MotivationMotivation & & MotivatingMotivating in the Foreign Language in the Foreign Language Classroom Classroom

Presented by Winnie Chen

TESOL of NCTU

Agenda

Motivational strategiesPractical suggestions

Process-oriented motivational strategies

　Maintaining motivation

　Motivational condition

　 Initiating motivation

Self-evaluation

Motivational condition

Teacher behaviors & rapport

Supportive learning environment

Cohesive learner group

Teacher’s personalitiesModeling interest in learningTrust & respect with students

Teacher behaviors & rapport

Feeling relaxedEncouraged to express opinions

Supportive learning environment

Cohesive learner groupCooperationGroup norm

Initiating motivation

Enhancing values & attitudes

Increasing goal-orientedness

Relevant curriculum

Realistic learner beliefs

Intrinsic value attractive courseIntegrativeness teaching TC Instrumentality beneficial consequence

Enhancing values & attitudes

Increasing goal-orientedness

Personalizing learning goalsIdentification of goal featuresConstant review

Horwitz(1988): BALLI

1.Difficulty of language learning

2.Foreign language aptitude

3.The nature of language learning

4.Strategies

5.Motivation & expectations

Realistic learner beliefs

Setting subgoals

Improving quality of learning experience

Increasing self-confidence

Creating autonomy

Self-motivating strategies

Maintaining motivation

Pintrich & Schunk(1996):

1.Clear & specific

2.Challenging

3.Proximal & distal goals

4.Self-efficacy ++

Setting subgoals

Intrinsic enjoymentLearners’ social image

Ehrman & Dornyei(1998):

Rules fostering peer acceptance

Improving quality of learning experience

HOW?

Increasing self-confidence

Providing experiences of successOpportunities of making contributionEncouragementAffective strategies

Creating autonomy

HOW?Allowing students choicesGiving students authorityPeer teachingProject

Metacognitive control strategiesEmotional control strategiesMotivation control strategiesEnvironmental control strategies

Self-motivating strategies

Self-evaluation

Effort >> Ability

Motivational feedback

Learner satisfaction & doubts of grades

Informative feedback (not controlling feedback)Observing modelsPositive persuasionStrategy feedbackGraham(1994):

“Be aware of what feedbacks you provide! ”

Motivational feedbacks

Keller(1994): ARCS ModelBrophy(1998):

When rewards are detrimental?

1.High salience

2.Non-contingency

3.Artificial control devices

Learner satisfaction & doubts of grades

Practical suggestions

Commandments for motivating:

1. Personal example

2. Pleasant atmosphere

3. Presentation of tasks

4. Rapport

5. Self-confidence, goal-orientedness, & autonomy

6. Process > product

7. Teaching TC

Group-building strategies: 1. Group processes 2. Ice-breakers 3. Enhancing classroom interaction 4. “Fun” competition 5. Group norms & goals 6. Prepared for inevitable coflicts 7. Modeling 8. Giving the leadership role to the group 9. Giving some continuity

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