pharmacognosy - balsams
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BALSAMS
![Page 2: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Balsams
• Are resinous mixtures that have large proportions of Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid or both; can also be esters of these acids.
• Medicinal balsams include:– Peru Balsam– Tolu Balsam– Storax Balsam– Sumatra Benzoin
![Page 3: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Peru Balsam (Myroxylon pereirae)
![Page 4: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum)
![Page 5: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Storax (Liquidambar orientalis)
![Page 6: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin)
![Page 7: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Peruvian Balsam
• Synonyms: China oil, black balsam, Peru balsam
• Source: Obtained from the trunk ofMyroxylon pereirae (trunk is beaten and scorched)
» Myroxylon – From myron (Greek word meaning ointment)
» Pereirae – from Jonathan Pereira, an English pharmacognosist.
![Page 8: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Peruvian Balsam
• Family: Leguminosae• Habitat: Central America
![Page 9: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Peruvian Balsam (Collection)
• The balsam is collected from trees that are around 10 years old in the months of November to December
• Can be collected via injury (Beating and scorching)
![Page 10: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Peruvian Balsam
• Color: Dark brown• Odor: Aromatic, vanilla-like• Soluble in chloroform and chloral hydrate• Sparingly soluble in petroleum ether and
insoluble in water• Specific gravity: 1.14-1.17• Not less than 45% and Not more than 70% of
esters.
![Page 11: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Peruvian Balsam (Constituents)
Cinnamein (Benzyl cinnamate) (60%)
![Page 12: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Peruvian Balsam (Constituents)
Styracin (Cinnamyl Cinnamate)
![Page 13: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Peruvian Balsam (Constituents)
• Other constituents include:–28% of resin (peruresinotannol)–Benzoic acids–Alcohol (nerolidol, farnesol, benzyl
alcohol)–Small quantities of vanillin and free
cinnamic acid.
![Page 14: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Peruvian Balsam (Uses)
• Protectant and rubefacient• Parasiticide for skin diseases such as scabies• Antiseptic and vulnerary• Can be applied externally alone or in alcoholic
solution • Can also be in an ointment form
![Page 15: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Peruvian Balsam (Products)
Anusol suppositories
![Page 16: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Peruvian Balsam (Products)
Wyanoid suppositories
![Page 17: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Tolu Balsam
• Synonyms: Tolu resin, Thomas balsam, Opobalsam
• Source: Obtained by incision from the trunk of Myroxylon balsamum• Family: Leguminosae• Habitat: West Indies, Cuba, Venezuela,
Colombia
![Page 18: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Tolu Balsam (Collection)
• The collection of balsam involves V-shaped incisions in the bark.
• Calabash Cups receive the flow of balsam from the incision.
• The yield per tree is 8-10 kg.
![Page 19: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tolu Balsam (Collection)
![Page 20: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Tolu Balsam
• Color: Yellow; turns brown when standing• Occurrence: A plastic solid that gradually
hardens; becoming brown.• Odor: Aromatic; vanilla-like• Taste: Aromatic; slightly pungent
![Page 21: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Tolu Balsam (Constituents)
Cinnamic acid
![Page 22: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Tolu Balsam (Constituents)
Toluresinotannol cinnamate (primary resin ester)
![Page 23: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Tolu Balsam (Constituents)
Benzyl benzoate (primary volatile oil)
![Page 24: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tolu Balsam (Constituents)
• Other constituents include:–Other resin esters (75-80%)–Benzoate–Other volatile oils (7-8%)–Free benzoic acid (12-15%)–Vanillin (2-8%)
![Page 25: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tolu Balsam (Uses)
• Pharmaceutic aid for compound benzoin tincture.
• Sometimes used as an expectorant.• Extensively used as a pleasant flavoring in
syrups.• Used in chewing gums, perfumes, and
confectionaries.
![Page 26: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tolu Balsam (Products)
Baldwin’s Tolu Balsam (30 mL)
![Page 27: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Tolu Balsam (Products)
Friar’s Balsam (Herbal Supplement; Expectorant)(29.6 mL)
![Page 28: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Storax Balsam
• Synonym: Levant Storax, American Storax • Source: Obtained by bruising and puncturing
the trunk of Liquidambar orientalis• Family: Hammamelidaceae• Habitat: Asia Minor (Turkey)
![Page 29: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Storax Balsam(Collection)
• The collection of Storax primarily takes place during early summer.
• Involves bruising and puncturing the bark.• Can also be collected during autumn by
peeling and pressing.
![Page 30: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Storax Balsam(Collection)
![Page 31: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Storax Balsam
• Color: Grayish to Grayish Brown• Occurrence: Less opaque semiliquid mass.• Odor: Agreeable; balsamic
![Page 32: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Storax Balsam (Constituents)
Cinnamic acid
![Page 33: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Storax Balsam (Constituents)
• Other constituents include:–Alpha and beta storesin (30% each)–Cinnamate (10-20%)–Styracin (5-10%)–Free cinnamic acid–Traces of vanillin
![Page 34: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Storax Balsam (Uses)
• Pharmaceutic aid for compound benzoin tincture.
• Used as a stimulant and expectorant• Also used as an antiseptic• Has a dose of 1g when used internally.
![Page 35: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Storax Balsam (Products)
Baldwin’s Storax Resinoid (30 mL)
![Page 36: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Storax Balsam (Products)
PDI Benzoin Compound Tincture U.S.P.
![Page 37: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Siam Benzoin
• Synonym: Thailand Benzoin • Source: Obtained by incision from the trunk of Styrax tonkinesis• Family: Styracaceae• Habitat: East Indies and Southeastern Asia
(Thailand, Northern Laos, Northern Vietnam)
![Page 38: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Siam Benzoin (Collection)
• The collection of benzoin involves incisions in the bark of Styrax tonkinesis.
• After 2 months, the exuding resin becomes less sticky and firm enough to collect.
• Separate tears are scraped from trees.• New incisions are made until the trees die.• Resins are only produced after the incision.
![Page 39: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Siam Benzoin (Collection)
![Page 40: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Siam Benzoin
• Color: Yellowish white to red; turns to brown due to oxidation.
• Occurrence: A plastic solid that gradually hardens; becoming brown.
• Odor: Agreeable; vanilla-like• Size: A few mm to 3cm.
![Page 41: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Siam Benzoin (Constituents)
Coniferyl benzoate (primary constituent) (60-70%)
![Page 42: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Siam Benzoin (Constituents)
• Other constituents include:–Free benzoic acid(10%)–Triterpene; siaresinol (6%)–A trace of vanillin
![Page 43: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Siam Benzoin (Use)
• Siam benzoin is mainly used in perfumes.
![Page 44: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Siam Benzoin(Products)
Glamorous (Ralph Lauren)
![Page 45: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Siam Benzoin(Products)
Eau Claire des Merveilles (Hermès)
![Page 46: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin
• Synonym: Indonesia Benzoin, Gum Benjamin
• Source: Obtained from the incised stem of Styrax benzoin • Family: Styracaceae• Habitat: Sumatra (Western Indonesia), Java,
Borneo
![Page 47: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin (Collection)
• Triangular incisions are made on the stem in a vertical row.
• The first secretion is very sticky and is rejected • After making further incisions, a harder
secretion is obtained. (almond tears).• Further incision, after 3 months yields a more
fluid secretion.
![Page 48: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin (Collection)
![Page 49: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin
• Color: Whitish-reddish tears• Occurrence: Brittle mass• Odor: Agreeable; balsamic• Taste: Slightly arcid.
![Page 50: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin (Constituents)
Cinnamic acid (primary constituent)(10%)
![Page 51: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin (Constituents)
Benzoic acid (primary constituent)(6%)
![Page 52: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin (Constituents)• Other constituents include:–Esters of balsamic acids (Cinnamic acid
+ Benzoic acid)–Triterpene acids–Traces of vanillin–Phenylpropyl cinnamate–Cinnamyl cinnamate–Phenylethylene
![Page 53: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin (Use)
• Internally: Expectorant, antiseptic• Externally: Cosmetic, Lotion, Food, Drink,
Perfumes• Component of incense
![Page 54: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin(Products)
Friar’s Balsam (Antiseptic)
![Page 55: PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMS](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061517/58f0d1e81a28ab660f8b45a3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Sumatra Benzoin(Products)
Vicks Vapostream