modified and controlled atmospheres during transit and...

Modified and Controlled Atmospheres during Transit and Storage

Modified and Controlled Modified and Controlled Atmospheres during Atmospheres during Transit and StorageTransit and Storage

Beth MitchamDepartment of Plant Sciences

Postharvest Technology CenterUC Davis

Beth MitchamBeth MitchamDepartment of Plant SciencesDepartment of Plant Sciences

Postharvest Technology CenterPostharvest Technology CenterUC DavisUC Davis

Modified or ControlledAtmospheres InvolvesModified or ControlledModified or ControlledAtmospheres InvolvesAtmospheres Involves

• Reduced oxygen

• Increased carbon dioxide

• Removing carbon dioxide

• Removing ethylene and other volatiles

• Degree of precision differentiates MA and CA

•• Reduced oxygenReduced oxygen

•• Increased carbon dioxideIncreased carbon dioxide

•• Removing carbon dioxideRemoving carbon dioxide

•• Removing ethylene and other volatilesRemoving ethylene and other volatiles

•• Degree of precision differentiates MA Degree of precision differentiates MA and CAand CA

Nitrogen 78%

Oxygen 21%

CarbonDioxide .03%

Nitrogen 94%

CarbonDioxide 4%

Oxygen 2%

Normal Atmosphere Typical Desired Atmosphere

Gas CompositionGas Composition

Modified AtmospheresPotential Benefits

Modified AtmospheresModified AtmospheresPotential BenefitsPotential Benefits

• Retards senescence or ripening– Reduces respiration rate– Reduces ethylene production

• Reduces ethylene sensitivity• Alleviates certain physiological

disorders• May reduce decay either indirectly or

directly• Insect control

•• Retards senescence or ripeningRetards senescence or ripening–– Reduces respiration rateReduces respiration rate–– Reduces ethylene productionReduces ethylene production

•• Reduces ethylene sensitivityReduces ethylene sensitivity•• Alleviates certain physiological Alleviates certain physiological

disordersdisorders•• May reduce decay either indirectly or May reduce decay either indirectly or

directlydirectly•• Insect controlInsect control

AIRAIRAIR 1% O2 + 5% CO21% O1% O22 + 5% CO+ 5% CO22

5 weeks at 10ºC5 weeks at 105 weeks at 10ººCC

Low O2 Delays Ripening of ‘Santa Rosa’ Plums

-1ºC (30ºF) in Air-1ºC (30ºF) in 2% O2

Six Months Storage of Bartlett Pears

Low O2 Retards Ripening of Partially Ripe Tomato Fruit

Low Low OO22

Delayed Ripening of Chili Peppers

CA Reduces Chilling Injury and Resulting Decay

Air Control <0.01ppm Ethylene + 0.1ppm Ethylene

+ 1ppm Ethylene + 10ppm Ethylene

‘Hass’ Avocado9 weeks 5ºC (41ºF)

5 days at 20ºC (68ºF

2% O2 + 2.5% CO2

Reducing Chilling Injury of Avocado with CA

CA Treatments for Decay ControlCA Treatments for Decay ControlCA Treatments for Decay Control

• Oxygen concentrations < 1%

• Carbon dioxide concentrations >10%

•• Oxygen concentrations < 1%Oxygen concentrations < 1%

•• Carbon dioxide concentrations >10%Carbon dioxide concentrations >10%

AIR

20% CO2

0°C (32°F) 2.2°C (36°F) 5°C (41°F)

4 Weeks Storage

AIR 5% O2 + 15% CO2

3½ Months Storage

Modified AtmospheresPotential Hazards

Modified AtmospheresModified AtmospheresPotential HazardsPotential Hazards

• Causes or aggravates physiological disorders in product

• Causes irregular ripening

• Induces off-flavors/odors

• Increases decay susceptibility

•• Causes or aggravates physiological Causes or aggravates physiological disorders in productdisorders in product

•• Causes irregular ripeningCauses irregular ripening

•• Induces offInduces off--flavors/odorsflavors/odors

•• Increases decay susceptibilityIncreases decay susceptibility

2% O2 0.2% O2Air 25ºC

Low OLow O22 Stimulates Sprouting and Increases DecayStimulates Sprouting and Increases Decay

Low O2 Injury in Apples

2% O2 + 5% CO2 at 0ºC for 1 week or longer

Brown Stain

COCO22 Injury to Apple FruitInjury to Apple Fruit

20% CO20% CO2 2

1% O2 + 5% CO1% O2 + 5% CO2 2

4 wks at 04 wks at 0°°C (32C (32°°F)F)2d 202d 20°°C (68C (68°°F) AirF) Air

Modified AtmospheresPotential for Benefit or Hazard

Depends Upon:

Modified AtmospheresModified AtmospheresPotential for Benefit or Hazard Potential for Benefit or Hazard

Depends Upon:Depends Upon:

• Commodity

• Cultivar

• Physiological age

• Atmospheric composition

• Temperature

• Duration

•• CommodityCommodity

•• CultivarCultivar

•• Physiological agePhysiological age

•• Atmospheric compositionAtmospheric composition

•• TemperatureTemperature

•• DurationDuration

Tolerance to Low OxygenTolerance to Low Oxygen

0.5

1.0

2.0

3.0

5.0

0.5

1.0

2.0

3.0

5.0

Tree nuts, dried fruit & vegetables

Some cultivars of apples & pears, broccoli, most fresh cut F&V, mushrooms

Most cultivars of apples and pears, kiwifruit, peach, strawberry, cantaloupe, lettuce, cabbage

Avocado, persimmon, tomato, pepper, cucumber

Citrus, asparagus, potato, sweet potato

Tree nuts, dried fruit & vegetables

Some cultivars of apples & pears, broccoli, most fresh cut F&V, mushrooms

Most cultivars of apples and pears, kiwifruit, peach, strawberry, cantaloupe, lettuce, cabbage

Avocado, persimmon, tomato, pepper, cucumber

Citrus, asparagus, potato, sweet potato

Min. %O2 CommoditiesMin. %O2 Commodities

Tolerance to Elevated Carbon DioxideTolerance to Elevated Carbon Dioxide

1

2

5

10

15

1

2

5

10

15

Some cultivars of apples (Fuji, Pink Lady, Braeburn)

Some apples & pears, apricot, pear, grape, tomato, lettuce, celery, artichoke

Some apples and pears, kiwifruit, peach, plum, orange, avocado, banana, cauliflower

Grapefruit, lemon, lime, persimmon, pineapple, cucumber, asparagus, broccoli

Strawberry, blueberry, raspberry, cherry, cantaloupe, sweet corn

Some cultivars of apples (Fuji, Pink Lady, Braeburn)

Some apples & pears, apricot, pear, grape, tomato, lettuce, celery, artichoke

Some apples and pears, kiwifruit, peach, plum, orange, avocado, banana, cauliflower

Grapefruit, lemon, lime, persimmon, pineapple, cucumber, asparagus, broccoli

Strawberry, blueberry, raspberry, cherry, cantaloupe, sweet corn

Max. %CO2 CommoditiesMax. %CO2 Commodities

How Does CA/MA How Does CA/MA Affect the Product?Affect the Product?

Oxygen( O2 )21%

+ SugarCarbon Dioxide

( CO2 )

Heat

RespirationRespiration

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

2 4 6 8 10 12

% Oxygen

Res

pira

tion

Rat

e

Respiration and OxygenRespiration and Oxygen

If OIf O22 Conc. is too Low, Anaerobic Respiration will OccurConc. is too Low, Anaerobic Respiration will Occur

00 100100Percent Carbon DioxidePercent Carbon Dioxide

Rel

ativ

e R

esp

irat

ion

Rat

eR

elat

ive

Res

pir

atio

n R

ate

Effect of CO2 Level on Respiration RateEffect of COEffect of CO22 Level on Respiration RateLevel on Respiration Rate

The Commodity and Its EnvironmentThe Commodity and Its EnvironmentThe Commodity and Its Environment

Commodity:Commodity:Commodity:

*Respiration and ethylene production of commodity

*Natural dermal systemepidermis, cuticle, lenticels

*Additional barriers addedfilm wrapping, waxes, coatings

*Respiration and ethylene *Respiration and ethylene production of commodityproduction of commodity

*Natural dermal system*Natural dermal systemepidermis, cuticle, lenticelsepidermis, cuticle, lenticels

*Additional barriers added*Additional barriers addedfilm wrapping, waxes, coatingsfilm wrapping, waxes, coatings


Package:Package:Package:

Permeability of packaging materialsVentilation openingsPlastic liners

Permeability of packaging materialsPermeability of packaging materialsVentilation openingsVentilation openingsPlastic linersPlastic liners


Storage room/transit vehicle:Storage room/transit vehicle:Storage room/transit vehicle:

*Degree of gas tightness*Ventilation systems*Atmosphere modification

*Degree of gas tightness*Degree of gas tightness*Ventilation systems*Ventilation systems*Atmosphere modification*Atmosphere modification

Must consider all barriersMust consider all barriersto gas exchange when to gas exchange when CA/MA is usedCA/MA is used

Commodity-Generated MAMethods to Restrict Gas Exchange

CommodityCommodity--Generated MAGenerated MAMethods to Restrict Gas ExchangeMethods to Restrict Gas Exchange

• Waxes or other surface coatings• Use of polyethylene liners in shipping

containers• Packaging in film wraps or bags• Use of plastic package with diffusion

windows• Use of pallet covers• Manipulation of shipping container vents

•• Waxes or other surface coatingsWaxes or other surface coatings•• Use of polyethylene liners in shipping Use of polyethylene liners in shipping

containerscontainers•• Packaging in film wraps or bagsPackaging in film wraps or bags•• Use of plastic package with diffusion Use of plastic package with diffusion

windowswindows•• Use of pallet coversUse of pallet covers•• Manipulation of shipping container ventsManipulation of shipping container vents

Produce Physiology

Converting/Filling TechnologyPolymer Engineering

Marketing/Consumer

Produce Physiology Requirements

Produce Physiology Requirements

• Produce Type• Growing Region• Pre-harvest Conditions• Postharvest Handling• Postharvest Processing• Temperature• Desired Shelf Life• Target MA• Respiration Rate

• Produce Type• Growing Region• Pre-harvest Conditions• Postharvest Handling• Postharvest Processing• Temperature• Desired Shelf Life• Target MA• Respiration Rate

Modified Atmosphere PackagingModified Atmosphere Packaging

Polymer Engineering RequirementsPolymer Engineering Requirements

• Target OTR

• Package Dimensions

• Package Style

• Product Weight

• Stiffness

• Optics

• Target OTR

• Package Dimensions

• Package Style

• Product Weight

• Stiffness

• Optics

Material Typical OTR (cc/100 in2/mil/atm/day)**

Characteristics

LDPE Low Density Polyethylene

450-500 range Most commonly used polymer in the packaging industry.

Good stiffness and clarity.

LLDPE Linear Low Density Polyethylene

480-500 depending upon grade Stiffer and can be clearer than LDPE.

LMDPE Linear Medium Density Polyethylene

350 Increased stiffness, decreased clarity and OTR, as compared to LDPE.

ULLDPE Ultra Linear Low Density Polyethylene

900 Lower density provides increased OTR, clarity and decreased stiffness as compared to LDPE.

Low seal initiation temperature.

Plastomer Metallocenes 1100 Plastomers are very soft and have low seal initiation temperatures and excellent hot tack strength.

Ultra Linear Low Density PE are PE’s manufactured with special metallocene catalysts. They have a very high OTR range.

Metallocene Linear Low Density Polyethylene

480 Manufactured with a metallocene catalyst. Similar to conventional linear PE’s with increased stiffness and clarity and improved seal properties.

EVA Ethylene Vinyl Acetate resins

600-900 Available as a copolymer in LDPE. Copolymer level can range from 2% to 28%. As the EVA

content increases, the stiffness decreases and the OTR increases.

Clarity also increases to about 6%, then decreases with higher EVA content.

EVA resins are blended with many of the above polymers to increase OTR, and improve seal properties.

Material Typical OTR (cc/100 in2/mil/atm/day)**

Characteristics

PPPolypropylene

300 Used commonly in core layers of co-extrusions. Good stiffness.

Bi-Axially Oriented PP(BOPP)

80-260 Gauge ranges from 40 gauge (0.4 mil) to over 1 mil. Used as the outer layer in many produce laminations. Excellent stiffness and clarity.Often reverse printed, but it can be surface printed.

High Oxygen Transmission Rate Oriented Poly Poly Propylene (OPP)

up to 600 Higher OTR than standard OPP achieved by proprietary manufacturing technology.

Styrene Butadiene Copolymer 500 Clear stiff polymer. Used predominately as the outer layer in fin and crimp co-extrusions.

COCCyclic Olefin Copolymer

85-100 Extremely stiff clear polymer that can be blended with polyethylene based polymers to increase stiffness without reducing clarity.

PET PolyethyleneterapthalatePolyester

5 Can be used in lidding material in combination with micro-perforation or high breathability patches. PET alone is a good oxygen barrier film. May be coated for various seal applications

Polybutylene Blended with PE based polymers and EVA to achieve a peelable seal to itself

** Note: Conversion factors to various OTR units can be found in Table 10.

Structure Characteristics

Monolayer Films One resin one film (single layer).

Engineered Blended Mono Films Different resins blended together to produce one mono-layer film.

Laminations Different film types are joined together with some type of adhesive or molten polymer.

Coextrusions Multiple film layers are incorporated into a single structure during the manufacturing process to produce one film.

•Recent advancements in Coextrusion technology have lead to a line of Coextruded films with OTR values up to 1500cc/100 sq. in. while at the same time providing excellent optics and increased stiffness.

LDPE-EVA BlendLDPE-EVA Blend

LDPE

LDPE-EVALDPE-EVA Coextrusion Coextrusion

EVA

EVA

EVA

EVA

LLDPE

LDPE-EVA Lamination LDPE-EVA Lamination

Adhesive

Types of MAPackages

StructuresStructures

• Hermetically Sealed Pouch– Pre-made

– Roll Stock

• Stand Up Pouch

• Macroperforation

• Microperforation

• Hermetically Sealed Pouch– Pre-made

– Roll Stock

• Stand Up Pouch

• Macroperforation

• Microperforation

Structures, Con’tStructures, Con’t

• Patch Technology

• Rigid Containers– Peelable Lidding

• Bag in Box

• Pallet Shroud

• Patch Technology

• Rigid Containers– Peelable Lidding

• Bag in Box

• Pallet Shroud

Polyethylene Liner (1.5 mil) Delays Ripening of Bananas

Box liner for sweet cherries develops MA to reduce decay and keep stems green

Modified Atmosphere PackagingModified Atmosphere Packaging

••Injection of gasInjection of gas

••TwistTwist--tie or tie or zipzip--closing bagsclosing bagsworks fineworks fine

Pallet Covers for Carbon Dioxide Treatment Pallet Covers for Carbon Dioxide Treatment of Strawberries during Transportof Strawberries during Transport

AgroResin® - Environmentally Sustainable Packaging

AgroResin® - Environmentally Sustainable Packaging

• 100% renewable, 100% compostable and 100% non-GM agricultural biomass (ASTM 6868 certified)

• Material made of renewable agricultural biomass fiber composite

• FDA Approved for DIRECT food contact

• Gas permeable yet water resistant

• Free of pulp and wood, emissions and chemicals. Adds value to agricultural by-products that are usually burned

• Benefits the environment by reducing waste and energy, conserving natural resources and reducing pollution

Pefect for a wide variety of applications!

New TrendsNew Trends

Controlled Atmosphere for StorageControlled Atmosphere for Storage

Capital investmentStore 2 to 12 monthsConstant monitoring of gas compositionSize room to market product quickly after openingMonitoring/sampling window

Capital investmentStore 2 to 12 monthsConstant monitoring of gas compositionSize room to market product quickly after openingMonitoring/sampling window

Types of CA StorageTypes of CA StorageTypes of CA Storage

• Rapid CA– Establish in 1 to 3 days instead of 20 days

• Ultra low O2 CA• Sequential CA

– 2 wks 0.5% O2, then 2% O2 thereafter

• Dynamic CA– Harvest Watch (Satlantic) – chlorophyll

florescence– Ethanol monitoring system (ATO,

Netherlands)

• Rapid CA– Establish in 1 to 3 days instead of 20 days

• Ultra low O2 CA• Sequential CA

– 2 wks 0.5% O2, then 2% O2 thereafter

• Dynamic CA– Harvest Watch (Satlantic) – chlorophyll

florescence– Ethanol monitoring system (ATO,

Netherlands)

Portable, Low-Cost Tent for Controlled Atmospheres or Modified AtmospherePortable, LowPortable, Low--Cost Tent for Controlled Cost Tent for Controlled Atmospheres or Modified AtmosphereAtmospheres or Modified Atmosphere

Courtesy, Nate ReedCourtesy, Nate Reed

Sources of Nitrogen for CA/MA-Nitrogen is used to replace Oxygen-

Sources of Nitrogen for CA/MASources of Nitrogen for CA/MA--Nitrogen is used to replace OxygenNitrogen is used to replace Oxygen--

• Liquid nitrogen

• Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) separators

• Membrane separators (Generon, Permea)

•• Liquid nitrogenLiquid nitrogen

•• Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) separatorsseparators

•• Membrane separators (Generon, Membrane separators (Generon, Permea)Permea)

Atmospheric Air

N2O2, CO2

Membrane Air SeparatorMembrane Air Separator

Courtesy Maersk SealandCourtesy Maersk SealandCourtesy Maersk Sealand

Equipment for Carbon Dioxide Removal

Equipment for Equipment for Carbon Dioxide RemovalCarbon Dioxide Removal

• Absorbers– Water

– Sodium hydroxide

– Ethanolamine

– Hydrated lime

• Adsorbers– Activated charcoal

– Membrane sieves

•• AAbbsorberssorbers–– WaterWater

–– Sodium hydroxideSodium hydroxide

–– EthanolamineEthanolamine

–– Hydrated limeHydrated lime

•• AAddsorberssorbers–– Activated charcoalActivated charcoal

–– Membrane sievesMembrane sieves

25 to 30 lbs.fresh hydrated limeper ton of apples

Can also be placed in aseparate room outside of the CA room

Use of CA for Long Term Storage

Months of StorageMonths of Storage CommoditiesCommodities

>12>12 Nuts and dried fruits and Nuts and dried fruits and vegetablesvegetables

6 6 -- 1212 Some cultivars of apples and Some cultivars of apples and pearspears

3 3 -- 66 Cabbage, chinese cabbage, Cabbage, chinese cabbage, kiwifruit, some cultivars of kiwifruit, some cultivars of asian pearsasian pears

1 1 -- 33 Avocado, olive, some cultivars Avocado, olive, some cultivars of peach, plum, nectarine, of peach, plum, nectarine, persimmon, pomegranatepersimmon, pomegranate

Use of CA for Short Term Storage

BenefitsBenefits CommoditiesCommodities

Delays ripening and Delays ripening and avoids chilling avoids chilling injuryinjury

Avocado, mango, banana, Avocado, mango, banana, melon, nectarine, papaya, melon, nectarine, papaya, peach, plum, tomato (MG, RR)peach, plum, tomato (MG, RR)

Controls decayControls decay Blackberry, blueberry, cherry, Blackberry, blueberry, cherry, fig, grape, raspberry, strawberryfig, grape, raspberry, strawberry

Delays senescence Delays senescence & compositional & compositional changeschanges

Asparagus, broccoli, lettuce, Asparagus, broccoli, lettuce, sweet corn, fresh herbs, fresh sweet corn, fresh herbs, fresh cutcut

Use of CA/MA During TransportUse of CA/MA During Transport

• Can make ocean transport a viable alternative to airfreight

• Within a retail or consumer package• Polymeric film liner within a carton• Within a plastic film cover for a pallet• In a rail car• In an intermodal container• Within a refrigerated storage compartment

aboard ship

• Can make ocean transport a viable alternative to airfreight

• Within a retail or consumer package• Polymeric film liner within a carton• Within a plastic film cover for a pallet• In a rail car• In an intermodal container• Within a refrigerated storage compartment

aboard ship

Examples of CA ShipmentsExamples of CA Shipments

• Avocadoes from Mexico to Japan and Hong Kong

• Blueberries from Chile to US

• Mangoes from Indonesia to Middle East

• Stone fruits from US to Taiwan

• Papayas from Taiwan to Canada

•• Avocadoes from Mexico to Japan and Avocadoes from Mexico to Japan and Hong KongHong Kong

•• Blueberries from Chile to USBlueberries from Chile to US

•• Mangoes from Indonesia to Middle EastMangoes from Indonesia to Middle East

•• Stone fruits from US to TaiwanStone fruits from US to Taiwan

•• Papayas from Taiwan to CanadaPapayas from Taiwan to Canada

CA Unit for Break Bulk Loads in Ship HullsCA Unit for Break Bulk Loads in Ship Hulls

Temperature ControlTemperature ControlControlled AtmosphereControlled Atmosphere

Humidity ControlHumidity ControlHumidity Control


AIRAIRAIRN2

CO2O2

Ethylene ScrubberEthylene ScrubberEthylene Scrubber

O2 +CO2

OO22 ++COCO22

Membrane Air SeparatorMembrane Air Membrane Air SeparatorSeparator

C2H4

Pressure release valvePressure release valvePressure release valve


Everfresh SystemEverfresh System

Normal Air

Normal Normal AirAir

O2 - 21%OO22 -- 21%21%

CO2 - 0.03%COCO22 -- 0.03%0.03%

Typical desired

atmosphere

Typical Typical desired desired

atmosphereatmosphere

O2 - 3%OO22 -- 3%3%

CO2 - 5%COCO22 -- 5%5%

StarfreshStarfreshStarfreshO2 decreases to setpoint and is maintained by product respiration and sped up and controlled by purging N2 into the unit

OO22 decreases to setpoint and decreases to setpoint and is maintained by product is maintained by product respiration and sped up and respiration and sped up and controlled by purging Ncontrolled by purging N22 into into the unitthe unit

CO2 increases from product respiration and can be further increased by adding CO2 if necessary

COCO22 increases from increases from product respiration and product respiration and can be further can be further increased by adding increased by adding COCO22 if necessaryif necessary


Installation of curtain in a CA container. Dry ice is used to

elevate the CO2 level.

Installation of curtain in a CA Installation of curtain in a CA container. Dry ice is used to container. Dry ice is used to

elevate the COelevate the CO22 level. level.

Dry ice Dry Dry ice ice


Maxtend system - APL

Low-power miniaturized ‘external’ MAXtend controller

Courtesy APL

Installation of Controller in Air Exchanger

Controller and valve externally mounted

Courtesy APL

CO2 Scrubber - APL

CO2 scrubbers

are packed in a

protective carton

If necessary CO2 scrubbersare placed onthe top of the load

Courtesy APL

Curtain Installation

A Curtain is installed across the door to minimize leakage

Courtesy APL

Gas flushing

Required gas concentration is quickly achieved by gas flushing

Courtesy APL

Asparagus CA graph

Courtesy APL

Flush with N2

Absorb CO2 with Lime

eAutoFresh – Carrier Transicold

Automatic ventilation panel

Reduces perishable power consumption

Reduces pull-down time

Improved shelf-life thru modified atmosphereCO2/O2 combinations = 21%

Suitable for avocado, asparagus, berries, melons

Journeys <=3 weeks

Field transferable

Use of Ozone in Marine ContainersPurefresh’s Active Cargo Protection System

• Decay

– Kills molds and yeasts

– Stops nesting of decay, preventsmold sporulation

– Leaves no residue on the produce

• Controls Ripening

– Consumes and regulates ethylene levels

– Maintains produce firmness

• Enhances Food Safety

– Kills bacteria and viruses in air AND on surfaces

The Clean Power of Ozone

World’s ONLY 100% natural disinfectant

Made from oxygen in the air

Kills surface AND airborne microorganisms

Certified organic / FDA & USDA approved

courtesy purfresh

Case Study: Putting Cherries on the Ocean› Challenge: Preventing decay during ocean transport

› Comparison: Testing LifeSpan MAP with Active Cargo Protection (Purfresh) vs. MAP in regular atmosphere (RA)

› Duration: Simulated 25-day voyage

Purfresh, Inc. Confidential

ResultsUsing Purfresh with MA bags…

Maintained freshness for 25 days

Reduced incidence of mold … 44% less than RA

No negative effect on the MA bags; were able to maintain CO2 and O2 levels

Zero negative effect on fruit quality characteristics (e.g. stems, color, etc.)

courtesy purfresh

Case Study: Keeping Mangoes Fresh in Ocean Transport

• Challenge: Control decay, ripening, maintain firmness

• Comparison: Active Cargo Protection (Purfresh) and regular atmosphere (RA)

• Duration: Simulated voyage from CA to Australia (22 days)

ResultsPurfresh shipment …

Greater firmness Effectively controlled mold

Showed no signs of internal rot

Zero detrimental effects on fruit characteristics

RA – showing internal browning

Purfresh – no signs of internal browning

courtesy purfresh

Questions?Questions?

modified and controlled atmospheres during transit and...

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