea?(1) pursuit of imperialistic goals(2) reaction to foreign invasions(3) institution of five-year plans(4) need for a warm-water port

World War I (1914 – 1919)

The World War I stage was set nearly 100 years before the war began.  The Congress of Vienna in 1815 created a balance of power between the five most powerful countries in Europe:

Austria-Hungary England France Prussia (Germany) Russia 

The countries competed in nearly everything, which made it almost inevitable that war would come.It's easy to remember what caused World War I--Just remember the MAIN idea! Causes of World War IMilitarism An aggressive attitude led to an arms race, producing  strong navies and armored

vehicles.  Alliances The alliances of Europe were formed

for protection against each other.  However, they  very quickly became aggressive towards one another. 

Triple EntenteGreat Britain France

Russia

Triple AllianceGermany Austria-Hungary

Italy

Imperialism European countries divided up Africa and Asia to strengthen the political and economic power of the mother country, which caused competition.

Nationalism Nationalism was both a uniting force and a divisive one.  It resulted in Germany and Italy uniting into strong nations, and also caused the eventual disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. 

 Europe was ready to blow.  The tense, nationalistic feelings of the people in the Balkan region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (Serbia, Bosnia, etc.) gave the region the nickname of the "Powder Keg of Europe." 

The spark that set the war off was the assassination of the heir to the Austrian Empire (Archduke Franz Ferdinand) by a Serbian national. Austria declared war on Serbia as a result.

Serbia was an ally of Russia.  When Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary, the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente kicked in, bringing the entire continent to war.

World War I was effectively ended by the Treaty of Versailles.  Germany was not happy about the way things turned out...

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles (Germany)

Territorial parts of Germany were split off and became parts of other countries or became new countries

Military Germany's military was reduced and could not have many large ships or any tanks

Financial War reparations--see General

General Germany was forced to take the ENTIRE blame for the war and pay war reparations to Great Britain and France--about 6 billion English pounds!  Since much of Germany's natural resources were in the areas which were split off by the treaty, they had little way to pay off this debt.

The US President Woodrow Wilson also suggested a peace plan called the Fourteen Points, which included plans for a League of Nations, the predecessor to today's United Nations.

The map of Europe looks much different after the Treaty…

Regents Practice

1. Growing nationalism and militarism in Europe and the creation of secret alliances were(1) reasons for the rise of democracy(2) causes of World War I(3) requirements for economic development(4) reasons for the collapse of communism

2. The Triple Alliance and the Triple Ententecontributed to the start of World War I by(1) failing to include Germany and France asmembers(2) threatening countries in the WesternHemisphere(3) allowing Japanese aggression in Korea(4) increasing tensions between EuropeanCountries

3. What was a major cause of World War I?

(1) rebellions in colonial lands in Africa and Asia(2) expansion of communism into westernEurope(3) militarism in the nations of Europe(4) inability of the League of Nations to keep the peace

4. The term militarism can best be defined as(1) loyalty to a nation or ethnic group(2) buildup of armaments in preparation for war(3) avoidance of military involvement in civilwars(4) control of territories for economic and political gain

5. Which region was described as “the powder keg of Europe” prior to World War I?(1) Iberian Peninsula (3) Balkan Peninsula(2) British Isles (4) Scandinavia

6. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the immediate cause of(1) the Franco-Prussian War(2) the Russo-Japanese War(3) World War I(4) World War II

7. What was a direct result of World War I?(1) Nicholas II was named czar of Russia.(2) Germany lost its colonies in Africa and Asia.(3) Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a terrorist.(4) The Ottoman Empire expanded.

8. The Treaty of Versailles angered many Germans after World War I because the treaty(1) divided Germany into Communist and non-Communist zones(2) made Germany restore its emperor(3) required all German-speaking Europeans toreturn to Germany(4) forced Germany to pay large war reparations

9. One goal of the League of Nations was to(1) promote peaceful relations worldwide(2) stimulate the economy of Europe

(3) bring World War I to an end(4) encourage a strong alliance system

10. The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany for its role in World War I by (1) forcing Germany to accept blame for the war and to pay reparations(2) dividing Germany into four occupied zones(3) supporting economic sanctions by the United Nations(4) taking away German territory in the Balkansand Spain

11. Many historians believe that the harsh terms found in the Treaty of Versailles helped lead to(1) Italy’s unification(2) Turkey’s modernization(3) revolutions in Russia(4) World War II

12. Which event occurred first and led to the other three?(1) rise of fascism in Europe(2) Bolshevik Revolution(3) World War I(4) signing of the Treaty of Versailles

Rise of Totalitarianism (1919 – 1939)

Economic hardships brought on by the unequal Treaty of Versailles and the Great Depression led people in some countries to accept any government that would put food in their bellies. 

The governments of many countries became totalitarian.

Totalitarian GovernmentsAspects Toolshave a one party system censorshipuse terror and violence a secret police forcecontrol all aspects of the lives of the citizens

reprisals against those who speak against the government

F ascist totalitarian regimes rose in many countries, including Germany and Italy. 

The Treaty of Versailles laid all of the blame for World War I squarely on the German people. Germany:

was forced to pay war reparations could not rebuild its military lost territories with natural resources

Germany's economic situation was grave... Adolf Hitler used this situation to institute a totalitarian government.  His fascist Nazi party used brutal techniques to come to power, then used the humiliation Germans felt about the Treaty of Versailles to rebuild its military and take back the lands taken away by the Treaty. He also encouraged an idea that German's were destined to rule the world and that all other races (especially Jews) were inferior--even their books. Many nations (Great Britain in particular) were afraid that Germany would start another war. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain attempted a policy of appeasement. 

He made an agreement (Munich Pact) with Hitler that if Germany would stop taking territory, they could have the Sudetenland (a German part of Czechoslovakia) without a fight.  Appeasement was a failure--Hitler took the Sudetenland and continued to add territory from the rest of Europe.

The League of Nations that was created after World War I failed to prevent war. Since Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement, the League had no military power..

The other main aggressor leading to World War II was Japan. Since Japan is a small archipelago, it has few natural resources. In order for it to industrialize it would need to find some. Japan practiced imperialism and took over much of East Asia. Their empire was called the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Native leaders were installed as part of puppet governments that were manipulated by the Japanese.

World War Two was fought for many similar reasons as World War I. 

An alliance system existed again--this time it was the Axis Powers

Germany Italy Japan

and the Allied Powers

Great Britain Russia France. 

Germany broke the Munich Pact and invaded Poland. Great Britain declared war on Germany, and the alliances kicked in again. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor led to US involvement in the war.

Nazi Germany instituted a program of genocide against Jews in Europe during World War II known as the holocaust.  Six million people were systematically killed solely because of their ethnicity. 

In Europe, the Allies defeated Nazi Germany and Italy. 

Control of Europe was divided among the allies  Western Europe was controlled by the US, Great Britain, and France, and Eastern Europe was controlled by the Soviet Union. 

The US helped Germany rebuild and establish democracy.

Germany and its capital Berlin were divided up among the powers as well.  This situation set up the Cold War.Japan surrendered when the US dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  The US helped Japan to rebuild and establish democracy by using their well educated population.

After the war, the United Nations was set up to provide peace in the world through collective security.Regents Practice1. The rise of fascism in Germany between World War I and World War II is associated with the(1) promotion of ethnic diversity(2) appeal of the doctrine of nonviolence(3) establishment of a strong parliamentarysystem(4) impact of the global economic depression

2. Which leader is most closely related with the rise of fascism in Italy prior to World War II?(1) Ho Chi Minh (3) Mao Zedong(2) Winston Churchill (4) Benito Mussolini

3. One way in which the conquest of Manchuria by the Japanese (1931) and the annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany (1939) are similar is that these actions(1) marked the end of the aggressive expansion of these nations(2) demonstrated the weakness of the League of Nations(3) reestablished the balance of power in theworld(4) led to the Long March

4. One reason the League of Nations failed as a world organization was that it(1) supported the rise of fascist states(2) lacked a military force to settle conflicts(3) dealt with conflict by establishing naval

blockades(4) encouraged the annexation of territory byforce

5. Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 and Germany’s attack on Poland in 1939 led directly to(1) the beginning of World War II in Asia andEurope(2) a meeting at Yalta between the United States and the Soviet Union(3) a conference at Munich for European leaders(4) the withdrawal of Britain and France fromEuropean affairs

Base your answer to question 6 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.. . . In his classic defense of freedom of speech in, On Liberty, John Stuart Mill wrote that if a view is not “fully, frequently, and fearlessly discussed,” it will become “a dead dogma, not a living truth.” The existence of the Holocaust should remain a living truth, and those who are skeptical about the enormity of the Nazi atrocities should be confronted with the evidence for it. . . . — Peter Singer (adapted)

6. Which statement is consistent with the author’s point concerning the Holocaust?(1) The evils of the past are best ignored andforgotten.

(2) Frequent and full discussion of the historicalevidence of certain events is desirable.(3) All eras of history include individuals thatreject existing values.(4) Every generation must apologize for thefailures of earlier generations.

. . . “You should take steps now to cease military resistance. Otherwise, we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.” . . .7. This paragraph from a 1945 Allied leaflet warned the(1) Czechs of a German invasion(2) Americans in Hawaii of a Japanese attack(3) Koreans of a Russian invasion(4) Japanese civilians of a United States attack

8. Which function of the United Nations is based on the concept of collective security?(1) providing health services(2) coordinating global peacekeeping(3) monitoring educational programs(4) assisting in agricultural research9. The Nuremberg Trials are considered animportant event in the 20th century because they(1) brought an end to genocide(2) condemned the use of nuclear weapons(3) ruled on provisions for the postwaroccupation of Germany(4) established principles of responsibility forhuman rights violations

Rise of Communism (1918 – 1991)

Communism is both a system of government and an economic system.     Economic system Government systemGoal to have people equally share all

goodsforces decisions on the country through an totalitarian dictatorship. 

Problemspeople do not get to become rich people don't have many rights

Pure communism does not work forever--see Russia and China.

In Capitalism (or market economy) , the main motivation for entrepreneurs (people who start their own businesses – private property) was profit.  Government should have no involvement with the economy--they should keep their "hands off" (known as laissez faire). 

Pure capitalism with no government involvement leads to major societal problems, particularly in the industrial age.  The working class becomes exploited by the entrepreneurs seeking profit.  The working class receives none of the benefits and is even placed in danger. 

The rich got richer and the poor got poorer.

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto as an outline of what they saw as the perfect economic society: one where the workers controlled the economy for the benefit of everyone. All resources of a country would be collected and redistributed evenly. Everyone would be equal, so there would be no class differences.

Communism struck a chord with the exploited workers.  The Manifesto was published at a time when many revolutions were taking place. 

This was a dramatic threat to those whose power came from having money (like kings, czars, and other rich people). 

"Working men of the world UNITE!"

During World War I in Russia, the government  was losing power in Russia.  The people were starving, but Czar Nicholas was concentrating on fighting World War I and keeping his money. 

Communists in Russia known as Bolsheviks led by V.I. Lenin (center) promised all Russians "Peace, Bread, and Land". 

The Bolshevik Revolution turned Russia into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 

The USSR immediately withdrew from World War I and focused on feeding the people.

Although communism was mainly a philosophy for industrialized countries like England, the Bolsheviks adapted it to fit agricultural Russia.  All of the resources began to become collectivized into communes or state owned farms and factories. Production dropped and people starved.

Lenin started a New Economic Policy (NEP) to improve agricultural and industrial production.  The NEP introduced elements of capitalism in the Soviet Union.

Progress was made, but slowly.

Josef Stalin took over leadership of the Soviet Union after Lenin's death.  He saw that the young communist state would fail if it did not industrialize more rapidly. 

He increased his control of the totalitarian state and forced more collectivization on the Soviet people through his Five Year Plans to industrialize through heavy industry.

When some farmers in Ukraine resisted collectivization, Stalin burned their crops and forced starvation--millions of people died.  When factory owners refused to cooperate, they were killed or imprisoned.  Stalin's brutal tactics dragged the country into the industrialized world. 

The production of consumer goods (toasters, umbrellas, cars) was NOT emphasized. By the time World War II occurred, the Soviet Union was more prepared for war than in World War I. But having fought Germany in two world wars, Stalin wanted to make sure that Germany could never be powerful enough to attack again. This brought the Soviet into conflict with its ally, the United States, after World War II.

The Cold War (1945 – 1991)

The Cold War was a period of tension between the two superpowers after World War II: communist Soviet Union and its alliescapitalist and democratic United States and its allies

At the end of the war, the Soviet Union controlled much of Eastern Europe, while the US and allies controlled the west.

The Soviet Union encouraged (with money, troops) other countries in the world to become communist and the United States encouraged them not to. Fighting broke out in some areas.

Many countries decided not to be allies of either side (nonaligned nations) and took aid from both. 

The Soviet Union expanded its totalitarian control over its "satellite" nations--Eastern Europeans had little freedom.

Since both sides had enough nuclear weapons to destroy the world many times over, neither wanted an outright ("hot") war.  The Cold war avoided total destruction...

 

This table lists events and concepts related to the Cold War. Event/Concept DescriptionYalta Conference Near end of World War II; USSR and western powers divided

Europe into East and West; Soviets controlled EastIron Curtain After World War II, Churchill called the “line” between US and

allies (NATO) and Soviet Union and allies (Warsaw Pact) in

EuropeFormation of the United Nations

Like League of Nations (failed) after World War I; Council of nations designed to avoid another world war by creating a place to solve problems peacefully.  Has been successful.

Truman Doctrine Policy of US to use $ and military and contain communist takeovers around the world during the Cold War

Marshall Plan $ to Western Europe from US after World War II to discourage countries from becoming communist

Berlin Airlift East Germany (USSR) cut off West Berlin from rest of world.  US airlifted supplies to West Berlin

NATO Military defense alliance of US and Western Europe against Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Warsaw Pact)

Warsaw Pact Military defense alliance of Soviet Union and Eastern Europe against US and Western Europe (NATO)

Invasion of Hungary 1956/Czechoslovakia 1968

Warsaw Pact troops invaded to quell pro-democracy movements in governments.  Totalitarian tactic to suppress opposition.

Berlin Wall Built by East Berlin (USSR) to keep citizens from fleeing to free West Berlin.

Invasion of Afghanistan USSR invaded Afghanistan to solidify communist government, could not control country.

Vietnam/Korean Wars example of Truman Doctrine--communist forces in north of countries invaded south and tried to take over, US supported south with military, money.  Korea-no change, Vietnam-now communist.

The Cuban Missile Crisis (1963)

The US attempted to contain the threat of nuclear missiles in Cuba through the use of Kennedy’s naval blockade

Regents Practice

1. A key principle of the economic theory ofcommunism is(1) restoration of a bartering system(2) organization of workers’ unions(3) government ownership of property

(4) privatization of business

2. One reason the Bolsheviks gained peasantsupport during the Russian Revolution wasbecause the Bolsheviks promised to(1) redistribute land(2) abolish communes(3) bring modern technology to Russian farms(4) maintain an price-support program

3. Lenin’s promise of “Peace, Land, Bread” during the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was made in an effort to(1) end France’s occupation of Russia(2) gain popular support to overthrow thegovernment(3) restore Czar Nicholas II to power(4) resolve conflicts between farmers of diverseethnic backgrounds

“. . . The replacement of the bourgeois by theproletarian state is impossible without a violentrevolution. The abolition of the proletarian state, i.e., of all states, is only possible through‘withering away.’ . . .”— V. I. Lenin, 19174. This quotation is associated with (1) imperialism (3) communism(2) capitalism (4) militarism

5. Which leader based his rule on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels?(1) Neville Chamberlain(2) Vladimir Lenin(3) Adolf Hitler(4) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

6. Which statement about both the BolshevikRevolution in Russia and the rise of fascism inGermany and Italy is accurate?(1) Economic conditions led to political change.(2) Industrialization hindered development.(3) Goals were achieved by peaceful means.(4) Communist ideals fueled both movements.

7. Which statement describes one major aspect of a command economy?(1) Supply and demand determines what will be produced.(2) Most economic decisions are made by thegovernment.(3) The means of production are controlled bylabor unions.(4) The economy is mainly agricultural.

8. Five-year plans and collectivization are most closely associated with(1) Joseph Stalin (3) Adolf Hitler(2) Mikhail Gorbachev (4) Deng Xiaoping

9. Under communism in the former Soviet Union, people were required to(1) reject modern technology(2) limit the size of their families(3) honor their ancestors and religious traditions(4) put the interests of the state before individual gain

10. Under Joseph Stalin, peasants in the Soviet Union were forced to

(1) become members of the ruling party(2) support the Russian Orthodox Church(3) join collective farms(4) move to large cities

11. Joseph Stalin’s policies in Ukraine during the 1930s directly resulted in(1) widespread starvation(2) agricultural self-sufficiency(3) the development of cottage industries(4) the use of subsistence farming techniques

12. Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Communist Russia were similar in that each(1) protected individual rights(2) elected their leaders through popular vote(3) supported market-based economies(4) established totalitarian governments

13. Totalitarian governments are characterized by the(1) elimination of heavy industry(2) use of censorship and secret police(3) lack of a written constitution(4) support of the people for democracy14. The political climate of the Cold War caused the world’s two superpowers to(1) cooperate in halting the spread of communism(2) colonize Africa and Asia(3) compete economically and militarily(4) protect human rights

15. After World War II, the Soviet Union maintained control of many Eastern European nations mainly because these nations were(1) a source of new technology and skilled labor(2) near warm-water ports on the Mediterranean Sea(3) extensions of communist power(4) members of the North Atlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO)

16. Which group of countries became Sovietsatellites after World War II?(1) France, Spain, Great Britain(2) Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary(3) Switzerland, Austria, Belgium(4) Turkey, Greece, Italy

17. The Marshall Plan was designed to stop the spread of communism by providing(1) government housing to refugees(2) military assistance to Vietnam(3) funds for economic recovery in war-tornEuropean nations(4) nuclear weapons to North Atlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO) members

18. Which United States foreign policy was used to maintain the independence of Greece and Turkey after World War II?(1) containment (3) nonalignment(2) neutrality (4) militarism

19. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was initially formed to(1) promote religious freedom(2) defend Western Europe from Sovietaggression(3) isolate member nations from the rest of theworld(4) stop the flow of immigration betweenmember nations

20. One reason for the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 was to(1) promote reunification of East Germany andWest Germany(2) keep East Germans from fleeing to theWestern sector of Berlin(3) complete the post–World War II rebuildingof Berlin(4) meet the requirements of the North AtlanticTreaty Organization (NATO)

21. The Truman Doctrine, Korean War, crisis in Guatemala, and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were all

(1) reasons for the Industrial Revolution(2) examples of Japanese imperialism(3) events of the Cold War(4) causes of World War II

22. During most of the Cold War period, which two nations were divided into communist andnoncommunist parts?(1) China and Mongolia(2) Vietnam and Korea(3) Pakistan and Ireland(4) Poland and Cuba

23. Which event illustrates the policy of containment?(1) Nuremberg trials (1945–1946)(2) Hungarian revolt (1956)(3) launching of Sputnik (1957)(4) naval blockade of Cuba (1962)

“Korea Divided at 38th Parallel”“Hungarian Revolution Crushed”“Missile Sites Spotted in Cuba”24. The events in these headlines contributed to the(1) development of peacetime alliances(2) collapse of the Soviet Union(3) rejection of imperialism by Western nations(4) tensions between the superpowers

25. Which Cold War event occurred last?(1) Cuban missile crisis(2) Korean War(3) fall of the Berlin Wall(4) Berlin blockade

Collapse of Communism (1991)

In the 1980's the Soviet Union stared to have major problems.

Citizens in the USSR and Eastern Europe began to demand more and more rights (speech, press, religion), economic goods (toasters, umbrellas, cars), and freedom to rule themselves. 

The usual Soviet reaction to such grumblings would be to send in the tanks and squash the problem.  However, the Soviet Union was broke due to an extended arms race with NATO. 

The Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced western economic (perestroika) and governmental (glasnost) reforms into the Soviet Union to try save the country.Eventually, the Berlin Wall was destroyed and the Cold War ended as the Soviet Union broke up into numerous republics. Eastern European countries removed their totalitarian governments, and Germany unified (again).  Ethnic rivalries are creating tension in the former Soviet Union.  In Russia, for example, the province of Chechnya is attempting to gain its independence.  The Chechens have been warring with Russia for some time and have even used terrorist tactics. All are experimenting with varying degrees of democracy and capitalism (a free market economy) where people own their own businesses and produce products according to supply and demand.

Regents Practice

1. One reason Mikhail Gorbachev implemented the policies of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union was to(1) eliminate freedom of speech and press(2) destroy the power of the opposition party(3) dominate the governments of Eastern Europe(4) encourage political discussion and economic reform

2. The goal of Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies ofperestroika and glasnost was to(1) expand collectivization and communes(2) develop Soviet nuclear weapons(3) stimulate economic growth and politicaldiscussion(4) stop expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) into Eastern Europe

3. One way in which Vladimir Lenin’s NewEconomic Policy and Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy of perestroika are similar is that both(1) allowed elements of capitalism within acommunist economic system(2) strengthened their country’s militarydefenses(3) supported censorship of news and of personal correspondence(4) increased tensions during the Cold War4. One way in which Lech Walesa, Mikhail

Gorbachev, and Nelson Mandela are similar isthat each(1) led the people of his nation toward a moredemocratic government(2) fought for power for the black majority overthe white minority(3) worked to end communism in his country(4) refused to participate in the United Nations

5. What has the end of communism in the Soviet Union caused many countries in Eastern Europe to do?(1) shift to a command economy(2) maintain a communist form of government(3) pursue free-market economic policies(4) join the Warsaw Pact

6. The destruction of the Berlin Wall and thebreakup of the Soviet Union signify the(1) end of the Cold War(2) collapse of the Taliban(3) strength of the Warsaw Pact(4) power of the European Union

Collapse of Imperialism and the Modern World

China

Communism in China took a slightly different route. 

After declining steadily since the Boxer Rebellion, the Chinese empire lost power in the early 20th century.  

Sun Yat-sen (left) advocated for a democratic governmental system, but eventually capitalist warlords and rich landlords led by Chiang Kai-shek (right) ruled China. 

Again, the rich were getting richer and the poor were getting poorer. 

Mao Zedong led a communist revolution against Chiang's nationalist government with the support of the poor peasants.  Mao solidified his control of China during the Long March. The peasants became Mao's base of power when he established the People's Republic of China.  Chiang was pushed from mainland China and established the Republic of China on Taiwan. 

Like Stalin, Mao used brutal, totalitarian tactics to collectivize China.  The Great Leap Forward disrupted the country's economy in an attempt to collectivize, leaving millions dead.  Mao used students to push his Cultural Revolution and change the way the country thought about communism.  Again, the country was severely disrupted.

Pure communism has never been successful. Communist countries must eventually integrate some ideas from capitalism. In China, Deng Xiaoping implemented capitalist economic policies called the Four Modernizations to jump start the communist economy.  Deng had a catch phrase: "I don't care if

a cat is red (communist) or white (capitalist), as long as it catches mice (economic prosperity)."   However, civil rights reforms have not taken place. 

In 1989, students staged a large demonstration for rights in Tiananmen Square.  The communist regime sent in tanks and crushed the protest.  Deng's catch phrase: "Free markets, not free people."

Regents Practice

1. The Communist Revolution in China was primarily supported by the(1) warlords (3) factory owners(2) peasants (4) gentry

Base your answers to questions 2 and 3 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.. . . (1) Internally, arouse the masses of the people. That is, unite the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie, form a domestic united front under the leadership of the working class, and advance from this to the establishment of

a state which is a people’s democratic dictatorship under the leadership of the working class and based on the allianceof workers and peasants.(2) Externally, unite in a common struggle with those nations of the world which treat us asequals and unite with the peoples of all countries. That is, ally ourselves with the Soviet Union, with the People’s Democracies and with the proletariat and the broad masses of the people in all other countries, and form an international united front. . . . Source: Mao Tse-Tung [Mao Zedong]

2. Mao Zedong is suggesting that China

(1) create a government under the leadership of industrialists(2) give up its independence and become a part of the Soviet Union(3) rely on the United Nations for economic aid(4) join with the Soviet Union in communism

3. In this passage, Mao Zedong uses ideas of(1) Thomas Malthus(2) Adam Smith(3) Karl Marx(4) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)

4. One way in which Joseph Stalin’s five-year plans and Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward are similar is that both plans were(1) efforts to reduce human rights violations(2) policies to improve relations with the West(3) methods used to control population growth(4) attempts to increase agricultural and industrial production

5. What was one social change Mao Zedonginstituted in China after 1949?(1) granting legal equality for men and women(2) requiring arranged marriages(3) adopting the practice of foot binding(4) mandating Confucianism as the statephilosophy

6. One way in which the Great Leap Forward and the Four Modernizations are similar is that each was an attempt to(1) increase farm and factory output(2) develop a democratic government(3) strengthen economic ties with communistneighbors

(4) reduce the gap between rich and poor

7. Which set of events in 19th- and 20th-century Chinese history is in the correct chronological order?(1) Great Leap Forward → Opium Wars →Long March → Four Modernizations(2) Four Modernizations → Long March →Opium Wars → Great Leap Forward(3) Opium Wars → Long March →Great Leap Forward → Four Modernizations(4) Long March → Four Modernizations →Great Leap Forward → Opium Wars

8. In 1989, the government of China responded to the challenge of protests in Tiananmen Square by(1) halting trade with the West(2) allowing democratic elections(3) sending in tanks and troops to end thedemonstrations(4) calling for a special session of the UnitedNations Security Council

9. The gathering at Amritsar (1919), the rallies in Soweto (1976), and the demonstrations inTiananmen Square (1989) directly resulted in(1) rejection of Western ideas(2) promises of economic reform(3) movements toward democracy(4) violence against the protestors

India

Mohandas Gandhi led India to independence from Great Britain.  Gandhi and other members of the Indian National Congress used nonviolent protests called civil disobedience(refusing to obey unjust laws) to free India. 

Some examples are:

the Salt March (manufacture salt without paying British tax) the Quit India movement (wear homespun clothing, not clothing made in mercantile factories in Britain)

hunger strikes  

However, Gandhi could not free India from religious conflict between Hindus and Muslims.

When India was granted its independence, it was partitioned into two countries:

India (Hindu) East (now Bangladesh) and West

Pakistan (Muslim)

Although the current governments have had success in feeding their over 1 billion inhabitants, many problems exist between the countries, including:

ethnic and religious conflict a nuclear arms race

dispute over the northern provinces of Kashmir and Jammu

Regents Practice

1. Mohandas Gandhi’s protests in India were a response to Great Britain’s(1) support of Zionism(2) practice of humanitarianism(3) introduction of socialism(4) policy of colonialism

2. Mohandas Gandhi’s protests were often successful because of his application of(1) an appeasement policy(2) civil disobedience(3) traditional caste beliefs(4) divide-and-conquer principles3. Which event in Indian history could be

considered a result of the other three?(1) Salt March(2) Amritsar Massacre(3) Sepoy Rebellion(4) passage of the Independence Act

4. Between 1945 and 1947, the differences between the Hindus and the Muslims in India led to the(1) Sepoy Mutiny(2) Salt March(3) policy of nonalignment(4) partitioning of the subcontinent

Middle East

After World War II, Middle Eastern nations gained their independence, mainly from France and Great Britain. 

In 1948, the Zionists (Jewish nationalists) were successful in their quest--to create a Jewish homeland country in Palestine called Israel. This homeland was promised to the Zionists by the British in the Balfour Declaration of 1921.

Unfortunately, the Arab countries in the region did not want them there and did not like that Israel took more land than was given by the United Nations.

And, there was the problem of the Palestinians who lived there already. 

Yassir Arafat, a Palestinian nationalist leader, has been trying to return the Palestinians to their homeland for many years.  The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) sometimes used terrorism to try to advance their cause.

Turkey

Turkey was the area in the Middle East controlled by the Ottoman Empire until its defeat in World War I. A Turkish general named Mustafa Kemal Ataturk successfully resisted Allied attempts at taking territory held by the now defunct Ottoman Empire.  By 1920, the modern nation of Turkey was given sovereignty.  Ataturk, with great foresight, instituted reform policies that westernized and modernized the new nation of Turkey.  Some traditional practices were discarded, factories and infrastructure were built, education and government were revamped, and women's rights were established.  

Oil

The world's largest oil reserves are in the Middle East, which makes it a very important place for every industrialized country.  Modernized countries are very dependent on Middle Eastern oil and try to exert pressure on the nations there to increase their influence there.  Many Arab nations banded together to form (OPEC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to try to control the world’s oil supply in favor of the Middle East. OPEC raised US prices of oil in the 1970’s because of the US support for Israel during one of the Middle Eastern wars.

In 1991, The US and its allies fought the Persian Gulf War against Iraq because Iraq threatened their oil supply from Kuwait.

In Iran, revolutionaries removed the western influenced Shah (king) from power an created a Muslim fundamentalist (religious) state led by the Ayatollah Khomeini with laws based on the Koran.  Some Islamic fundamentalists in the region even use terrorism to remove the western influence from their countries.  Regents Practice

Base your answer to question 1 on the passage below.. . . In order to obtain Arab support in the War,the British Government promised the Sherif ofMecca in 1915 that, in the event of an Alliedvictory, the greater part of the Arab provinces of the Turkish Empire would become independent. The Arabs understood that Palestine would be included in the sphere of independence. In order to obtain the support of World Jewry, the British Government in 1917 issued the Balfour Declaration. The Jews understood that, if the experiment of establishing a Jewish National Home succeeded and a sufficient number of Jews went to Palestine, the National Home mightdevelop in course of time into a Jewish State. . — the Report of Palestine Commission, 1937

1. Which idea is supported by the passage?(1) The British made no promises to either theArabs or the Jews.

(2) The Arab-Israeli conflict can be traced in part to British promises.(3) The United Nations did not try to preventconflict in the Middle East.(4) Only the Jews were promised an independent state in Palestine.

2. Which document is most closely associated with the Arab-Israeli conflict?(1) Balfour Declaration(2) Kyoto Protocol(3) Communist Manifesto(4) Treaty of Nanjing

• Pamphlet on the philosophy of Zionism• Balfour Declaration• Oslo Accords3. These documents are most closely associated with the controversy over(1) efforts by the United Nations to restrict childslavery and indentured servitude(2) production of oil by the Organization ofPetroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)(3) trade agreements established by the World

Trade Organization (WTO)(4) control of land in the Middle East byPalestinians and Jews

A Jewish State Is Created”“Six-Day War Results in Major Arab Losses”“Withdrawal Begins from West Bank”4. Which situation is referred to in these headlines?(1) Persian Gulf War(2) Scramble for Africa(3) conflict between Israelis and Palestinians(4) collapse of the Ottoman Empire

5. Which statement about Turkish leader Atatürk is an opinion rather than a fact?(1) He promoted modernization.(2) His efforts led to the development ofindustries.(3) He encouraged people to wear western-style clothing.(4) His major accomplishment was the separation of church and state.

6. One way in which Atatürk of Turkey and Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam are similar is that both

(1) led nationalist movements in their countries(2) formed communist governments(3) kept their countries out of the United Nations(4) led their countries during the Cold War

7. The Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC) is known for its efforts to(1) develop workable alternatives to fossil fuels(2) bring Western oil to the Middle East(3) stop the export of oil to non-Arab nations(4) establish production quotas to control theprice of oil

8. In Iran, the Revolution of 1979 and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism resulted in

1. an increase in woman’s rights 2. the westernization and modernization of the nation 3. a return to many traditional customs 4. the introduction of a democracy

9. Which event can be considered a conflict brought about in part by a religious reform movement?(1) World War I (3) World War II(2) Cuban Revolution (4) Iranian Revolution

AfricaNationalism in Africa was a huge force in independence movements. 

African leaders like Jomo Kenyatta (left) and Kwame Nekrumah lead their countries to independence.  This independence movement for all Africans was known as Pan-Africanism.

However, because the Europeans drew the colonies' boundaries across tribal boundaries, the nation’s immediately had ethnic conflicts and sometimes civil war. 

South Africa gained its independence from the British Empire. However, its biggest issue was not independence from Europe, it was apartheid. Apartheid is the legal discrimination against black people, even though white people are the minority in South Africa.  Blacks were 72% of the population (Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswano, and others) while Whites were 16% (British, Dutch Boers) For many years, the government of South Africa refused to repeal apartheid despite huge international economic pressure like boycotts.  The African National Congress, banned until the 1990's, was the political voice of South African blacks.  One of its leaders, Nelson Mandela, was imprisoned for years by the apartheid regime.  When apartheid was ended, he was elected president.  Regents Practice 1. One similarity in the actions of Ho Chi Minh and Jomo Kenyatta was that both leaders

(1) introduced Western ideas to their societies(2) established democracy(3) led nationalist movements

(4) supported separation of church and state

2. African Nationalists of the 20th CenturyA. Leopold SenghorB. Jomo KenyattaC. Julius NyerereD. ________________________(1) Atatürk [Mustafa Kemal](2) Ho Chi Minh(3) José de San Martín(4) Kwame Nkrumah

3. The policy of strict racial separation anddiscrimination that was implemented in theRepublic of South Africa is called(1) collectivization (3) intifada(2) apartheid (4) communism

4. Which situation existed under the policy ofapartheid in South Africa?(1) All people were guaranteed suffrage.(2) The black majority held the most power.(3) Society was controlled by white minority.(4) Social inequality was eliminated.

Base your answers to questions 5 and 6 on the passage below.

. . . Above all, we want equal political rights . I know this sounds revolutionary to the Whites in this country, because the majority of voters will be Africans. This makes the White man fear democracy. But this fear cannot be allowed to stand in the way of the only solution which will guarantee racial harmony and freedom for all. The ANC [African National Congress] has spent half a century fighting against racialism. When it triumphs it will not change that policy. . — Nelson Mandela, Speech, 19645. This passage describes the opposition of the African National Congress to the(1) revival of colonialism(2) rivalries between tribes(3) practice of apartheid(4) introduction of a coalition government

6. Which generalization can be supported by this passage?(1) Racism has disappeared in South Africa.(2) The African National Congress has changed its social goals.(3) Giving the vote to black Africans will result in racial domination.(4) Nelson Mandela opposed political divisionbased on color.

Latin America

After WW II Latin America has been in transition. Governments have been changing from dictatorships to democracies. Additionally, Latin American nations have been dominated by a few wealthy landowners. (the peninsulares and creoles)

In some countries, the military has gained control of Latin America and the Catholic Church continues to be a huge influence in the lives of Latin American people.

Many Latin American countries have signed the North American Free Trade Agreement which was originally a trade agreement between US, Canada, and Mexico to lower trade restrictions (like tariffs)

In 1959, Fidel Castro began the Cuban Revolution that overthrew the dictator Batista. Fidel Castro was successful because he promised to redistribute land to the peasants and he created communism in Cuba. Cuba remains one of the world’s only communist nations. Cuban dictator Fidel Castro has struggled to maintain communism after the collapse of his ally, the USSR.

Regents Practice

peninsulares

Mulattoes and Mestizos

creoles

Slaves

1. The social class system in Latin America during the 16th and 17th centuries reflects the(1) dominance of Spanish-born nobility(2) emerging equality between classes(3) influence of mestizo economic power(4) increasing social mobility of Native American Indians

2. What was a major cause of the civil wars in many Central American nations in the 1970s and 1980s?(1) economic differences between social classes(2) end of slavery in the encomienda system(3) rapid economic reform(4) oil production policies

• Organization of American States (OAS)• European Union (EU)• North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)3. These organizations and agreements areexamples of(1) political isolation(2) military alliances(3) regional cooperation(4) collective security

4. Kim Jong Il and Fidel Castro are 21st-centuryleaders who believe in the ideas of(1) Karl Marx(2) Adam Smith(3) Siddhartha Gautama(4) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

5. One way in which Ho Chi Minh, Fidel Castro,and Kim Jong Il are similar is that each(1) set up democratic governments(2) used Marxist political principles(3) overthrew a ruling monarch(4) promoted Confucian principles

6. Although Cuba has lost support from manynations, one reason Fidel Castro has remained in power is that he has(1) established free trade with the United States(2) opposed communism(3) prohibited the practice of Catholicism(4) raised the standard of living for many Cubans

Current Trends

Urbanization--Industrialization of developing nations has led to a move of the population to cities.  The cities usually do not have adequate infrastructure to handle the influx of population, which creates poor living conditions.  Also, to accommodate the new population, cities must expand and destroy natural areas in favor of new houses, factories, roads, etc.  Urbanization has led to the decline of many traditional beliefs (like the caste system in India). Green Revolution--The rapidly growing population must eat or starve to death.  Many scientists have dedicated themselves to improving the food supply.  The result is the Green Revolution--a series of new discoveries which increases the amount of food which can be produced.  Examples are new farming techniques (like hydroponics) and high yield gains (like rice and wheat). 

Environment--In developing countries, the environmental issues take a back seat to improving quality of life.  For example, the Amazon rainforest is being destroyed at an alarming rate to make way for farmland to feed the people of South America.  Also, these countries care little about the pollution their new industrialization creates; pollution is linked to global warming. Human rights--The UN created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to standardize what rights each individual on the planet is entitled to.  Most of these ideas came out of the Enlightenment.  Many nations around the world do not act in accordance with this declaration.  Also, many people are demanding self-determination--the right to choose your own government. Nuclear Weapons--The end of the Cold War reduced the threat of global nuclear destruction.  However, it also removed some of the security of the technology to create nuclear weapons.  Many nations have developed nuclear capability in the past few years, creating new arms races (like India and Pakistan).  Some countries may even be willing to sell this technology to terrorists... 

Regents Practice

1. The breakdown of traditions, increased levels of pollution, and the expansion of slums are negative aspects of1. militarism 3. Collectivization2. pogroms 4. urbanization

2. In India, urbanization affected society by(1). Reinforcing Hindu beliefs(2) encouraging native arts and crafts(3) weakening the traditional caste system(4) increasing the number of farmers

3. Since the 1960s, famine in many parts of the world has been reduced by(1) increased urbanization(2) global warming(3) laissez-faire capitalism(4) the Green Revolution

“India Strives for Grain Self-Sufficiency by 1970”“New Wheat Variety Grows in Arid Climate”“Chemical Fertilizer Use Rises 10% in 1960”“Sri Lanka’s Rice Production Increases 25% in ThreeYears”4. These newspaper headlines from the 1960s and1970s describe some of the results of the(1) Sepoy Mutiny(2) Kashmir crisis(3) Green Revolution(4) Computer Revolution

5. During the late 20th century, in which area did deforestation become a serious problem?(1) Great European Plain(2) Amazon Basin(3) Deccan Plateau(4) Great Rift Valley

6. The global problems of pollution, acid rain, and the breakdown of the ozone layer indicate a need for(1) greater international cooperation(2) increased urbanization(3) a balance of trade between nations(4) an increase in space exploration

7. The problems created by the deterioration of the Earth’s ozone layer and increases in the amounts of acid rain suggest a worldwide need for(1) rapid industrialization of developing economies(2) better health-care programs(3) nuclear-powered electric generating facilities(4) stricter pollution regulations

“Women of Kuwait Demand the Right to Vote”“Property Inheritance Still Limited for Women of Nepal”“Women in Jordan Form Alliance to Increase Political Representation”8. Which conclusion is supported by these headlines?(1) Equal rights for women continues to be a

global concern.(2) Women are not active in political issues.(3) Women have achieved equality in the area of education.(4) Communist governments have insured equal rights for women.

9. The Armenian massacre, the Holocaust, and the Rape of Nanking are examples of(1) appeasement policies(2) resistance movements(3) Russification efforts(4) human rights violations

10. Which statement about the spread of nuclear weapons is a fact rather than an opinion?(1) Nations possessing nuclear weapons should not have to limit the production of weapons.(2) The spread of nuclear weapons was a smaller problem in the 1990s than it was in the 1970s.(3) The United States and Russia signed theStrategic Arms Limitation Treaties during the1970s.(4) Only developing nations are concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons.

Genocide

The world has often turned a blind eye to human rights violations.  This began to change after the Holocaust of the 20th century.

The pursuit of self-determination, (self-rule) or the denial of it, has often led to violence.  In these cases people have been killed for reasons such as religious affiliation of ethnic background.  These problems range from the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia in the 1970s, to the present day situation in the Balkans.

Khmer Rouge:  The Khmer Rouge were a group of communist guerillas, led by Pol Pot, that gained control of Cambodia after the withdrawal of American troops from the Vietnam War.  The initiated a reign of terror, killing over a million people to remove all western influence from the country.  This gross violation of human rights ended when Vietnam invaded and occupied the country in 1979.  In the 1990s, the United Nations negotiated a peace settlement, and began the democratic process in Cambodia.

Another example of tribalism leading to gross human rights violations is the civil war in Rwanda between the Hutu and

Tutsi.  Tribal rivalries had existed for years between these groups, often leading to violence since independence.  In 1994, the United had concluded a peace agreement to end the violence in their country.  Unfortunately, it was short lived.  The Hutu dominated Rwandan army initiated a genocide against the Tutsi, killing more than a million of them in under a year.  This was ended when a Tutsi rebel army seized the government.  Since this time, UN Peacekeeping forces have worked to end the violence, with little success.

BalkansYugoslavia was created at the end of World War I.  It contained various ethnic and religious groups.  After World War II, this area was dominated by the Soviet Union.  After the fall of communism, the various ethnic and religious groups, including the Orthodox Christian Serbs, the Roman Catholic Croats, the Muslim Albanians, and others, attempted to separate from Yugoslavia and form their own nations. The nations of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina all gained independence at this time.  However, this independence came at a price.  War and ethnic violence have devastated this once united country.  In Bosnia and Herzegovina, many non-Serbs were either killed or forced out of the country by Serb forces.  This policy was called Ethnic Cleansing.  Gross

violations of human rights occurred, such as the systematic rape of non-Serb women, and the widespread use of terrorism and death.

The Yugoslav army, under Slobodan Milosevic, fought to keep non-Serbs from breaking away from Yugoslavia. During the 1990s, he used his army to terrorize ethnic Albanians in Kosovo, who were asking for self-rule.  The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) finally put a stop to this violence, and Milosevic was put on trial for war crimes.  The former Yugoslavia continues to face many problems regarding ethnic strife.

Regents Practice

1. Armenians under Ottoman rule and Cambodians under the Khmer Rouge both experienced(1) an outbreak of the plague(2) human rights violations(3) economic sanctions(4) an agricultural revolution

2. A major goal of the Hutu-led regime in Rwanda in mid-1994 was to(1) eliminate the Tutsi minority(2) align with the Soviet Union(3) promote ethnic tolerance(4) strengthen ties with Belgium

3. During the 20th century, global attention was drawn to the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire, the Tutsis of Rwanda, and the Muslims of Kosovo because these groups were all victims of(1) nuclear power accidents(2) human rights violations

(3) environmental disasters(4) the AIDS epidemic

4. Which statement about the Balkan Peninsula since 1995 is most accurate?(1) Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia are nowboth controlled by Yugoslavia.(2) Ethnic tensions and conflict continue to be a problem in much of the region.(3) Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia became the first democratically elected leader of the region.(4) The Balkan Peninsula has become one of the most prosperous regions in Europe.

5. In the late 20th century, what was a problem common to the Balkans, Rwanda, and Indonesia?(1) disposal of nuclear waste(2) ethnic or religious conflicts(3) drought and famine(4) overcrowding of urban centers

6.The late 20th-century conflicts in Rwanda,Yugoslavia, and India were similar in that eachwas caused by the(1) deforestation conducted by multinationalcompanies(2) collapse of communism(3) intervention of United Nations peacekeeping forces(4) rivalries between ethnic groups

7. Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, the killing fields of Cambodia (Kampuchea), and the dirty war inArgentina are all examples of(1) nationalist revolts(2) human rights violations(3) international terrorism(4) religious conflicts

8. The Armenian Massacre, the “killing fields” of the Khmer Rouge, and Saddam Hussein’s attacks against the Kurds are examples of(1) apartheid

(2) enslavement(3) human rights violations(4) forced collectivization

9. The treatment of the Armenians by OttomanTurks in the late 19th and early 20th centuriesand the treatment of Muslims by the Serbs ofYugoslavia in the 1990s are both examples of(1) coalition rule(2) liberation theology(3) universal suffrage(4) human rights violations

10. A study of Spain during the late 1400s, the Balkan States during the early 1900s, Rwanda during the 1990s, and Central Asia today shows that(1) civil disobedience is an effective way to bring about change(2) people have been encouraged to questiontradition(3) colonial rule has a lasting legacy(4) ethnic conflicts have been a recurring issue in History

Test Taking Tips

There are 15 themes covered in Global History.They are:

-Change-Turning points-Belief systems-Geography and environment-Economic systems-Political systems-Culture and intellectual life-Nationalism-Imperialism-Diversity and independence-Justice and human rights-Movement of people and goods-Science and technology-Conflict-Modern Global Connections and interactions

To study for the thematic essay, I've made a flash card for each theme, and on the back I write a thesis and 2 examples of history I could use, along with 5 or so bullet points summarizing what I can write in each body paragraph (for example, if the flash card topic was Justice and human rights, I

would write "Jews in Nazi Germany" with 5 bullet points on the important facts about it, and then under that I could write "Indians under the British Colonial Empire" with 5 bullet points on Gandhi’s contribution on freeing India from being imperialized by the British). I've done about 3 practice tests, and I've noticed that information definitely comes back to you when you do problems and check your answers. The DBQ shouldn't be hard at all, nothing to worry about, it practically writes itself. Just do old regents for practice and use the flash card system and you will be more than fine! Also, there is a generous curve, so if you get an 85% or higher, your grade will be curved to 100%!

Change –Ideas

Thesis: The ideas of individuals have had a significant influence on groups, nations and regions.

Martin Luther Martin Luther’s protest against Catholic Church changed way Europeans practiced Christianity

and produced divisions in Christianity The abuses of the Church included the sale of indulgences (pardons) for sins and Priests living

lavish lifestyles. Luther published his 95 Thesis (protests) against the Catholic Church which led to the

formation of Protestant Christianity. Luther preached that all you needed to be saved was faith and not your priest. Violent protests followed in Germany and new Protestant Christian religions were formed and

the power of the Catholic Church was weakened in Europe.

Karl Marx Karl Marx saw history as a class struggle and with industrialism; he saw the bourgeoisie

(business owners) taking advantage of the proletariats (workers). Marx and Frederick Engels wrote the pamphlet The Communist Manifesto which supported a

worker’s revolution to overthrow the business owners. Marx believed in the idea of sharing the wealth or creating a classless society where

everybody would be equal.

Some Marxist ideas of Communism took place in the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba.

Turning Points

Thesis - Political, economic, and social conditions have often led to turning points that have changed the course of history for nations and peoples.

Neolithic Revolution Change from hunting and gathering to farming Caused by cultivating crops and domesticating animals Effects were the development of civilizations as people permanently settled Effects were the development of social classes based on work that you did Effects were that new technologies developed in response to the need for better tools and

weapons to go along with the new way of living

French Revolution Change from absolute monarchy to limits on monarchies and more rights in government Caused by unfair treatment of 3rd estate (class) with least amount of land and heaviest taxes Caused by severe economic crisis from overspending and food shortages Effects were that the French Revolution influenced revolutions in Latin America Effects were that the middle class gained power in government and began to place limits on

Monarchs or ousted them in favor of other forms of government

Belief Systems

Thesis: There are a variety of belief systems practiced throughout the world today. Many of these beliefs have developed massive followings, and as a result, have had a considerable amount of influence on culture in the areas where they are practiced.

Confucianism Confucius lived in China, when there was mass disorder and shameful moral standards. Confucius believed that the only cure was to have an orderly society with mutual respect. It was taught that if everyone knew their place in society, then order would prevail. Chinese culture still stresses Filial Piety-One should respect their elders. The “five relations,” between king and subject, father and son, man and wife, older and

younger brother, and friend and friend, are of utmost importance even today in China.

Hinduism

Hinduism is a polytheistic religion where salvation is achieved through becoming spiritually one with the Gods.

Hindus believe in reincarnation, the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth until oneness is reached.

Reincarnation is influenced by karma(good or bad results based on past actions), and dharma (fulfilling one's duty in life).

The culture in India is influenced by the caste system, which is a rigid class system based on the ideas of karma and dharma.

Even though the caste system is illegal today, it is still practiced in some rural parts of India.

Human and Physical Geography

Thesis: Geographic features can positively or negatively affect the development of a nation or region.

Greece – Mountains Mountains caused the creation of city-states (polis) in Greece and prevented cultural diffusion Athens was a direct democracy with voting and a focus on education Sparta was a strict military based society ruled by an oligarchy (small group of people) Yet, there was a broad unifying Greek culture with a common language, common mythology,

and periodic Olympic games. Greek states worked together to defeat a Persian invasion but later Athens and Sparta fought

each other and were weakened in the Peloponnesian War.

Aztecs – Island Settled on island of Lake Texcoco left little room for cultivation (farming) of crops. Aztec solution was floating gardens made of rafts and mud to grow corn, tomatoes, and beans Capital city of Tenochtitlan was a big marketplace where goods and ideas were exchanged The Aztecs used their wealth to extend their empire and tribute (payment) flowed into the

island. The Aztec began their empire by overcoming the limitations of their island home.

Justice and Human Rights

Thesis: Throughout history, the human rights (basic rights – life, liberty, equality) of certain groups of people have been violated. Efforts have been made to address these violations.

Jews in Nazi Germany One of Adolf Hitler's main goals once taking control of Germany was the extermination of all

European Jews. The Jewish population of Europe had often been persecuted due to their religious difference

from the majority Christian population.  The Holocaust was the systematic murder of over 6 million Jews and 9 – 12 million others. Jewish rights were limited and they were restricted to a separate part of town, called a Ghetto,

could no longer run businesses, nor could they marry outside of their race. As World War II progressed, Hitler began forcing them into concentration camps, where they

were either immediately murdered, usually by poison gas, or used as slave labor until they died. 

After WWII, war criminal trials at Nuremburg were set up for leaders who committed Human Rights violations and the United Nations wrote the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Indians under British Colonial Rule British took economic control of India’s cotton industry using Indians for labor and new markets British practiced discrimination of Indians two main religions Hinduism and Islam – Sepoy

Rebellion was the result British forced Indians to learn English which helped Indians to unify against British rule

Gandhi used passive resistance to battle British control urging Indians to make their own cloth –Homespun Movement

Gandhi drew international support with his hunger strikes and Salt March end British gave up control of India after WWII.