5 motivation+i

8/6/2019 5 Motivation+I

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SemSem IISMS 2101SMS 2101


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Defining Motivation

Early theories of motivation:

Hierarchy of Needs theory ERG Theory

Theory X and Theory Y

Two-Factor Theory

Theory of Needs


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Key ElementsKey Elements

1.1. Intensity: how hard a person triesIntensity: how hard a person tries

2.2. Direction: toward beneficial goalDirection: toward beneficial goal

3.3. Persistence: how long a person triesPersistence: how long a person tries

MotivationMotivation

The processes that accountThe processes that account

for an individuals intensity,for an individuals intensity,

direction, and persistencedirection, and persistence

of effort toward attaining aof effort toward attaining a

goal.goal.


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1.1. PhysiologicalPhysiological: Includes hunger, thirst, shelter,: Includes hunger, thirst, shelter,

and other bodily needs.and other bodily needs.

2.2. SafetySafety: Security and Protection from physical: Security and Protection from physical

and emotional harm.and emotional harm.3.3. SocialSocial: Affection, acceptance, and friendship.: Affection, acceptance, and friendship.

4.4. EsteemEsteem: Internal factors (self: Internal factors (self--respect &respect &

achievement) and External factors (status,achievement) and External factors (status,

recognition & attention).recognition & attention).

5.5. SelfSelf--actualizationactualization: Drive to become what one: Drive to become what one

is capable of becoming.is capable of becoming.


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LowerLower--Order NeedsOrder NeedsNeeds that are satisfiedNeeds that are satisfied

externally; physiologicalexternally; physiological

and safety needs.and safety needs.

HigherHigher--Order NeedsOrder NeedsNeeds that are satisfiedNeeds that are satisfied

internally; social, esteem,internally; social, esteem,

and selfand self--actualizationactualization

needs.needs.


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Core NeedsCore Needs

ExistenceExistence: provision of: provision ofbasic materialbasic material

requirements.requirements

.

RelatednessRelatedness: desire for: desire forrelationships.relationships.

GrowthGrowth: desire for: desire forpersonal development.personal development.

ConceptsConcepts

More than one need can beMore than one need can beoperative at the same time.operative at the same time.

If a higherIf a higher--level needlevel needcannot be fulfilled, thecannot be fulfilled, thedesire to satisfy a lowerdesire to satisfy a lower--level need increases.level need increases.

ERG TheoryERG Theory

There are three groups of core needs: existence,There are three groups of core needs: existence,

relatedness, and growth.relatedness, and growth.


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Theory XTheory X

Assumes that employees dislikeAssumes that employees dislike

work, lack ambition, avoidwork, lack ambition, avoid

responsibility, and must beresponsibility, and must be

directed and coerced todirected and coerced to

perform.perform.

Theory YTheory Y

Assumes that employees likeAssumes that employees likework, seek responsibility, arework, seek responsibility, are

capable of making decisions,capable of making decisions,

and exercise selfand exercise self--direction anddirection and

selfself--control when committed tocontrol when committed to

a goal.a goal.


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TwoTwo--Factor (MotivationFactor (Motivation--Hygiene) TheoryHygiene) Theory

Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, whileIntrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while

extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction.extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction.

Hygiene FactorsHygiene Factors

FactorsFactorssuch as company policysuch as company policy

and administration, supervision,and administration, supervision,

and salaryand salarythat, when adequatethat, when adequate

in a job,in a job, pacify workerspacify workers.When.When

factors are adequate, people willfactors are adequate, people will

not be dissatisfied.not be dissatisfied.


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Factors characterizing events onFactors characterizing events onthe job that led to extreme jobthe job that led to extreme job

dissatisfactiondissatisfactionFactors characterizing eventsFactors characterizing events

on the job that led to extremeon the job that led to extreme

job satisfactionjob satisfaction


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nAch

nPow

nAff

Need for AchievementNeed for Achievement

The drive to excel, to achieveThe drive to excel, to achieve

in relation to a set ofin relation to a set of

standards, to strive tostandards, to strive tosucceed.succeed.

Need for AffiliationNeed for Affiliation

The desire for friendly andThe desire for friendly and

close personal relationships.close personal relationships.

Need for PowerNeed for Power

The need to make othersThe need to make othersbehave in a way that theybehave in a way that they

would not have behavedwould not have behaved

otherwise.otherwise.


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