The Powderkeg explodesSarejevo, June 28, 1914-Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Heir to Austrian Throne)

•Killed by Gavrilo Princip•Member of Serbian Nationalist group “The Black Hand”Opposed Austrian rule

Background Causes•Militarism

•Alliances

• Imperialism

•Nationalism

Keeping armed forces prepared for war.

Belligerent (War-like attitude)Arms race among European powers

Ex. Fiercest rivalry between Germany & Britain

Military or economic friendship between countries (Ex.Treaties)Pre-War

–Triple Alliance–Triple Entente

During War–Central Powers–Allied Powers

Triple Alliance Triple Entente

Germany BritainAustria-Hungary France

Italy Russia

competition among Europeans for colonies in Africa & Asia

Pride in one’s country or desire for independence

Balkans –Ethnic Strife–Powder Keg

Germany–Proud of growing military & industrial

strength

German 24%

Hungarian 20%

Czech 13%

Polish 10%

Ruthenian 8%

Romanian 6%

Croat 5%

Slovak 4%

Serb 4%

Slovene 3%

Italian 3%

The ethnic distribution of Austria-Hungary

France

•Wanted Revenge for losing Alsace & Lorraine

Russia

•Pan-Slavism- wanted to unite all Slavic Peoples (Ex. Balkans)

Austria –

•Against all Slavic nationalism

Alliance System Kicks inGermany offers Aust. Carte BlancheAustrians issue Serbia ultimatum Austria - Hungary Declares War on SerbiaRussia Mobilizes its forcesGermany declares war on RussiaGermany declares War on France

Germany invades Neutral Belgium to gain access to France

In response Britain declares war on Germany

“The Lamps are going out all over Europe. We Shall not see them lit again in our lifetime” Sir Edward Grey

Central Powers Allied PowersGermany Britain

Austria-Hungary France

Ottoman Empire U.S.

(1917)

Bulgaria Italy ***

China Japan

German military plan @ outset of war•Rapidly defeat France & than attack Russia•German army stalls outside Paris (Marne)Plan failed Forced to fight a two front war

•Marne River- Germans stopped @ outskirts of Paris ending Schlieffen Plan•Verdun – German offensive failed•Somme River- Allied Offensive failedMillions of soldiers killed for no gain

Located on the French and German border

• French and British Vs. German and

Italian forces• Schleifan Plan Fails• Trench Warfare• Stalemate- Battle lines

remained unchanged

opposing armies fight each other from dug in trenches

• No Mans Land in middle

• Horrible conditionsTrench footShellshock

Advances in weaponry =More death & destruction than ever before (8.5 mill. Killed)

Submarine WarfareSubmarine Warfare

War in the AirWar in the Air

TanksTanks

Original British tank

German tank

French tank

U.S.

Heavy ArtilleryHeavy Artillery

Poison GasPoison Gas

Machine GunsMachine Guns

FlamethrowersFlamethrowers

Grenade launcher

Fought on 3 continents

Over 30 countries involved

Two oceans

Located along the German and Russian border

• Russian and Serbians Vs. Germans, Austrians, and Turks

• More mobile than western Front

•British help Arab nationalists rise up against Turks

•Lawrence of Arabia leads guerilla raids

•Allies gain control of Baghdad,Jerusalem, Damascus

•Allied plan to attack Ottoman Empire

•Hoped to take control of Dardanelles

•Wanted to establish supply lines to RussiaPlan failed

•Balfour Declaration

•British support a Jewish national homeland in PalestineTroubles still exist today

•Japanese gain control of German possessions in China & the Pacific

•England & France seize German possessions in Africa

•British & French colonies support allied war efforts

•Britain imposes Naval Blockade of Germany•German U- Boats attacked Allied shipsBoth nations experienced severe food shortages

Countries devoted all resources to the war effort

•Command Economy

Govt. decides what to produce & how much

Govt. converted facilities into factories

Unemployment non-existent

•Taxes were raised & monies borrowed to finance the war

•War Bonds

•Government drafted men to fight

•Woman more involved in the workforce

•Contributions helped them in gaining right to vote after the war

•Rationing

•Limited the amount of goods people could buy

•Ex. Butter, leather, etc. were needed for the war effort

•Victory Gardens

•Censorship

•Govt. controlled info about the war

•Propaganda

•The spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause

I. 1917 U.S. Enters War

II.1918 Russia withdraws from War

Proclaimed neutrality @ outset of hostilities

•Public opinion divided over loyalties (Central vs. allies?)

•U.S. traded & lent money to both sides

•Wilson reelected under slogan”He Kept us out of the war”

•German policy of unrestricted Submarine Warfare

•Ex. Lusitania- American lives lost

•Zimmerman telegram

•U.S. public outraged

•Wilson declares war

•Not industrialized (lack of supplies)

•Only strength is #’s

•Lack of leadership/morale

•Civil unrest @ homeShortages, death toll, riots

Russian Revolution of 1917

•Lenin promises “Peace, Bread, & Land”

•Signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

Separate peace with Central PowersRussia leaves warHarsh(Russia loses enormous amounts of land)

•U.S. Troops help allies defeat exhauster German army @ the 2nd Battle of the Marne

•Allies push towards Germany

•Kaiser Wilhelm forced to abdicate

•New German government (Weimer Republic) signs armistice

•Nov. 11,1918 @ 11 am the armistice is signed

Veterans day is Nov. 11

8.5 million killed/17 million woundedMass destruction/famineHuge War debts/reparationsNew technology introducedU.S. becomes creditor nationEnd of major empires-A/Hungary, Germany, Russia, OttomanTurksTreaty of Versailles WWII

•Held @ The Palace of Versailles, France•Decisions made by major Allied powers•Germany & its allies not represented but had to abide by decisions•Russia not represented

In the midst of Civil War

•Representatives of the 4 major allied powers

U.S.- Woodrow Wilson

Great Britain- David Lloyd George

France- Georges Clemenceau

Italy- Vittorio Orlando

** Each came w/ their own agenda

British & French Representatives wanted to punish Germany

•Strip Germany of War making powers

•Pay for suffering caused by war

Wilson wanted “Peace without Victory” based on his 14 points

Plan for achieving a just & lasting peace

•End to secret treaties

•Freedom of Seas

•Free trade

•Reduced militaries

•Self determination for new nations

A League of Nations (14th Point)

•Organization of Nations that would solve world conflicts through diplomacy

•Similar to the United Nations today

League of Nations formedGermany & Russia originally excluded

Territorial losses for Germany

•Alsace Lorraine

•French border extended to Rhine

•All overseas colonies

Military RestrictionsLimited size of German ArmyProhibited manufacturing or purchase of War MaterialsForbid submarines & air ForceRhineland becomes de-militarized zone

War Guilt Clause

Harshest provision

Sole responsibility for war placed on Germany

Germany forced to pay allies $33 billion in reparationsGermans were horrified by treaty

•Austro Hungarian Empire carved into

•Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, & Yugoslavia

•Ottoman lands became Mandates

•Territories administered by a Western Power

•Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan,etc.

U.S. rejected Treaty & League of NationsMandates in Africa & Asia upset about not gaining independenceItaly & Japan hoped to gain more territoryTreaty left bitterness & hatred in hearts of Germans

Would set the stage for WWII

8.5 million killed/17 million woundedMass destruction/famineHuge War debts/reparationsNew technology introducedU.S. becomes creditor nationEnd of major empires-A/Hungary, Germany, Russia, OttomanTurksTreaty of Versailles WWII