European Colonization - a final overview

Europe Conquers the Americas:

• How was European contact like war?– Europeans sought to conquer the land for __________________________________– Tried to _____________________________________________ they found there

• The Spanish ___________________________________________ and the Americans waged __________________ on the “Indians”

• In Canada, more ______________________ were used, but the results were the same

The Lure of the “New World”:

• Europeans were drawn to North America by opportunities to _________________• ________________________ were big business• Also seeking freedom from ____________________________________________________

(such as the Pilgrims who settled in Massachusetts)• These explorers and settlers did not care that the land was ___________________________

______________________

New France:

• “New France” was the area of North America _________________________ between 1534 (when ___________________ first explored along the St. Lawrence River) and 1763 (when France _____________________ to Spain and Great Britain)

• In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec

• Champlain ________ himself as soon as possible with the ___________________________ peoples in the area, who were at war with the ______________

• In 1609, Champlain participated in a battle against the Iroquois, ______________________ two Iroquois chiefs

Jesuit Missionaries:

• The French __________________ was one of the ______________________ in New France

• Jesuit missionaries (known as “________________”) travelled the Great Lakes region, ______________ many of the Huron natives to ________________

• The presence of the Jesuits in Huron society was ______________________

• The Huron relied on ___________________ and the French would ____________________ with any Native communities that shunned the Jesuits

• The missionaries came into conflict with the Iroquois, who frequently attacked Montreal• When Huron communities were hit by _____________________, it was often the “black

robes” who ______________________

Coureurs de Bois:

• Coureurs de bois (“runners of the woods”) were _______________ _________________________ who travelled north and west to ____________ directly from the Natives

• They were adventurers who needed to be skilled at ____________ ______________________________________________________

• They made friends with Native peoples, learning their __________ ____________________

• Sometimes, they ________________________________________ with Native women

• This helped the men survive in a difficult environment, develop commercial contacts, and be accepted by Native communities

The Métis:

• The first Métis were the ___________________________________ and French coureurs de bois, or other __________________________________________

• _____________________ were established when a European married into a First Nation – many native families planned to have at least one daughter marry a European

• The _________________ of these unions _______________________, first around hunting, trapping and fur trading, that to this day have a ____________________________________

• The term "Métis" does not mean ___________________ who believes they also have some __________________

• It refers to specific communities of Aboriginal people and their culture• The Métis are recognized today as one of Canada’s _________________________

The Fur Trade:

• The English created the _______________________ in 1670 and gave it a ______________ over fur trade with the First Nations

• The HBC ___________________________________ in large parts of North America before there was large-scale _________________

• This led to ___________________________, who were also heavily involved in the fur trade

• As a result, many Native people were forced to ___________ ________ and became totally reliant on trade with the French and English

European Ethnocentrism:

• Early explorers and settlers described Native Americans as ___________________________ because they were not civilized according to ___________________________

• Most Europeans did not try to __________________ Native customs and culture

• They failed to understand that many Native cultures were just as ______________________ and “civilized” as many European cultures of the time

Mutual Benefits:

• Despite these _______________, early relations between Europeans and Natives were _________________________

• The first white settlers ___________________________ to the unfamiliar conditions in North America

• Native people helped Europeans by:– Teaching them how to ________________ and build __________________________– Teaching them how to ________________ and grow _____________________– Showing them how to __________________________ of the continent– _____________ with them and ___________________ them to Native communities

• Natives benefited from the introduction of European trade goods (like _________________, needles and thread) and the ___________ generated by the fur trade

Acculturation vs. Assimilation:

• ___________________ is a natural process that occurs when individuals from ___________ _____________ get acquainted and _____________________

• Each side may incorporate some aspects of the other group into their ______________ (and get the best of both cultures)

• However, European culture was also _____________ on Natives, _____________________

• This process is called _________________, when a cultural group is _______________ by another and _________________________________

Changing Attitudes:

• At first, there were ____________________ _________ than Europeans

• Native people in this early period were a ____________________________________

• Even though ____________ had greatly reduced their populations, Natives were still a ________________________ – and a significant part of colonial _______________

• The English and French both established _____________________ with Native groups

• However, as immigrants began to arrive in greater numbers, the Europeans changed their approach and became __________________ _________________________________________