module no 4 of ae (be.mech sem8)

8/2/2019 Module No 4 of Ae (Be.mech Sem8)

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4?22.4?24

NJLMBIKLBE JIAKIJJTKIA u Nt)Sbkdmbs S Ibk`

BZVGNGDKEJ

JIAKIJJTKIANGFZEJ IG 6 )JEJLVTKLBE \[\VJN


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Bzvgngdkej Jiakijjtkia

Ngfzej Ig ?6 4 Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

Ngfzej ig 6) Jejlvtklb e |{|vjn

2+ Dbvvjt{

4+ Jejlvtgikl kaikvkgi |{|vjn


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 < Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

R)28 . Fj|ltkdj vmj dtkjc gi vmj sbtkgz| v{pj| gc vmj dbvvjt{7

Bi|qjt8 .

DBVVJT[

2) Dbvvjt{ k| gij gc vmj ng|v knpgtvbiv lgnpgijiv| gc vmj jivktj jejlvtklbe

|{|vjn gc b sjmklej)

4) Vmj czilvkgi| gc b dbvvjt{ btj

b) Vg |vbtv vmj jiakij

d) Vg blv b| b |vbdkekxjt

l) Vg |zppe{ jejlvtklbe jijta{ vg bllj||gtkj| )

V[_J\ GC DBVVJT[

Vmj v{pj| gc dbvvjt{ btj

2) Ejbf blkf dbvvjt{

4) Be bekij Dbvvjt{

b) Ikl`je ktgi v{pj

d) Ikl`je lbfnkzn dbvvjt{


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R)48 . J}pebki vmj lgi|vtzlvkgi bif qgt`kia gc ejbf blkf dbvvjt{7

Bi|qjt8 .

EJBF BLKF DBVVJT[

Vmj ng|v qkfje{ z|jf dbvvjt{ k| vmj ejbf blkf v{pj) Gvmjt vmbi ejbf blkf

dbvvjt{% be`bekij dbvvjt{ bif xkil bkt dbvvjt{ k| be|g z|jf)

Vmj jejlvtklbe jijta{ ajijtbvjf d{ vmj lmbtakia |{|vjn k| lgisjtvjf kivg

lmjnklbe jijta{ bif vmk| lmjnklbe jijta{ k| |vgtjf ki vmj dbvvjt{)

Fztkia fk|lmbtakia% vmj |vgtjf lmjnklbe jijta{ k| lgis jtvjf kivg jejlvtklbe

jijta{)

Vmj nbhgt lgnpgijiv| gc b dbvvjt{ btj

2+ Lgivbkijt

4+ _ebvj|


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 : Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

4+ Atkf| bif pebvj|

b) Vmjtj btj vqg v{pj| gc dbvvjt{ pebvj|% vmj pg|kvksj bif vmj ijabvksj)

d) Cgt jblm pebvj vmjtj k| b |zppgtvkia ctbnj qgt gt atkf nbfj gc bi beeg{

gc ejbf bif bivkngi{)Nbkivjibilj.ctjj dbvvjtkj| z|j bdgzv ?)2*

lbelkzn ki|vjbf gc bivkngi{)

l) Vmj czilvkgi gc atkf k| vg mgef vmj blvksj nbvjtkbe| bif vg lbtt{ lzttjiv ki

vmj pebvj|% qmklm lgi|k|v| gc mgtkxgivbe # sjtvklbe tkd|)

f) Vmj blvksj nbvjtkbe| ki vmj pg|kvksj pebvj atkf btj ejbf pjtg}kfj -_dG4+

bif ki ijabvksj |pgia{ ejbf -_d+)

j) B ig gc pg|kvksj pebvj| btj ejbf dztiv vg b pg|v |vtbp vg cgtn b pg|kvksj

pebvj atgzp% qmkej vmj ijabvksj pebvj atgzp lgivbki| gij pebvj ngtj

vmbi vmj pg|kvksj atgzp |g vmbv dgvm |kfj| gc vmj pg|kvksj pebvj| lbi dj

zvkekxjf gi qmklm atjbvjt jejlvtgi lmjnklb e blvkskv{ vb`j| peblj)


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:) Jejlvtge{vj

b) Jejlvtge{vj z|jf ki ejbf blkf dbvvjt{ k| b |gezvkgi gc |zepmztkl blkf)

d) Kv lgivbki| bpptg}knbvje{ gij pbtv gc |zepmztkl bl kf% 4 pbtv| gc qbvjt

d{ sgeznj)

l) \pjlkckl atbskv{ gc vmj jejlvtge{vj k| `jpv zifjt lgi|k|vjiv gd|jtsbvkgi

vg mbsj b ptgpjt qbvlm gsjt vmj |vbvj gc vmj dbvvjt{)

Czee{ lmbtajf 8 2)4;?

Fk|lmbtajf 8 2)4??

Czee{ fk|lmbtajf 8 2)22?

f) \pjlkckl atbskv{ be|g sbtkj| qkvm vjnpjtbvztj) B| b tgzam azkfj% 2=

pgkiv| btj bffjf cgt jsjt{ 4: j}lj|| gc vjnpjtbvztj bdgsj 2:L)


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R)


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 = Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

Dbvvjt{ Lmbtakia _tgljfztj

2) Lmjl` vmj jejlvtge{vj ejsje ki vmj dbvvjt{

4) Lgiijlv vmj pg|kvksj bif ijabvksj vjtnkibe| vg vmj tj|pjlvksj vjtnkibe gc

vmj dbvvjt{ lmbtajt


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 ; Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

R)68 Ek|v vmj v{pj gc lmbtakia njvmgf) J}pebki vmjn7

Bi|qjt8 .

LMBTAKIA NJVMGF\

Vmj lmbtakia njvmgf| btj

B) Lmbtakia njvmgf|

2) Lgi|vbiv sgevbaj lmbtakia

4) Lgi|vbiv lzttjiv lmbtakia

D) V{pj| gc Lmbtakia

2) \egq tbvj lmbtakia

4) Rzkl` tbvj lmbtakia


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 2? Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`


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R):8 . Qtkvj b igvj gi Dbvvjt{ Lbpblkv{

Bi|qjt8 .

DBVVJT[ LB_BLKV[

2+ Dbvvjt{ lbpblkv{ k| b njb|ztj gc vmj lmbta j |vgtjf d{ vmj dbvvjt{% bif k|

fjvjtnkijf d{ vmj nb|| gc blvksj nbvjtkbe lgivbkijf ki vmj dbvvjt{)

4+ Vmj dbvvjt{ lbpblkv{ tjptj|jiv| vmj nb}knzn bngziv gc jijta{ vmbv lbi

dj j}vtblvjf ctgn vmj dbvvjt{ zifjt ljtvbki |pjlkckjf lgifkvkgi|)


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R)18 . Qtkvj b igvj gi Dbvvjt{ jccklkjil{7

Bi|qjt8 .

DBVVJT[ JCCKLKJIL[

Vmj jccklkjil{ gc b dbvvjt{ lbi dj lbelzebvjf jkvmjt b| vmj bnpjtj mgzt

jccklkjil{ gt vmj Qbvv mgzt jccklkjil{)

Bm jccklkjil{ > -Bm fk|lmbtakia'Bm lmbtakia+ } 2??*

*BM >P Kf Vf'KlVl^2??

Kf > Fk|lmbtakia Lzttjiv

Vf >Fk|lmbtakia vknj

Kl > Lmbtakia lzttjiv

Vl > Lmbtakia vknj

Bv vmj 4? mgzt tbvj vmj bnpjtj mgzt jccklkjil{ lbi dj bdgzv ;? pjtljiv)

Vmk| jccklkjil{ ckaztj k| ajijtbee{ j}ptj||jf b| kv| tjlkptglbe% lbeejf vmj

lmbtaj cblvgt)

Ki vmk| j}bnpej vmj lmbtaj cblvgt k| bdgzv 2)2)

Qbvv Mgzt Jccklkjil{>-Gzvpzv ki Qbvv mgzt'Kipzv ki Qbvv Mgzt+2??*

*QM >PSf Kf Vf'SlKlVl^2??

Sf>Bsjtbaj fk|lmbtakia sgevbaj

Sl>Bsjtbaj lmbtakia sgevbaj

Be|g

*QM >BM PSf'Sl^


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 2< Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

R)=8 . Qtkvj b igvj gi Be bekij Dbvvjt{7

Bi|qjt8 BE@BEKIJ DBVVJT[

Be`bekij dbvvjtkj| btj gc vqg v{pj|% vmj Jfk|gi v{pj gt vmj ikl` je ktgi v{pj

bif vmj ikl`je lbfnkzn v{pj) Vmj lgi|vtzlvkgi gc vmj|j k| |knkebt j}ljpv

cgt blvksj nbvjtkbe|) Mgqjsjt% gie{ vmj ebvvjt v{pj k| |zkvbdej cgt bzvgngdkej

|jtsklj)

Vmj db|kl lgi|vtzlvkgi gc be`bekij dbvvjt{ k| |knkebt vg vmbv gc ejbf blkf

dbvvjt{) Ki dgvm vmj ikl`je.ktgi bif ikl`je.lbfnkzn v{pj% vmj blvksj nbvjtkbe

gi pg|kvksj pebvj| k| ikl`je m{ftg}kfj) Gi ijabvksj pebvj|% kv k| njvbeekl ktgi

gi ikl`je.ktgi ljee bif lbfnkzn g}kfj gi ikl`je.lbfnkzn ljee) Vmj

jejlvtge{vj z|jf k| pgvb||kzn m{ftg}kfj |gezvkgi) Vmj blvksj nbvjtkbe cgt

pg|kvksj b| qjee b| ijabvksj pebvj| k| lgivbkijf ki ckije{ pjtcgtbvjf |vjje

vzdj|% qmklm lgndkij vg cgtn b pebvj) Fzj vg vmk| tjb|gi% jsji zifjt

|jsjtj hgev|% ig blvksj nbvjtkbe k| eg|v ctgn vmj pebvj| bif vmz| ig |j fknjiv

k| ptgfzljf)

Vmj jejlvtge{vj fgj| igv vb`j pbtv ki lmjnklbe tjblvkgi| gi lmbtakia gt

fk|lmbtakia% ziek`j ki vmj ejbf blkf dbvvjtkj| )Kv| |pjlkckl atbskv{ tjnbki|%

vmjtjcgtj% lgi|vbiv bv bdgzv 2)4?) Cgt vmk| tjb|gi% |nbeejt rzbivkvkj| gc vmj

jejlvtge{vj btj tjrzktjf) Mgqjsjt fzj vg vmj |bnj tjb|gi% vmjtj k| ig

kifklbvkgi gc |vbvj gc lmbtaj gc vmj dbvvjt{)

BFSBIBVAJ\

Vmj bfsbivbaj| gc vmj be`bekij dbvvjt{ gsjt vmj ejbf blkf v{pj btj8

2+ Be`bekij dbvvjt{ k| ekamvjt vmbi ejbf blkf dbvvjt{)

4+ Kv k| njlmbiklbee{ sjt{ |vtgia # lbi |vbif sjt{ tgzam z|j)


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6+ Vmj fk|lmbtaj tbvj qmji ejcv |vbifkia k| sjt{ egq b| lgnpbtjf vg Ejbf

blkf v{pj% |kilj vmj blvksj nbvjtkbe| btj ki|gezdej ki vmj jejlv tge{vj

)Vmjtjcgtj vmj dbvvjt{ mb| agv nzlm egiajt |mjec ekcj)

:+ Lgnpbtbvksje{ egiajt ekcj -2?.2: {jbt| +

FK\BFSBIVBAJ\

Vmj fk|bfsbivbaj| gc vmj be`bekij dbvvjt{ btj8

2+ Vmj sgevbaj gc jblm ljee ki vmj be bekij dbvvjt{ k| gie{ 2)4 b| lgnpbtjf vg

4 sgev| cgt b ejbf blkf ljee) Cgt vmk| tjb|gi cgt b 3 sgev dbvvjt{ : ljee| qkee

dj tjrzktjf b| babki|v < ljee| gc vmj ejbf blkf v{pj )

4+ Fzj vg tjebvksje{ mkamjt kivjtibe tj|k|vbilj% vmj jccklkjil{ gc vmj be`bekij

dbvvjt{ k| |ekamve{ egqjt vmbi vmbv gc vmj ejbf bllznzebvg t)


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 2: Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

KAIKV KGI \[\VJN V[_J\

Lgisjlvkgibe Kaikvkgi |{|vjn|

2+ Db|klbee{ Lgisjlvkgibe Kaikvkgi |{|vjn| btj gc 4 v{pj| 8

B) Dbvvjt{ gt Lgke Kaikvkgi \{|vjn% bif

D) Nbaijvg Kaikvkgi \{|vjn)

4+ Dgvm vmj|j lgisjivkgibe% kaikvkgi |{|vjn| qgt` gi nzvzbe jejlvtgnbaijvkl

kifzlvkgi ptkilkpej)


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B) DBVVJT[ KAIKVKGI \[\VJN

2) Ckaztj |mgq| ekij fkbatbn gc dbvvjt{ kaikvkgi |{|vjn cgt b 6 .l{ekifjt pjvtge

jiakij)

4) Kv nbkie{ lgi|k|v| gc b 3 gt 24 sgev dbvvjt{% bnnjvjt% kaikvkgi |qkvlm%

Bzvg.vtbi|cgtnjt -|vjp zp vtbi|cgtnjt+% lgivblv dtjb`jt% lbpblkvgt%

fk|vtkdzvgt

tgvgt% fk|vtkdzvgt lgivblv pgkiv|% |pbt` peza|% jvl)

Ckaztj8 Dbvvjt{ Kaikvkgi \{|vjn


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 2= Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

D) NBAIJVG KAIKVKGI \[\VJN

2) Nbaijvg k| b ajijtbvgt qmklm k| ftksji d{ jiakij vg ptgfzlj jejlvtkl

lzttjiv) Vmj nbaijvg kaikvkgi |{|vjn mb| |jec |zd|vbivkbe |gztlj gcjejlvtkl lzttjiv mjilj fg igv tjrzktj dbv vjt{)

4) B nbaijvg qmji tgvbvj bv mkam |pjjf d{ vmj jiakij k| lbpbdej gc

ajijtbvkia mkam sgevbaj tjrzktj| vg ptgfzlj vmj |pbt`)


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 2; Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

6) Nbaijvg |{|vjn k| gc vmtjj v{pj|

b) Tgvbvkia nbaijvg v{pjVmj btnbvztj k| |vbvkgibt{ bif nbaijv tgvbvj|)

d) Tgvbvkia btnbvztj v{pj

Ki vmk| |{|vjn btnbvztj tgvbvj| djvqjji vmj pgej| gc nbaijv

l) _gebt v{pjKi vmk| v{pj dgvm btnbvztj bif nbaijvg btj |vbvkgibt{ bif vmj pgejpkjlj| tgvbvj)

:) Tgvbvkia nbaijvg v{pj kaikvkgi |{|vjn mb| vmj cgeegqkia nbki pbtv|

b) Bi jejlvtklbe ajijtbvgt qkvm pjtnbijiv ckjef nbaijv| bif tgvbvkia

btnbvztj qmklm ptgfzlj| bevjtibvkia lzttjiv)

d) Bi kifzlvkgi lgke qkvm ptknbt{ bif |jlgifbt{ qkifkia qgzif gibtnbvztj)

l) Lgivblv dtjb`jt pgkiv| vg lzv gcc vmj ptknbt{ lktlzkv bif lgifji|jt)

f) B fk|vtkdzvgt qmklm fk|vtkdzvj| mkam vji|kgi lzttjiv vg |pbt peza)

Qgt`kia gc Nbaijvg kaikvkgi |{|vjn

2+ Vmj gpjtbvkgi gc vmj nbaijvg kaikvkgi |{|vjn k| |bnj b| dbvvjt{ kaikvkgi|{|vjn

4+ Ki vmk| |{|vjn b| nbaijv tjsgesj| bif tbpkf lmbiaj gc nbaijvkl cez} ki

lgke vb`j| peblj)


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FTBQDBL@\ -FK\BFSBIVBAJ\+ GC LGISJIVKGIBE KAIKVKGI

\[\VJN\

Cgeegqkia btj vmj ftbqdbl`| gc lgisjivkgibe kaikvkgi |{|vjn|8

2+ Djlbz|j gc btlkia% pkvvkia gc lgivblv dtjb`jt pgkiv bif qmklm qkee ejbf vg

tjazebt nbkivjibilj ptgdejn|)

4+ _ggt |vbtvkia8 Bcvjt cjq vmgz|bif| gc kegnjvjt| gc tziikia% vmj vknkia

djlgnj| kibllztbvj% qmklm tj|zev| kivg pggt |vbtvkia -\vbtvkia vtgzdej+)


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V[_J\ GC JEJLVTGIKL KAIKVKGI \[\VJN

Jejlvtgikl Kaikvkgi \{|vjn k| b| cgeegq 8

2+ Lbpblkvbilj Fk|lmbtaj Kaikvkgi |{|vjn

4+ Vtbi|k|vgtkxjf |{|vjn


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B) Lbpblkvbilj Fk|lmbtaj Kaikvkgi \{|vjn -LFK+

2+ Kv nbkie{ lgi|k|v| gc

b+ 3.24 S dbvvjt{% kaikvkgi |qkvlm

d+ FL vg FL lgisjtvgt

l+ Lmbtakia tj|k|vbilj

f+ Vbi` lbpblkvgt

j+ \keklgi Lgivtgeejf Tjlvkckjt -\LT+

c+\LT.vtkaajtkia fjsklj

a+ \vjp zp vtbi|cgtnjt

m+ \pbt` peza|)

Ckaztj8 Lbpblkv{ Fk|lmbtaj Kaikvkgi \{|vjn

4+ B 3.24 sgev dbvvjt{ k| lgiijlvjf vg FL vg FL lgisjtvjt k)j) pgqjt lktlzkv

vmtgzam vmj kaikvkgi |qkvlm% qmklm k| fj|kaijf vg aksj gt kiltjb|j vmj

sgevbaj vg 4:?.


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 4< Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

6+ Vmj lmbtakia tj|k|vbilj k| be|g |g fj|kaijf vmbv kv lgivtge| vmj tjrzktjf

lzttjiv ki vmj \LT)

:+ Vmj lgifji|jt k| fk|lmbtaj qmji \LT vtkaajtkia fjsklj |jif| b pze|j

bif mkam sgevbaj |pbt` k| ptgfzljf ki vmj |pbt` peza)

3+ Fjpjifkia zpgi vmj jiakij cktkia gtfjt% qmjijsjt vmj \LT vtkaajtkia

fjsklj% |jif| b pze|j% vmji vmj lzttjiv cegqkia vmtgzam v mj ptknbt{

qkifkia k| |vgppjf) bif vmj nbaijvkl ckjef djaki| vg lgeebp|j)

1+ Vmk| lgeebp|kia nbaijvkl ckjef qkee kifzlj gt |vjp zp mkam sgevbaj lzttjiv

ki vmj |jlgifbt{% qmklm qmkej hznpkia vmj |pbt` peza abp ptgfzlj| vmj

|pbt`% bif vmj lmbtaj gc bkt czje nk}vztj k| kaikvjf)

Bfsbivbaj gc LFK |{|vjn

2) Kv bsgkf| vmj lgivblv dtjb`jt pgkiv bif kv| nbkivjibilj)

4) Djvvjt lgef |vbtvkia)


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D) Vtbi|k|vgtkxjf b||k|vjf lgivblv -VBL |{|vjn+

Ckaztj8 Vtbi|k|vgtkxjf B||k|vjf Lgivblv -VBL |{|vjn+

2) Vmj lgiijlvjf pgkiv| btj lgiijlvjf vg db|j gc vtbi|k|vgt% qmklm k|

cztvmjt lgiijlvjf vg vmj ptknbt{ qkifkia gc kaik vkgi lgke vmtgzam vmj

dbeeb|v tj|k|vgt)

4) Vmj lgeejlvgt gc vtbi|k|vgt k| lgiijlvjf vg vmj dbvvjt{)


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 4: Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

Fk|bfsbivbaj|

2) B| ki vmj lgisjivkgibe |{|vjn% njlmbiklbe dtjb`jt pgkiv| btj

ijlj||bt{ cgt vknkia vmj |pbt`)

4) Vmj lg|v gc vmj kaikvkgi |{|vjn k| kiltjb|jf)


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LMBTAKIA \[\VJN

R)28 . J}pebki vmj ptkilkpej gc gpjtbvkgi gc F{ibng7

Bi|8 .F[IBNG

2) B f{ibng k| b nblmkij z|jf vg lgisjtv njlmbiklbe z|jf vg lgisjtv

njlmbiklbe jijta{ kivg jejlvtklbe jijta{)

4) Qmji kv k| ftksji d{ vmj jiakij kv ptgfzlj| jejlvtklkv{ cgt tziikia bee vmj

jejlvtklbe lktlzkv| gc vmj bzvgngdkej bif `jjp| vmj dbvvjt{ ki lmbtajf

lgifkvkgi)


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4) J}pebki lgi|vtzlvkgi bif qgt`kia gc F{ibng7

Bi|8.F[IBNG

Lgi|vtzlvkgi gc F{ibng

2) F{ibng lgi|k|v| gc b tgzif gzvjt lb|kia qkvm vqg |vbvkgibt{

jejlvtgnbaijv| `igq| b| ckjef nbaijv|% gppg|kvj vg jblm gvmjt)

4) Djvqjji vmj nbaijv|% btnbvztj k| pebljf ajijtbee{ lgi|k|vkia 4=

|jpbtbvj lgke| gc qktj)


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 4= Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

R)


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Ngfzej Ig ?6 4; Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`

Ckaztj -d+ |mgq| vmj igtvm pgej gc nbaijv bv dgvvgn bif |gzvm pgej bv vgp)

Qmji vmj nbaijv k| igq tgvbvjf d{ bigvmjt mbec tjsgezvkgi% vmj fktjlvkgi

gc lzttjiv ki vmj qktj k| tjsjt|jf)

Vmjtjcgtj% qkvm vmj tjsgezvkgi gc nbaijv% vmj lzttjiv tjsjt|j| kv| fktjlvkgi

bcvjt jblm mbec tjsgezvkgi) Vmz|% bi bevjtibvkia lzttjiv cegq|) Vmk| k| vmj

ptkilkpej gc qgt`kia gc bi bevjtibvgt)


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Ngfzej Ig ?6


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Ngfzej Ig ?6


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Ngfzej Ig ?6


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Ngfzej Ig ?6


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Ngfzej Ig ?6


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Ngfzej Ig ?6


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Ngfzej Ig ?6


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Ngfzej Ig ?6


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Ngfzej Ig ?6


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Ngfzej Ig ?6


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R)=8 . J}pebki qkvm vmj ijbv |`jvlm gc djifk} ftksj7

Bi|8 .DJIFK] FTKSJ

2+ Djifk} ftksj k| |vbtvkia |{|vjn fjbe| qkvm |vbtvkia vmj jiakij d{ ltbi`kia

bif fk|lgiijlv vmj |{|vjn qmji jiakij |vbtv| kfekia)

Djifk} ftksj k| z|jf vg jiabaj bif fk|jiabaj vmj |vbtvkia ngvgt| qkvm

jiakij ce{qmjje)

4+ Igq qmji vmj jiakij mb| |vbtvjf kv k| ijlj||bt{ vg fk|lgiijlv vmj

ngvgt| gvmjtqk|j jiakij qkee tgvbvj qkvm sjt{ mkam |pjjf|)

Ftksj mjbf k| z|zbee{ `j{jf vg vmj jif gc btnbvztj |mbcv)


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\VBTVKI A \[\VJN

R)28 . Qtkvj b igvj gi \vbtvkia |{|vjn7

Bi|8 .\VBTVKIA \[\VJN

Vmj |vbtvkia |{|vjn gc bi bzvgngdkej k| z|jf vg |vbtv vmj kivjtibe

lgndz|vkgi jiakij) Dgvm \K bif LK jiakij| lbiigv |vbtv d{ kv|jec) Vmj|j

jiakij| ijjf vg dj ltbi`jf d{ b |vbtvkia ngvgt) Vmk| ngvgt k| be|g lbeejf

b |vbtvjt gt ltbi`kia ngvgt) Ltbi`kia gc bi{ jiakij njbi| tgvbvkia kv|

ltbi` |mbcv) Tgvbvkgi gc ltbi` |mbcv lbz|j| vmj pk|vgi vg tjlkptglbvj)

Qmji pk|vgi tjlkptglbvj|% |zlvkgi% lgnptj||kgi% j}pbi|kgi bif j}mbz|v

|vtg`j| gc jiakij btj lgnpejvjf) Vmz|% jiakij lgnpejvj| kv| qgt`kia l{lej

bif kv |vbtv| tziikia)

\vbtvkia ngvgt ptgfzlj| ijlj||bt{ vgtrzj vg tgvbvj vmj jiakij qmjje

-ltbi` |mbcv+vmtgzam b |zkvbdej ajbt -gij pkikgi gi ngvgt bif gvmjt tkia

ajbt btgzif jiakij qmjje+)


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2+ \vbtvkia |{|vjn k| vmj mjbtv gc jejlvtklbe |{|vjn ki bzvgngdkej |)

Kv lgi|k|v| gc dbvvjt{% |vbtvjt ngvgt% |gejigkf% ijzvtbe |bcjv{ |qkvlm bif

kaikvkgi |qkvlm)

4+ Qmji vmj `j{ k| ki|jtvjf vg kaikvkgi |qkvlm bif vztijf vg |vbtv pg|kvkgi %b

|nbee bngziv gc lzttjiv k| pb||j| vmtgzam vmj ijzvtbe |bcjv{ |qkvlm vg

|vbtvjt tjeb{ gt |vbtvjf |gejigkf)


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module no 4 of ae (be.mech sem8)

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