Moving towards the 20th CenturyWelcome to “isms”

Realism

Courbet, Girl with Parrot

Manet, “Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand”

How does it differ from Goya’s Romantic assassianation?

Realism

• A reaction against Romantic flights of fancy• Positivism= French mid-century philosophy, all laws can be revealed by science• Marx= Communist Manifesto written in 1848• No historical imagery, NO ILLUSION• Occurred simultaneously with Romanticism (mid-1800’s)• Explored urban life and the rapid changes of industrialism• Explored new materials and technologies• Painting is a process…sets stage for impressionists

Daumier’sThird Class Wagon,

1862

Gustave COURBET (1819-77)“show me an angel and I’ll paint one”

The Stonebreakers

bv

•French•Ill-tempered•A socialist and an activist•Bodies and the material, not souls and the spiritual•Painted the commonplace---”concrete art”

Burial at Ornans, 1849

gfd“the facts, and nothing but the facts”

Francois Millet (1814-75)• Painted plight of

ordinary people at home and at work

• A member of the Barbizon School in France

• Painted in open air and studied effect of light and weather on subjects

• Fresh air and open fields are a reaction against the grime and darkness of the Industrial Revolution

DaumierRue Transnonian, 1834

People’s revolt in ParisLithograph makes it available to all

Edouard Manet

• French• Caused scandal with

Olympia, depicting a real courtesan who was not a Venus or an odalisque; depicted a sensuous and independent cat instead of a faithful dog

• When rejected by the academy, created his own one man shows and salon exhibits

A bridge between Realism and Impressionism

A Bar at the Folies Bergere, 1881

Olympia, 1863

Titian’s odalisque

Giorgione vs Manet

Manet---Dejeuner sur l’herbe(Luncheon on the Grass), 1863at Salon des RefusesIt did cause a fury.

Giorgione----why did this Renaissance scene not cause a fury?

Edgar Degas• French• Painted in the Realist

style as well as Impressionist style

• Visited New Orleans and painted cotton factories as well as many scenes of middle class life

• Was interested in uncommon perspectives

• Note how each face is a separate portrait

The Cotton Exchange, 1872

Rosa Bonheur, Horsefair

•Immense scale, 8’x16.5’---animals are painted in “reality”•French Salon acceptance•Linked with Realists as she painted directly from Paris horse market

Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)• American, Pennsylvania• Loved science and sports• Looked to depict the reality of

everyday activities• The Gross Clinic resembles

Rembrandt’s corporation pictures of doctors

• Insisted on using nude models when teaching art at the Philadelphia Academy…was fired for letting women see the naked male body

• Was a photographer as well as a painter

Between Rounds

Racing

The Gross Clinic

Winslow Homer — American Realist

Snap the Whip, 1872children enjoy childhood in a new world

Veteran in a New Field, 1865

African American Artists, Post-Civil War

Henry O. Tanner1859-1937•Banjo Lesson, 1893•Friend of Eakins•Academically trained

Edmonia Lewis1845 (?)-1907(?)•Native American and African American•Trained at Oberlin•Forever Free, 1867—at Howard Univ.

Auguste Rodin

(1840-1917)• French• Expressed distress and

moral weakness as well as beauty

• You can see some of his sculptures at the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington

• Went away from the heroic and turned to the natural in his sculptures

• Gates of Hell,a response to Ghilberti’s Gates of Paradise in Florence and Michaelangelo’s Last Judgement, but Rodin addresses the inner hell of the psyche, not the external hell of the devil

"There is a statue in each block of marble. It is just a question of divining it and bringing it out by removing all that is excessive" - Rodin

The Kiss

Realist Architecture

LABROUSTE, French (1801-75) early “form follows function” architect

Iron explored as alternative to stone and brick …could span broader widths

PAXTON, English (1801-65)Created a “monstrous greenhouse” in London (1851), the Crystal Palace. Built of cast-iron skeleton of steel and glass…inexpensive and innovativeReaction against Gothic Revival and gaudy Victorian houses