nanotechnology: past, present, and future march 29, 2008 stem ed umass
TRANSCRIPT
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Nanotechnology:Past, Present, and Future
March 29, 2008
STEM ED UMass
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Introduction to Nanotechnology:What, Why and How
UMass Amherst Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
bnl
manchester
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Nanotechnology: What?
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov
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How small are nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) meter
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Smaller still
Hair
.
Red blood cell
6,000 nanometersDNA
3 nanometers
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From DOE
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A Few Nanostructures Made at UMass100 nm dots 70 nm nanowires 200 nm rings
12 nm pores 14 nm dots
13 nm rings 25 nm honeycomb14 nm nanowires
18 nm pores
150 nm holes
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"Nano"
• Nanoscale - at the 1-100 nm scale, roughly• Nanostructure - an object that has nanoscale
features• Nanoscience - the properties of nanostructures
and the underlying science• Nanotechnology - the techniques for making and
characterizing nanostructures and putting them to use
• Nanomanufacturing - methods for producing nanostructures in reliable and commercially viable ways
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Nanotechnology: Why?
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10 GB2001
20 GB2002
40 GB2004
80 GB2006
160 GB2007
Example: Advancement of the iPod
Hard driveMagnetic data storage
Uses nanotechnology!
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Magnetic Data StorageA computer hard drive stores your data magnetically
Disk
N S
direction of disk motion
“ Write”Head
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 _ _
“ Bits” ofinformation
NS
“ Read”Head
Signalcurrent
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Scaling Down to the Nanoscale
Increases the amount of data stored on a fixed amount of “real estate” !
Now ~ 100 billion bits/in2, future target more than 1 trillion bits/in2
25 DVDs on a disk the size of a quarter, orall Library of Congress books on a 1 sq ft tile!
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Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?
• To make better and new products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, etc)
• To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science, technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)
(More on why later)
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Nanotechnology: How?
• How to make nanostructures?• How to characterize and test them?
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Making Nanostructures: Nanofabrication
• Top down versus bottom up methods
•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining
•Chemical•Self-Assembly
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Nanostructuresmacroscale (3D) object
widthdepth
height
nanofilm, or nanolayer (2D)
nanowire,nanorod, ornanocylinder (1D)
nanoparticle,nanodot,quantum dot (0D)
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Nanofilms(making thin objects)
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A monolayer NANOFILM (single layer of molecules)
~1 nm thick Langmuir film
An example of a FILM: Oil on water
This is an example of SELF-ASSEMBLY
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Nanofilm byThermal Evaporation
Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber
vacuum~10-7 torr
sample
source
film
vacuumpump
QCM
vapor
resistive, e-beam, rf or laserheat source
Pressure must be held low to prevent contamination!
Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others
There are many otherthin film manufacturingtechniques
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Nanofilm by Electroplating
VI
Cu2+ + 2e- –> Cu(0)
"reduction"
CuSO4 dissolved in water
Cu(0) –> Cu2+ + 2e-
"oxidation"
anodecathode
If using an inert Pt electrode:
2 H2O –> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
WorkingElectrode(WE)
CounterElectrode(CE)
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Imaging NanostructuresAtomic Force Microscope (AFM)
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.
"Optical Lever" for Profilometry
cantilever
laser
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.
"Optical Lever" for Profilometry
cantilever
laser
Long light path and a short cantilever gives large amplification
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Ato
mic
For
ce M
icro
scop
eA
tom
ic F
orce
Mic
rosc
ope
AFM Cantilever Chip AFM Instrument Head
Laser Beam Path Cantilever Deflection
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Image of Nickel AtomsSTM
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Lithography(controlling width and depth)
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Lithography
MarkTuominen
MarkTuominen
MarkTuominen
(Using a stencil or mask)
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Photolithography for Deposition
substrate
process recipe
spin on resist
resist
expose
mask (reticle)
develop
deposit
liftoffnarrow line
apply spin bake
spin coating
exposed unexposed
"scission"
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Lithography
IBMCopperWiringOn aComputerChip
PatternedSeveral Times
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Electron-Beam Lithography
Silicon crystal
Polymer film
Electron Beam
Nanoscopic Mask !
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Self-Assembled Nanostructuresand
Lithography Based on Self-Assembly
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Self Assembly
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Diatoms
priweb.org
sinancanan.net
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Gecko feet
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Abalone
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NANOFABRICATION BY SELF ASSEMBLY
Block “A” Block “B”
10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A
~10 nm
Ordered Phases
PMMA PS
Scale set by molecular size
Diblock Copolymers
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CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition
Template
EtchingMask
NanoporousMembrane
Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)
Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
(physical orelectrochemical)
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Application examples:Nanoelectronics
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Computer
Microprocessor"Heart of the computer"
Does the "thinking"
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Making Small SmallerAn Example: Electronics-Microprocessors
ibm.commacroscale
microscale
nanoscale
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Electronics Keep On Getting BetterMoore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip
intel.com
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Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits
Hitachi
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Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology
• The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology
Granular Media
PerpendicularWrite Head
Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL)
coil
Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)
1 bit
• CHM Goal: Make "perfect" mediausing self-assembled nano-templates• Also, making new designs for storage
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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nanoporous template
nanowires in a diblockcopolymer template
Electrodeposited Nanowires in aNanoporous Polymer Template (Mask)
1x1012 wires/in2
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Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.
Solar Cells
Konarka
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Electric Solar CellsMade from single-crystal silicon wafers (conventionally)
cross-sectional view
n-type silicon
p-type silicon
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
+
-
Current
The load can be a lamp, an electric motor, a CD player, a toaster, etc
wires
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Nanostructured Solar Cells
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
CurrentMore interface area - More power!
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Nanotechnology R&D is interdisciplinary and impacts many applications
• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others
• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products• And others
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My Advice to Students:
• Pursue your interests• Ask questions• Be clever• Do!
Thanks for visiting UMass and learning about nanotechnology!
Re: Your future
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Thanks from the UMass team!
Thanks learning about nanotechnology!