modern history of south africa main idea statements 1.the separation of races was essential to the...

Modern History of South Africa Modern History of South Africa Main Idea StatementsMain Idea Statements

1.1. The separation of races was essential to the minority control The separation of races was essential to the minority control over South Africa.over South Africa.

2.2. Apartheid resulted in the creation of a system of inequality and Apartheid resulted in the creation of a system of inequality and injustice for the majority of South Africans.injustice for the majority of South Africans.

3.3. Limited reforms were made to apartheid that had little effect on Limited reforms were made to apartheid that had little effect on the lives of the majority of South African. the lives of the majority of South African.

4.4. Limited political and social reforms in South Africa resulted in Limited political and social reforms in South Africa resulted in Non-White African resistance to white repression. (being kept Non-White African resistance to white repression. (being kept down by force)down by force)

5.5. South Africa is making strides to dismantle the legacy of South Africa is making strides to dismantle the legacy of apartheid as well as working towards a more positive future apartheid as well as working towards a more positive future through government reform.through government reform.

ClosureClosure

A fundamental CAUSE of apartheid A fundamental CAUSE of apartheid was…..was…..

A major EFFECT of apartheid was/is….A major EFFECT of apartheid was/is….

World Revolution DVDWorld Revolution DVD

Intro to Imperialism 7:00 minutesIntro to Imperialism 7:00 minutes

South AfricaSouth AfricaUse World Revolutions: South Africa DVDUse World Revolutions: South Africa DVD

Bantu Bantu MigrationMigration

Bantu MigrationBantu Migration

Brief History of South Brief History of South AfricaAfrica 1652: The Dutch arrived on the southern 1652: The Dutch arrived on the southern

coast and established Cape Towncoast and established Cape Town Boers: Dutch for farmerBoers: Dutch for farmer Afrikaners: white Dutch descendants of Afrikaners: white Dutch descendants of

South Africa South Africa Afrikaans: languageAfrikaans: language

European settlement of South Africa began with the arrival of Dutch commander Jan van Riebeeck and his 90 men, who landed in 1652 at the Cape of Good Hope under instructions by the Dutch East India Company to build a fort and develop a vegetable garden for the benefit of ships on the Eastern trade route

Brief History of South Brief History of South AfricaAfrica

1815: The British took over the Dutch 1815: The British took over the Dutch colony. The Boers resented the British colony. The Boers resented the British and wanted their independenceand wanted their independence


1834: The British end slavery in all of 1834: The British end slavery in all of their colonies. The Dutch farming their colonies. The Dutch farming economy depends on slaves for labor, so economy depends on slaves for labor, so they rebel against the British anti-slavery they rebel against the British anti-slavery laws.laws.


1836: The Boer Trek or Great Trek1836: The Boer Trek or Great Trek Cause: When the British ended slavery, Cause: When the British ended slavery,

thousands of Boers left the south and thousands of Boers left the south and headed north headed north

saw as a threat to their way of lifesaw as a threat to their way of life SeparatistsSeparatists

Great TrekGreat Trek

Brief History of South Brief History of South AfricaAfrica Great TrekGreat Trek

Effects:Effects: 1850s: The Boers established 1850s: The Boers established

independent nations in the north. independent nations in the north. Orange Free State & TransvaalOrange Free State & Transvaal clashed with the Zulu, who had clashed with the Zulu, who had

migrated to the same area and owned migrated to the same area and owned the best farmland. the best farmland.

the British and defeated the Zulu the British and defeated the Zulu Anglo – Zulu WarAnglo – Zulu War

Anglo-Zulu WarAnglo-Zulu War

Shaka’s Shaka’s successors could successors could not keep power not keep power against superior against superior British arms.British arms.

In 1879 the In 1879 the Anglo-Anglo-Zulu WarZulu War broke broke out. out.

Zulus are defeatedZulus are defeated

Shaka’s Military Shaka’s Military InnovationsInnovations

Ikwla - Short spear was the principal weapon Ikwla - Short spear was the principal weapon requiring close hand to hand combat. requiring close hand to hand combat.

Large cowhide shield was introduced.Large cowhide shield was introduced. Constant drilling to keep warriors physically fit.Constant drilling to keep warriors physically fit. Boys six and over were apprentice warriors Boys six and over were apprentice warriors

who carried rations. They were highly who carried rations. They were highly organized.organized.

Impi - Impi - RegimentsRegiments were given various tasks were given various tasks based on the age range of the men making up based on the age range of the men making up the regiment.the regiment.

““Buffalo horn formation” is credited to Shaka.Buffalo horn formation” is credited to Shaka.

Shaka Reading King of the Zulus

An 1824 sketch of Shaka (1781 - 1828), the great Zulu king, four years before his death. By James King, it is the only known drawing of Shaka

In 1879 the Zulu army, under King Cetshwayo, delivered a resounding and humiliating defeat to the armed might of the British Empire at Isandhlwana

Shaka AssassinatedShaka Assassinated In 1827, Shaka's mother, Nandi, died, and the Zulu leader lost his In 1827, Shaka's mother, Nandi, died, and the Zulu leader lost his

mind. mind. In his grief, Shaka had hundreds of Zulus killed, and he outlawed In his grief, Shaka had hundreds of Zulus killed, and he outlawed

the planting of crops and the use of milk for a year.the planting of crops and the use of milk for a year. All women found pregnant were murdered along with their All women found pregnant were murdered along with their

husbands. husbands. He sent his army on an extensive military operation, and when He sent his army on an extensive military operation, and when

they returned exhausted he immediately ordered them out again. they returned exhausted he immediately ordered them out again. On September 22, 1828, his half-brothers murdered Shaka. On September 22, 1828, his half-brothers murdered Shaka. Dingane, one of the brothers, then became king of the ZulusDingane, one of the brothers, then became king of the Zulus


1867: Diamonds were discovered in the 1867: Diamonds were discovered in the Boers republicBoers republic

1884: Gold was discovered in the Boer 1884: Gold was discovered in the Boer republicrepublic


1899-1902: The Boer War1899-1902: The Boer War Boers vs. BritishBoers vs. British CausesCauses

British wanted control of the diamonds and gold. The British wanted control of the diamonds and gold. The Boers fought back for their independence. Boers fought back for their independence.

EffectsEffects ended with the British in control of all of South Africaended with the British in control of all of South Africa 1910: Britain granted self-government to the Union 1910: Britain granted self-government to the Union

of South Africa of South Africa

The Boer reply was to intensify guerilla war – General Jan Smuts (Boer), who had been Kruger's state attorney, led his troops to within 190 kilometres of Cape Town – and in response Kitchener (British) adopted a scorched-earth policy and set up racially separate civilian concentration camps in which some 26 000 Boer women and children and 14 000 black and mixed race people were to die in appalling conditions.


1910: Britain granted self-government to 1910: Britain granted self-government to the Union of South Africa the Union of South Africa Effects: whites controlled the governmentEffects: whites controlled the government only Whites voted only Whites voted Boers were the majority, they gained controlBoers were the majority, they gained control


Formal Apartheid 6:00Formal Apartheid 6:00

1948: Apartheid1948: Apartheid Apartheid began in 1948, under the Apartheid began in 1948, under the

National PartyNational Party Rigid separation of races – forced Rigid separation of races – forced

segregationsegregation Afrikaans: "separateness”Afrikaans: "separateness” All South Africans were classified: White, All South Africans were classified: White,

Black, Mixed races or Asian (Indians mostly)Black, Mixed races or Asian (Indians mostly) White South Africans – 10% White South Africans – 10% Black South Africans – 79%Black South Africans – 79% Mixed – 9%Mixed – 9% Asians – 2%Asians – 2%

Apartheid LawsApartheid Laws Separate development = justificationSeparate development = justification Bantustans/HomelandsBantustans/Homelands

was a territory set aside for South Africans Blackswas a territory set aside for South Africans Blacks Pass laws Pass laws

enacted to allowed South African Blacks out of their homelands for workenacted to allowed South African Blacks out of their homelands for work Could not officially live in cities (townships - Soweto)Could not officially live in cities (townships - Soweto)

Bantu Education Bantu Education designed to ensure under achievement only preparing students for designed to ensure under achievement only preparing students for

unskilled labor.unskilled labor. No voting for non-whitesNo voting for non-whites Population Registration Act of 1950Population Registration Act of 1950

Supported Ethnic divisions everywhere – divided familiesSupported Ethnic divisions everywhere – divided families Job classificationJob classification

"In 1953 the government passed the Bantu Education Act, which the people didn't want. We didn't want this bad education for our children. This Bantu Education Act was to make sure that our children only learnt things that would make them good for what the government wanted: to work in the factories and so on; they must not learn properly at school like the white children. Our children were to go to school only three hours a day, two shifts of children every day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, so that more children could get a little bit of learning without government having to spend more money. Hawu! It was a terrible thing that act."

Effects of ApartheidEffects of Apartheid

Created a system of inequality and Created a system of inequality and injusticeinjustice

Guaranteed minority ruleGuaranteed minority rule South African Blacks = labor = basis of South African Blacks = labor = basis of

economyeconomy Divided familiesDivided families


Anti Apartheid Movement 13:37-18:00Anti Apartheid Movement 13:37-18:00 5:00 minutes5:00 minutes


1950s: Opposition to apartheid forms1950s: Opposition to apartheid forms National and InternationalNational and International

National OppositionNational Opposition African National Congress formed 1912African National Congress formed 1912

Defiance CampaignDefiance Campaign Mass Non-violence/ civil disobedience against unjust Mass Non-violence/ civil disobedience against unjust

laws – strkes and boycottslaws – strkes and boycotts Spear of the Nation: militant branchSpear of the Nation: militant branch Opposed minority governmentOpposed minority government Formed first multiracial democratically elected Formed first multiracial democratically elected

governmentgovernment

Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrikaNkosi Sikelel' iAfrika The song was the official anthem for the African National The song was the official anthem for the African National

Congress during the apartheid era and was a symbol of Congress during the apartheid era and was a symbol of the anti-apartheid movement – the anti-apartheid movement – song

Now South Africa National AnthemNow South Africa National Anthem

African National CongressAfrican National Congress

National OppositionNational Opposition Sharpeville Massacre 1960Sharpeville Massacre 1960

Cause: Demonstration against passbooksCause: Demonstration against passbooks Effects: worldwide protests against the South Effects: worldwide protests against the South

African government, ANC banned, 69 deadAfrican government, ANC banned, 69 dead

Quote:Quote:It was then that police opened fire, without being given a It was then that police opened fire, without being given a order to do so. Panic gripped the marches. They immediately order to do so. Panic gripped the marches. They immediately tried to flee but were unable to do so, due to the massive tried to flee but were unable to do so, due to the massive crowd surrounding them. Press reports later described the crowd surrounding them. Press reports later described the scene, "policeman on top of Saracen armored vehicles scene, "policeman on top of Saracen armored vehicles swung sten guns in a wide arc, gunning down the crowd. swung sten guns in a wide arc, gunning down the crowd. Bodies laid strewn in the road and on the pavement. The Bodies laid strewn in the road and on the pavement. The wounded fled into backyards and side streets. Children ran wounded fled into backyards and side streets. Children ran like rabbits. One by one the guns stopped". The final toll was like rabbits. One by one the guns stopped". The final toll was 69 dead and 180 had bullet wounds, among them seriously 69 dead and 180 had bullet wounds, among them seriously injured.injured.

Suddenly I heard chilling cries of "Izwe Lethu" it sounded mainly like the voices of Suddenly I heard chilling cries of "Izwe Lethu" it sounded mainly like the voices of women. Hands went up in the famous black power salute. That is when the shooting women. Hands went up in the famous black power salute. That is when the shooting started. We heard the clatter of machine guns one after the other. The protestors started. We heard the clatter of machine guns one after the other. The protestors thought they were firing blanks or warning shots. One woman was hit about 10 yards thought they were firing blanks or warning shots. One woman was hit about 10 yards away from our car, as she fell to the ground her companion went back to assist, he away from our car, as she fell to the ground her companion went back to assist, he thought she had stumbled. Then he tried to pick her up, as he turned her around he saw thought she had stumbled. Then he tried to pick her up, as he turned her around he saw her chest had been blown away from the hail of bullets. He looked at the blood on his her chest had been blown away from the hail of bullets. He looked at the blood on his hand and screamed "God she had been shot". Hundreds of kids were running like wild hand and screamed "God she had been shot". Hundreds of kids were running like wild rabbits, some of them were gunned down. Shooting only stopped when no living rabbits, some of them were gunned down. Shooting only stopped when no living protestor was in sight".protestor was in sight".

Sharpeville Sharpeville MassacreMassacre

The police later claimed they were in The police later claimed they were in extreme danger because the crowed extreme danger because the crowed was stoning them. They also said that was stoning them. They also said that the crowd was armed with weapons the crowd was armed with weapons which littered the compound when they which littered the compound when they left.left.

Photographs taken by the press later Photographs taken by the press later revealed that the protestors were revealed that the protestors were unarmed and only hats, bicycles, shoes unarmed and only hats, bicycles, shoes and other personal belongings were left and other personal belongings were left among the dead and injured bodies. At among the dead and injured bodies. At that time no one dared to testify against that time no one dared to testify against the apartheid police.the apartheid police.

National OppositionNational Opposition Soweto Riots 1976 Soweto Riots 1976

Cause: Students joined the protest when a new Cause: Students joined the protest when a new law went into affect requiring Afrikaans in all public law went into affect requiring Afrikaans in all public school; symbol of white ruleschool; symbol of white rule

EffectsEffects Violence, arrests, Biko murderedViolence, arrests, Biko murdered

Soweto Riots Video

https://vimeo.com/89553694

4:00Copy and paste into Explorer

Soweto Riots Video 4:00 useThe Soweto demonstrations of 1976, the largest outbreak of violence in South Africa since the Sharpeville aftermath in 1960. On June 16, Soweto school children demonstrating against the use of Afrikaans as a language of instruction were met with massive police force, unleashing a wave of confrontations that resulted in close to 400 killed and thousands arrested. Large numbers of youngsters fled the country, providing fertile ground for recruitment of ANC guerrillas over the following years.

Anti-Apartheid LeadersAnti-Apartheid Leaders Albert Luthuli: Albert Luthuli:

1960 winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace, 1960 winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace, president of the ANC (1951), nonviolent president of the ANC (1951), nonviolent resistance resistance

Walter Sisulu: Walter Sisulu: ANC, planning role in the "Spear of the ANC, planning role in the "Spear of the

Nation“, 26 years prisonNation“, 26 years prison

Stephen Biko Stephen Biko Black Consciousness MovementBlack Consciousness Movement

focused on the ability of black people to change focused on the ability of black people to change the oppressive situation in South Africa by the oppressive situation in South Africa by rejecting the system of apartheidrejecting the system of apartheid

Anti-Apartheid LeadersAnti-Apartheid Leaders Archbishop Desmond Tutu: Archbishop Desmond Tutu:

winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace, winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace, nonviolent resistance, (1980’s) nonviolent resistance, (1980’s)

Nelson Mandela (1918-2013)Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) see Biography questionssee Biography questions Brief CNN Video Mandela Feb 4, 1994 Video Mandala Pictures and Quotes Timeline NYTimes Timeline Remembering Mandela Madiba - a sign of respect and affectionMadiba - a sign of respect and affection

Albert LuthuliAlbert Luthuli

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela and Morgan Nelson Mandela and Morgan FreemanFreeman

Mandela and Idris Elba

The Black Consciousness Movement was formed in the mid- to late-1960s by Steve Biko, and like minded activists in South Africa, as a reaction to the Apartheid state's white racism and the perceived paternalistic attitudes of white liberal groups.The development of the BCM echoed the growth of Black Power in the US. The movement's ideology, although founded in black Christianity, tended towards more militant and radical solutions. This was despite Biko's support for non-violent action (he was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi).By 1976 the key leadership of the BCM had either been banned or arrested. On 12 September 1977, its leader, Steve Biko died in detention in a Pretoria prison cell.

Steve Biko's grave, at King Williams Town. The charismatic and brilliant leader of the "Black Consciousness" movement among young South African Blacks in the 1960s and 70s, Steve Biko was arrested in 1977 and held without charge like thousands of other suspected "subversives." On September 12, 1977, Biko died in detention as a result of beatings by security forces. His death unleashed a wave of emotion which led to further governmental crackdowns. Biko has remained a symbol of Black pride and defiance.

Steve Biko was one of South Africa's most significant political activists and a leading founder of South Africa's Black Consciousness Movement. His death in police detention in 1977 led to his being hailed as a martyr of the anti-Apartheid struggle.

10 Minute Biko Video

Cry Freedom Clip Meaning of Black Consciousness

Biko – Peter Gabriel - Biko – Peter Gabriel - 19801980

September '77September '77Port Elizabeth weather finePort Elizabeth weather fineIt was business as usualIt was business as usualIn police room 619In police room 619Oh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla MojaYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead-The man is dead

When I try to sleep at nightWhen I try to sleep at nightI can only dream in redI can only dream in redThe outside world is black and whiteThe outside world is black and whiteWith only one colour deadWith only one colour deadOh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla MojaYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead-The man is dead

You can blow out a candleYou can blow out a candleBut you can't blow out a fireBut you can't blow out a fireOnce the flames begin to catchOnce the flames begin to catchThe wind will blow it higherThe wind will blow it higherOh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla MojaYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead-The man is dead

And the eyes of the world areAnd the eyes of the world arewatching nowwatching nowwatching now watching now

Play Song We are the World We are the World Haiti

Hector Pieterson being carried by Mbuyisa Makhubo after being shot by South African police. His sister, Antoinette Sithole runs beside them. Pieterson was rushed to local clinic and declared dead on arrival at the clinic

Umkhonto we Sizwe

In 1961, MK published a manifesto entitled Umkhonto we Sizwe (Military wing of the African National Congress): We are at War!

"Our men are armed and trained freedom fighters not terrorists.

We are fighting for democracy—majority rule—the right of the Africans to rule Africa.

We are fighting for a South Africa in which there will be peace and harmony and equal rights for all people.

We are not racialists, as the white oppressors are. The African National Congress has a message of freedom for all who live in our country."

Robben IslandRobben Island


1964: Nelson Mandela, the leader of the 1964: Nelson Mandela, the leader of the African National Congress, was African National Congress, was imprisonedimprisoned

World opinion turns against the South World opinion turns against the South African government – African government – Free Mandela Song Free Mandela Song 19841984

Out of the night that covers me,Black as the Pit from pole to pole,I thank whatever gods may beFor my unconquerable soul.

In the fell clutch of circumstanceI have not winced nor cried aloud.Under the bludgeonings of chanceMy head is bloody, but unbowed.

Beyond this place of wrath and tearsLooms but the Horror of the shade,And yet the menace of the yearsFinds, and shall find, me unafraid.

It matters not how strait the gate,How charged with punishments the scroll.I am the master of my fate:I am the captain of my soul.

William Ernest Henley

Invictusunbeaten unconquered

Poem recited by Morgan Freeman

Limited Reforms to Limited Reforms to Apartheid 1982 - 1983Apartheid 1982 - 1983

Semantics:Semantics: apartheid = separate developmentapartheid = separate development Passbooks = identity cardsPassbooks = identity cards

Laws with limited impact – no real changesLaws with limited impact – no real changes Asian and mixed race into government with no power – Asian and mixed race into government with no power –

limited participationlimited participation Not illegal to have racially mixed marriages but illegal to live Not illegal to have racially mixed marriages but illegal to live

togethertogether Organizations not banned but forbidden to hold meetingsOrganizations not banned but forbidden to hold meetings

Removal of examples of “Petty Apartheid”Removal of examples of “Petty Apartheid” Changed signs to blue and white figuresChanged signs to blue and white figures

International OppositionInternational Opposition economic sanction and isolationeconomic sanction and isolation

punitive measures to punish a countrypunitive measures to punish a country United Nations placed an arms embargo on United Nations placed an arms embargo on

South AfricaSouth Africa Olympic Committee barred South African Olympic Committee barred South African

athletes from competition/Expelled from FIFAathletes from competition/Expelled from FIFA United States imposed economic sanctionsUnited States imposed economic sanctions Could not borrow from international lending Could not borrow from international lending

organizationsorganizations

divestment divestment economic boycott to pressure a government, economic boycott to pressure a government,

industry, or company towards a change in policyindustry, or company towards a change in policy financial, ethical, or political objectives financial, ethical, or political objectives

although it hit the poor hardestalthough it hit the poor hardest divestment threw blacks out of work divestment threw blacks out of work

Tutu arguedTutu argued ““at least South African Blacks would be suffering with at least South African Blacks would be suffering with

a purpose"a purpose"

International OppositionInternational Opposition

We're rockers and rappers united and We're rockers and rappers united and strongstrongWe're here to talk about South Africa We're here to talk about South Africa we don't like what's going onwe don't like what's going onIt's time for some justice it's time for the It's time for some justice it's time for the truthtruthWe've realized there's only one thing We've realized there's only one thing we can dowe can do

I ain't gonna play Sun CityI ain't gonna play Sun City

Relocation to phony homelandsRelocation to phony homelandsSeparation of families I can't Separation of families I can't understandunderstand23 million can't vote because they're 23 million can't vote because they're blackblackWe're stabbing our brothers and sisters We're stabbing our brothers and sisters in the backin the back


Our government tells us we're doing all Our government tells us we're doing all we canwe canConstructive Engagement is Ronald Constructive Engagement is Ronald Reagan's planReagan's planMeanwhile people are dying and giving Meanwhile people are dying and giving up hopeup hopeThis quiet diplomacy ain't nothing but a This quiet diplomacy ain't nothing but a jokejoke


Boputhuswana is far awayBoputhuswana is far awayBut we know it's in South Africa no But we know it's in South Africa no matter what they saymatter what they sayYou can't buy me I don't care what you You can't buy me I don't care what you paypayDon't ask me Sun City because I ain't Don't ask me Sun City because I ain't gonna playgonna play


It's time to accept our responsibilityIt's time to accept our responsibilityFreedom is a privilege nobody rides for Freedom is a privilege nobody rides for freefreeLook around the world baby it can't be Look around the world baby it can't be denieddeniedWhy are we always on the wrong sideWhy are we always on the wrong side


Relocation to phony homelandsRelocation to phony homelandsSeparation of families I can't Separation of families I can't understandunderstand23 million can't vote because they're 23 million can't vote because they're blackblackWe're stabbing our brothers and sisters We're stabbing our brothers and sisters in the backin the back

Play Song (1985) songPlay Song (1985) song

EffectsEffects

Sanctions slowed South Africa’s economySanctions slowed South Africa’s economy Consolidated Gold Fields played a key role in ending apartheid in South Africa; Consolidated Gold Fields played a key role in ending apartheid in South Africa;

Michael Young, the company's public affairs director embarked on the Michael Young, the company's public affairs director embarked on the controversial course of initiating secret discussions between the South African controversial course of initiating secret discussions between the South African government and the ANC at the company's estate in Somerset, Mells Park government and the ANC at the company's estate in Somerset, Mells Park House. This ultimately resulted in the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 and the House. This ultimately resulted in the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 and the handover of power to majority rule: the events are described in the 2009 handover of power to majority rule: the events are described in the 2009 television film "television film "EndgameEndgame".".

A growing number of white South Africans A growing number of white South Africans came to believe that apartheid must end came to believe that apartheid must end in order for the country to growin order for the country to grow

Show End of Apartheid: Show End of Apartheid: RevolutionsRevolutions

18-2218-22

End of ApartheidEnd of Apartheid F.W. de Klerk (1989)F.W. de Klerk (1989)

Lifted bans on opposition groupsLifted bans on opposition groups Government repeals pass lawsGovernment repeals pass laws They opened segregated facilities to ALL South They opened segregated facilities to ALL South

AfricansAfricans Mandela’s release from prison (1990)Mandela’s release from prison (1990) New constitution – officially ends apartheid, New constitution – officially ends apartheid,

guaranteeing non-whites rights, guaranteeing non-whites rights, 1994: 1st all-race election = Mandela = ANC 1994: 1st all-race election = Mandela = ANC

(speech)(speech)

Out of the night that covers me,Black as the Pit from pole to pole,I thank whatever gods may beFor my unconquerable soul.

In the fell clutch of circumstanceI have not winced nor cried aloud.Under the bludgeonings of chanceMy head is bloody, but unbowed.

Beyond this place of wrath and tearsLooms but the Horror of the shade,And yet the menace of the yearsFinds, and shall find, me unafraid.

It matters not how strait the gate,How charged with punishments the scroll.I am the master of my fate:I am the captain of my soul.

William Ernest Henley

Invictusunbeaten unconquered

Poem recited by Morgan Freeman

Challenges and the Challenges and the FutureFuture

Truth and Reconciliation CommissionTruth and Reconciliation Commission Find the truth about apartheid Find the truth about apartheid Mandela “heal the wounds of the past”Mandela “heal the wounds of the past” Amnesty: “legal forgiveness”Amnesty: “legal forgiveness”

Legacy of ApartheidLegacy of Apartheid Continued economic inequalityContinued economic inequality Issues: housing, running water, Issues: housing, running water, Electricity, high unemploymentElectricity, high unemployment Segregation illegal but still a realitySegregation illegal but still a reality

Born Free – Life After Apartheid VideoBorn Free – Life After Apartheid Video

http://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/01_13_14http://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/01_13_14 Born Free 1/13/2014Born Free 1/13/2014 Born Free Video Born Free Video

A world map showing all the truth and reconciliation commissions in Museum of Memory and Human Rights, Santiago, Chile.

A truth commission or truth and reconciliation commission is a commission tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoing by a government (or, depending on the circumstances, non-state actors also), in the hope of resolving conflict left over from the past. established by Mandela after apartheid, is popularly considered a model of truth commissions.

In recent years, how has the South In recent years, how has the South African government tried create a African government tried create a better future for its citizens?better future for its citizens?

DemocracyDemocracy New Government/ConstitutionNew Government/Constitution

antidiscrimination lawsantidiscrimination laws protection of human rightsprotection of human rights

Try to improve healthcare, unemployment, Try to improve healthcare, unemployment, educationeducation

Study Guide for Chapter 6 (Sections 1-2): Pages 132-143 Section 1: Organization of African Unity/African Union Regional cooperation Cold War and Africa Debt burden: IMF and World Bank involvement Ongoing Challenges: disease, family size, improve agricultural output Activity: African Regional and Global Issues Section 2: Origins and Laws of Apartheid Struggle against Apartheid: domestic and international pressure (economic sanctions), rationale, effects Activity: South Africa Guided Notes, Chart, page 143 #1-4 Terms/People: Afrikaner Afrikaans pass laws Apartheid African National Congress Nelson Mandela F.W. de Klerk homeland/bantustans Stephen Biko Desmond Tutu Albert Luthuli Sharpeville Massacre Black Consciousness Movement Truth and Reconciliation Committee Boer War Spear of the Nation economic sanctions Boers Zulu Shaka divestment Open-Ended In recent years, how has the South African government tried create a better future for its citizens?

modern history of south africa main idea statements 1.the separation of races was essential to the...

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