more real-world applications of nanotechnology: energy mark tuominen, center for hierarchical...
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More Real-World Applicationsof Nanotechnology: Energy
Mark Tuominen, Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing, UMass, December 1, 2007
www.citizenre.com
www.honda.com
www.teslamotors.com
SOLAR CELLS
FUEL CELL CARS
ELECTRIC CARS
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Prior application examples:Nanoelectronics
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10 GB2001
20 GB2002
40 GB2004
80 GB2006
160 GB2007
Example: Advancement of the iPod
Hard driveMagnetic data storage
Uses nanotechnology!
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Shrinking Magnets to the Nanoscale
Increases the amount of data stored on a fixed amount of “real estate” !
Now ~ 100 billion bits/in2, future target more than 1 trillion bits/in2
25 DVDs on a disk the size of a quarter, orall Library of Congress books on a 1 sq ft tile!
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Computer
Microprocessor"Heart of the computer"
Does the "thinking"
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Shrinking Transistors to the NanoscaleMoore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip
intel.com
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Can similar advancements be made in energy technology?
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History of Energy Consumption in the U.S.
www.eia.doe.gov
quads
year
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U.S. Total Energy Flow, 2003in quadrillion Btu (QBtu)
www.eia.doe.gov
1 BTU ~ 1055 Joule
The U.S. consumes about 100 QBtu annually.
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2020 2030
Net imports
Consumption
Production
ProjectionsHistory
Total US Energy Production and Consumption, 1980-2030
quadrillion Btu
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The Earth’s Power SystemTheSun
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Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.
Solar Cells
Konarka
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Electric Solar CellsMade from single-crystal silicon wafers (conventionally)
cross-sectional view
n-type silicon
p-type silicon
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
+
-
Current
The load can be a lamp, an electric motor, a CD player, a toaster, etc
wires
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Inside a Solar Cell
light
neutralSi
atom
+ -electronhole
• The separated charge has higher potential energy than the neutral atom.• The electron (and hole) are now free to move independent of one another.
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Electric Solar Cellsp-n junction interface
cross-sectional view
n-type silicon
p-type silicon
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
CurrentThe electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell
- - - -- - - - + + + ++ + + + 0.5 Volt
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Nanostructured Solar Cells
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
CurrentMore interface area - More power!
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ONE ROUTE: SELF ASSEMBLY
Block “A” Block “B”
10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A
~10 nm
Ordered Phases
PMMA PS
Scale set by molecular size
Diblock Copolymers
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell• Lightest fuel• Can make H2 from water
Goals• Improve proton membrane• Use less catalyst• CHEAPER!
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Nano-Battery
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Nanotechnology R&D is interdisciplinary and impacts many application
• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others
• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products• And others
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My Advice to Students:• Pursue your interests• Ask questions• Be clever• Do!
Thanks for visiting UMass and learning about nanotechnology!
Re: Your future