Motivation Ch 9

PSY 1000

Motivation Process by which activities are started,

directed, and continued Meets our physical and psychological needs or

wants

Types of Motivation Extrinsic Motivation

Perform and action that leads to an outcome outside of self Work for money

Decreases creativity

Intrinsic Motivation Perform an action because the act

itself is rewarding or satisfying Good grades to feel proud Physical challenges

Becomes ours

Approaches to Motivation Instinct

Biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior

William McDougall proposed 18 instincts for humans Flight, running away Aggressiveness Gathering possessions

Frued Psychoanalytical Theory Concepts of instincts reside in the id, basic human

needs and drives This theory has faded since it is able to describe

the behavior but not explain it

Approaches to Motivation Drive Reduction

Behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drive to satisfy need and reduce tension Primary Drive

Survival needs of the body such as hunger, thirst Body is in a state of imbalance

Acquired (secondary) Drive Learned through experience or conditioning Money Social approval

Homeostasis Body maintains a steady state

Does not explain all human behavior

Approaches to Motivation Arousal

The need for stimulation Curiosity, playing, exploration

People have an optimal level of tension Some tasks may have a high level of arousal

Anxiety over a test Nervous over a first date

Maintaining an optimal level may require increasing or decreasing tension

Sensation Seekers Need more complex and varied sensory experiences

than do others

Approaches to Motivation Incentive

Things that attract or lure people into action External stimulus and its rewarding properties

No need No tension

Expectancy-value Theories Actions of humans cannot be fully understood without

understanding the persons beliefs and values

Approaches to Motivation Humanistic

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Several level of needs to fulfill before a person achieves

the highest level of personality fulfillment Self-actualization the highest level

Person is fully satisfied with all the lower levels in their lives Seldom reached

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Many management programs are based on

this model Issues

No concrete research or study Based on Maslow’s observations Studies of Americans

Cross cultural needs /order of needs may differ

Self Determination Theory Self-Determination theory

Three inborn and universal needs Help a person gain a complete sense of self and healthy

relationships with others

1. Autonomy1. Need to be in control of one’s own behavior and goals

2. Competence1. Need to be able to master the challenging tasks of

one’s life3. Relatedness

1. Need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others

Emotions Feeling aspect

of consciousness

Physiology of Emotions When experiencing an emotion

Arousal is created by the sympathetic nervous system

Many emotions have the same physiological response Heart rate increases Body temp changes

Behavior of Emotions Facial expressions Body movements Actions Most are culturally universal

Display rules When the emotion is displayed

Subjective Experience: Labeling Emotions Interpreting the feelings by giving it a label

Anger, sad, happy Learned response influenced by their

language and culture

Goal of psychologists engaged in cross cultural research is to understand the meaning of a persons mental and emotional state without interpreting them incorrectly

Theories of Emotion Original thought of emotions were

Feeling emotion Behavior that responded to emotion

Event leads to Arousal leads to

Interpretation or Emotion or Reasoning or Cognitive labels

James-Lange Theory Event Arousal Interpretation

Emotion We will read what our body says and then label

the emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory Event Arousal Emotion Body responds and we label emotion at the

same time

Schachter-Singer and cognitive Arousal Event Arousal Cognitive Labels

Emotion Physical arousal and the labeling must occur

before the emotion is experienced

Facial Feedback Hypothesis Event Arousal/change of facial expression

Emotion What our facial expression is will go to the brain

and the emotion will intensify Emotion being expressed can cause the emotion

HAPPY

Lazarus and the Cognitive-Mediational Theory Event Interpretation Emotion

Arousal Event causes us to interpret what is going on then

we label the emotion and our body responds