MODULE 2

BIOCHEMISTRY & PHARMACOGNOSY

1. Which carbon in the sugars is responsible for the difference between the two nucleic acids?

A. Carbon 1 C. Carbon 3B. Carbon 2 D. Carbon 4

- RIBOSE in RNA has a hydroxyl group in the second carbon, while 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose in DNA, has none.

2. Which of the following is responsible for the acidic character of nucleic acids?

A. Phosphate groupB. NucleotidesC. Nitrogenous basesD. Nucleic acids are not acids

-Nucleotides = PO4 + Sugar + Nitrogenous base

-Nitrogenous base = A, G, T, C, and U

3. This refers to noncoding regions that alternate with coding regions in the polypeptide sequence.

A. Exon C. PromoterB. Intron D. Repressor

-INTRON derived from the term intragenic region removed by RNA splicing.-EXON nucleic acid in the mature form of an RNA molecule-PROMOTER region that facilitates transcription-REPRESSOR prevents gene expression

4. What type of extraction process is employed in obtaining mustard oil?

A. Water DistillationB. Water & Steam DistillationC. Direct Steam DistillationD. Enzymatic Hydrolysis

- Glycosidic volatile oils such as mustard oil are obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the glycoside

5. It is regarded as the “ginseng of Europe” because it is extensively cultivated and utilized in European folk medicine.A. Feverfew C. EucaplytusB. Camphor D. Chamomile

- Ginseng of Europe = CHAMOMILE

6. This refers to the solid resin obtained from Pinus palustris which is used as stiffening agent in cerates, plasters and ointments

A. Jalap C. Colophony E. B and CB. Rosin D. A and B

- Pinus palustris commonly known as “longleaf pine”

7. This is a rare human disorder which progresses to photosensitivity caused by inherited exonuclease deficiency.A. Bloom’s syndromeB. Fanconi’s anemiaC. Hodgkin’s lymphomaD. Xeroderma pigmentosa

-XP leads to malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell carcinomas

8. This chemotherapeutic agent binds to bacterial RNA polymerase.

A. PZA C. BleomycinB. Actinomycin D D. Rifampicin

-Rifampicin specifically binds to a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase preventing transcription and translation.-May be represented as R, RIF, RMP, RA, RF

9. Random coils and triple helices are examples to what protein structure?

A. Primary C. TertiaryB. Secondary D. Quaternary

-PRIMARY = “sequential arrangement”-TERTIARY = “3D structure as defined by atomic position”-QUATERNARY = “arrangement of multi-subunit complex”

10. Serotonin is synthesized from this amino acid.

A. Tyrosine C. ThreonineB. Tryptophan D. Serine

- SEROTONIN is 5-HT, 5-hydoxytryptamine

11. These are small, extra chromosomal circular DNA molecules found in prokaryotes.

A. Nucleoli C. PlasmidsB. Genes D. Histones

-Histones = alkaline proteins-Genes = unit of heredity-Nucleoli = site of rRNA transcription and assembly

12. These are organelles that contain the enzyme for pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, beta oxidation of fatty acids, oxidative phosphorylation and ETC.

A. Golgi Apparatus C. NucleusB. Lysosomes D. Mitochondria

-Most of the “energy-producing” process happens in the mitochondria.-PPP is in the cytosol or in plastids

13. This DNA is has a special left handed helical structure.

A. A-DNA C. Z-DNAB. B-DNA D. F-DNA

14. This type of mutation occurs when the codon containing the changed base may become a termination codon?A. Nonsense mutationB. Missense mutationC. Silent mutationD. Transitional mutation

15. This enzyme is responsible for removing the RNA primer on the DNA.

A. Exonuclease C. RNA polymeraseB. DNA ligase D. DNA polymerase

-Exonuclease = cleaves nucleotide-RNApol = enzyme ersponsible for creating RNA from DNA-DNA ligase = joins DNA together

16. Myoglobin and haemoglobin possess a cyclic tetrapyrole, heme, as a prosthetic group. Which ion is found centrally located in the heme?

A. Mg C. CaB. Al D. Fe

- HEME = Fe, IRON

17. Wermicke-Korsakoff syndrome is presented as acute confusion, ataxia, and ophtalmoplegia can be treated with which of the following?

A. Riboflavin C. ThiamineB. Ascorbic acid D. Panthothenic acid

-WERMICKE-KORSAKOFF, thimaine deficiency or beri-beri

18. What color is the visible result for Ninhydrin test?

A. Red C. VioletB. Yellow D. Blue

19. Animal employed in the assay of digitalis glycosides

A. Dog C. PigeonB. Cat D. Rabbit

- Cardiontonic activity is important to be assayed to assess digitalis potency.- Cardiac arrest in pigeons is the end point

20. Pepsinogen is an example of a what?

A. Apoenzyme C. CofactorB. Holoenzyme D. Zymogen

-Apoenzyme = enzymes that requires a cofactor-Holoenzyme = Apoenzyme w/ cofactor-Cofactor = additional components that renders full enzyme activity

21. The glycosidic bond form in glycosides is an example of?

A. Ester bond C. Ketone bondB. Ether bond D. Covalent bond

22. The digestion of carbohydrates begins where?

A. Stomach C. EsophagusB. Small intestine D. Mouth

- Amylase is present in human saliva

23. -amylase cleaves amylose to what?

A. Maltose and maltotrioseB. Glucose and glucotrioseC. Fructose and maltoseD. Xylose and fructose

- Amylose is a linear polymer composed of D-glucose

24. Peanut oil is known as

A. Rapeseed oil C. Mani oilB. Arachis oil D. Teel oil

25. The site for citric acid cycle.

A. Mitochondria C. NucleusB. Ribosomes D. Cytosol

26. The pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the __________ of liver, kidney and muscles.

A. Motichondria C. NucleusB. Ribosomes D. Cytosol

27. What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to citrate?

A. Citrate synthaseB. Isocitrate dehydrogenaseC. FumaraseD. Malate dehydrogenase

28. An ipecac preparation, which is a component of poison antidote kits

A. Ipecac fluid extractB. Dover’s powderC. Ipecac syrupD. Emetine HClE. Powdered Ipecac

29. The citric acid cycle is an example of what metabolism?

A. Anabolic C. AmphibolicB. Catabolic D. NOTA

30. These are esters of fatty acids and glycerol

A. Fixed oils and fats C. SterolsB. Waxes D. Lipids

31. What is used to culture measles virus?

A. Agar C. MonkeyB. Armadillo D. Avian embryo tissue

- Measles virus Is cultured in either avian embryo tissue or human diploid tissue

32. This refers to starch that has been mechanically or chemically processed to rupture all or pat of the granules in the presence of waterA. Sodium starch glyconateB. HetastarchC. Pregelatinized starchD. AOTA

- Pregelatinized starch is slightly soluble to soluble in cold water. It is used as a tablet excipient.

33. Xylose is used as a/an

A. Diuretic C. BinderB. Pharmaceutic excipient D. Diagnostic aid

- Xylose absorbed in the small intestine but not well metabolized extensively

34. This is the continuous production of ketone bodies.

A. Ketonuria C. KetosisB. Ketonemia D. Ketoacidosis

- Acetoacetate and -hydroxybutyrate are ketone bodies used to produce energy

35. Which of the following is a wax?

A. Cholesterol C. ErgosterolB. Spermaceti D. Lecithin

-Taken from Physeter macrocephalus (Sperm whale). -LECITHIN = generic for yellow fatty substances from animal, plants and egg yolk

36. Which of the following pairs is correct?

A. Ferrous gluconate-hematinicB. Xylose-laxativeC. Lactulose-Diagnostic aid D. A and CE. AOTA

37. This is the complete reduction product of oxygen

A. Hydrogen peroxide C. Superoxide anionsB. Hydroxyl radicals D. Water

38. What is the principal constituent of Nutgall?

A. Gallic acid C. ResinB. Ellagic acid D. Tannic acid

- Nutgall contains all, but the question asks for the PRINCIPAL constituent, which is TANNIC ACID.

39. Which of the following is photosensitizing furocoumarin?

A. Psoralen C. Tannic acidsB. Cantharides D. Uva ursi

40. Which of the following statements is true regarding decaffeinized coffee?

A. It normally contains 0.08% of caffeineB. It normally contains 0.8% of caffeineC. It has a higher price than ordinary caffeineD. Both A and CE. Both B and C

41. This is a differentiating test for aldose and ketose sugars.

A. Barfoed’s test C. Seliwanoff’s testB. Benedict’s test D. Iodine test

42. -naphthol reaction is also known as what?

A. Molisch test C. Phenylhydrazine testB. Ninhydrin test D. Fehling’s test

- -naphthol main chemical component of molishch test

43. What type of glycosidic bond joins the diemrs of glucose to form maltose?

A. -1,4 C. -1,4B. -1,2 D. -1,2

44. Inherited absence of the enzyme -ketoacid decarboxylase result to what disease?

A. Maple syrup urine diseaseB. KetonuriaC. Wernicke-korsakoff syndromeD. -thalassemia

45. When levels of sodium urate crystals exceeds the limit for solubility, excess accumulates in soft tissues and causes a reaction known asA. Lesch Nyhan syndromeB. OsteomalaciaC. Gouty arthritisD. Von Gierke’s disease

46. The state of high serum levels acetoacetic and -hydroxybutyric acid is called

A. Ketonuria C. KetosisB. Ketonemia D. Ketoacidosis

47. This refers to aldose-ketose interconversion.

A. Tautomerization C. IsomerismB. Mutarotation D. Conjugation

48. The Salkowski test for cholesterol utilizes what strong acid?

A. Sulfuric acid C. Hydrochloric acidB. Nitric acid D. Perchloric acid

49. These cells in the body lack mitochondria thus rendering them incapable of TCA.

A. Platelets C. ErythrocytesB. Neurons D. Leukocytes

50. Which of the following is the central hub in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids?

A. Glycolysis C. -oxidationB. PPP D. Citric acid cycle

51. Picrotoxin is a

A. Narcotic analgesicB. Powerful anticonvulsantC. Central depressantD. Teratogenic

- Anamirta cocculus source of picrotoxin

52. Which of the following has been linked to high rates of esophageal cancer?

A. Camellia sinensisB. Quercus infectoriaC. Areca catechuD. Blumea balsamifera

53. The most common outcome of the ingestion of a toxic plant is

A. Acute dermatitisB. HepatitisC. Nausea, vomiting & diarrheaD. Pneumonia

54. This assay provides information about the per cent of extractive representing the total class of plant alkaloid

A. Proximate assayB. Ultimate assayC. Spectrometric assayD. Chromatographic assayE. Titrimetry

55. Vinblastine exerts its antineoplastic action by

A. Interfering with DNA coding and replicationB. Preventing the conversion of folinate to tetrahydrofolateC. Inhibiting DNA gyraseD. Interfering with the polymerization of tubulin into microtubulesE. Modulating the immune system

56. Which of the following enzymes is used to bypass the PFK reaction?

A. Pyruvate carboxylaseB. PEP carboxylaseC. Fructose bisphosphonateD. Glucose-6-phosphatase

57. Which of the following amino acid has an imino group?

A. Phenylalanine C. TyrosineB. Proline D. Threonine

58. Thorn apple, which yields scopolamine, is called locally as

A. TalongB. TambalisaC. Trompeta D. TalumpunayE. Tangan-tangan

59. This test specifically detects the presences of arginine?

A. Shciff’s test C. Biuret testB. Sakaguchi test D. Ninhydrin test

60. The official test animal used to assay curare alkaloids by the “head drop” cross-over method

A. Cat C. PigeonB. Dog D. Mice

61.Which of the following structures is/are present in the nucleus?

A. Nuclear membrane C. ChromatinB. Nucleoli D. AOTA

62. This is used as a chocolate substitute

A. Guar C. PsylliumB. Locust bean D. AOTA

- Ceratonia siliqua, commonly known as the carob tree

63. How many ATPs are produced from Glucose to Fructose-6-phosphate?

A. 0 C. 2B. 1 D. 3

64. Papain is used as

I. meat tenderizerII. Contact lens cleanserIII. Relieve symptoms of episiotomy IV. Treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs

A.III only C. I & II E. I-IIIB.II only D. I-IV

65. This enzyme is used as a spreading and diffusing factor

A. Crystallized trypsinB. Hyaluronidase for injectionC. StreptokinaseD. Fibrinolysin

66. The principal component of essential oils is

A. Terpenes C. LactoseB. Aldehydes D. Esters

67. Which of the following sources of volatile oils is used as an antianxiety and sleep aid?

A. Feverfew C. ValerianB. Gingko D. Taxol

68. Which of the following is a source of phenol glycosides?

A. Uva-ursi C. CantharidesB. Coumarin D. Hamammelitannin

- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, BEARBERRY

69. A natural prostaglandin used to terminate pregnancy from the 12th week through the 2nd trimesterA. Dinoprostone C. CarboprostB. Alprostadil D. Misoprostol

- It is a naturally occurring PGE2, affects uterine contraction, bone resoprtion and can induce fever.

70. Which of the following pairs is correct?

A. Reserpine-hypotensiveB. Sambong-stomachicC. Bayabas-diureticD. Lagundi-analgesic

71. Which of the following is used as a flavor to disguise the bitterness of quinine preparations?

A. Eriodictyon C. Yerba santa E. A and CB. Mastic D. A and B

- Yerba santa mean “sacred herd” in Spanish

72. What is the use of sodium starch glycolate?

A. Disintegrating agent C. BinderB. Plasma expander D. Thickener

73. What insect produces the excrescence Nutgall?

A. Quercus infectoria C. Cynips tinctoriaB. Cantharis vesicatoria D. Rhus chinensis

-Quercus infectoria is the plant.

74. In every cycle of the citric acid cycle, how may ATP is produced?

A. 20 C. 15B. 25 D. 10

75. Which statement is TRUE about “prions”?

A. Prions contains proteins and nucleic acidsB. BSE and Mad-Cow disease are caused by

prionsC. AOTAD. NOTA

76. Each end of the DNA double helix contains a 5’ end at one strand and the 3’ end on the other strand. This describes what characteristic of the DNA structure?A. Base pairingB. ComplementaryC. AntiparallelD. Semiconservative replication

77. The ribose in RNA is converted to deoxyribose in DNA by replacing the ___ in RNA with ____.A. Hydroxyl group, hydrogenB. Hydrogen, hydroxyl groupC. Oxygen, hydroxyl groupD. Hydroxyl group, oxygen

78. The following base pair forms a minor groove.

A. Adenine-Thymine C. Adenine-GuanineB. Cytosine-Guanine D. Cytosine-Thymine

-Major groove is 22Å wide-Minor groove is 12Å wide

79. Which of the following is a point mutation?

A. Insertion C. TransitionB. Deletion D. AOTA

80. What is the simplest of all the amino acids?

A. Threonine C. GlycineB. Tyrosine D. Histamine

- Glycine the only amino acid with no chiral carbon

81. This is the other name for Tauber’s test for ketoses.

A. Anthrone test C. Aminoguanidine testB. Seliwanoff’s test D. Mucic acid test

82. Transports exogenous lipids to liver, adipose, cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue.

A. Chylomicrons C. LDLB. VLDL D. Triglycerides

83. Generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

A. Glycolysis C. GlucogenesisB. Gluconeogenesis D. -oxidation

- Glycolysis = uses carbohydrates to produce ATP--oxidation = using fats to produce ATP

84. A high energy compound that is a product of enolase activity on 2-phosphoglycerate

A. CPPP C. DHPB. PEP D. GAP

85. Which amino acid is not a glucogenic amino acid?

A. Lysine C. GlycineB. Methionine D. Arginine

- LYSINE and LEUCINE are the only non-glucogenic

86. Which of the following is an oxidation-reduction process?

A. Conversion of DHP to GAPB. Glyceraldehyde-3-phospahte to 1,3-bisphophoglycerateC. PEP to PyruvateD. Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate

87. Which of the following enzymes does not catalyse a reaction that involves a large decrease in free energy?A. Aldolase C. PhosphofructokinaseB. Hexokinase D. Pyruvate kinase

88. Which of the following molecule enhances the conversion of Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-bisphophate?A. AMP C. CitrateB. ATP D. ADP

89. What is the scientific name of corn?

A. Zea mays C. Zhea maysB. Zia mayes D. Zea meys

90. Peppermint is

A. Mentha piperita C. Menta longifoliaB. Metha spicata D. Metha arvensis

91. Wild mint is

A. Mentha piperita C. Menta longifoliaB. Metha spicata D. Metha arvensis

-M. spciata = spearmint-M. longifolia = horse mint

92. Which of the following is not a pyrimidine base?

A. Adenine C. ThymineB. Uracil D. Cytosine

93. Which of the following drugs need a virus-specific thymidine kinase for its monophosphorylation?A. Trifluridine C. CidofovirB. Foscarnet D. Acyclovir

-Letter A, B, and C, does not undergo monophosphorylation via virus specific thymidine kinase.

94. Fusion inhibitors are new class of antiviral that blocks the entry of viruses into host cells, which of the following drug is a synthetic 36-amino acid peptide and the first representative of the fusion inhibitor?

A. Lamivudine C. DocosanolB. Enfuvirtide D. Lopinavir

-Only fusion inhibitor, aka as T-20

95. Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving Gag-Pol polyprotein that results in the production of mature viral particle?A. Kinase C. ProteaseB. Gyrase D. Transcripatase

- MOA of PROTEASE INHIBITOR, ex: Indinavir

96. Which of the following drugs will target pyruvyl transferase?

A. Fosfomycin C. GlycopeptidesB. Penicillins D. Chloramphenicol

97. It is considered as the workbench of protein synthesis inhibitors in the subcellular world

A. Mitochondria C. DNAB. Ribosome D. Cell wall

- Ribosomes, or the RNA material can trigger selectivity for drug products due to the difference in bacterial and human RNA.

98. Since the P site is always occupied by peptidyl-tRNA or deacylated tRNA, this makes the A site the primary target of which class of drugs?A. Tetracyclines C. PenicillinsB. Cephalosphorins D. Chloramphenicol

99. DNA gyrase is an enzyme that relieves strain as the helicase unwinds the DNA, which of the following drugs targets the -subunit of the DNA gyrase?A. Novobiocin C. RifampicinB. Quinolones D. Nitrofurans

- Quinolones target the -subunit

100. Study of chemical process in living organism

A. Biology C. ChemistryB. Biochemistry D. Biological Metabolism