South Africa & ApartheidSouth Africa & Apartheid

Do or Die AssignmentDo or Die Assignment1.1. Define the term or person assigned.Define the term or person assigned.

2.2. Terms: Find out as much information as possible. Terms: Find out as much information as possible. May be as simple as a short definition or it may be May be as simple as a short definition or it may be a little longer.a little longer.

3.3. People: Birth/Death, policies they created, social People: Birth/Death, policies they created, social issues they are known for, books written, awards issues they are known for, books written, awards won, significance to South Africa/apartheidwon, significance to South Africa/apartheid

4.4. Present your information orally to the class. You Present your information orally to the class. You DO NOT have to create or hand in anything! DO NOT have to create or hand in anything! (unless you are absent)(unless you are absent)

5.5. You can only receive a ZERO or 100 as a TEST You can only receive a ZERO or 100 as a TEST GRADE!!!GRADE!!!

Apartheid Terms – Do or Apartheid Terms – Do or Die!Die!

African National Congress

Afrikaans Apartheid Bantu

Boer War Boer/Afrikaner Cape of Good Hope

Freedom Charter

Johannesburg Kaffir Kloof Kraal

KwaZulu Natal Sharpesville Massacre

National Party (in South Africa)

Pickaninny Pretoria Sophiatown

Soweto  

Soweto Uprising Umfundisi Umnumzana Veld

  United Democratic Front

Zulu Alan Paton Amy Biehl Chinua Achebe

Daniel Malan F. W. de Klerk Hendrik Verwoerd Mark Mathabane

Nadine Gordimer Nelson Mandela Steven Biko  

Unusual Colonial HistoryUnusual Colonial History

ColonialismColonialism usually represents a struggle between usually represents a struggle between aa

group of colonized resisters and a single group ofgroup of colonized resisters and a single group ofcolonizers.colonizers. South African colonialism represents a struggle South African colonialism represents a struggle

between two sets of colonizers: between two sets of colonizers: TheThe DutchDutch (strictly exclusionary)(strictly exclusionary) The The BritishBritish (relatively accommodating) (relatively accommodating) The Dutch and British are struggling with each The Dutch and British are struggling with each

other, but also struggle with the resisters: other, but also struggle with the resisters: the the NativesNatives

Arrival of the DutchArrival of the Dutch

The Dutch colonized the Cape of Good The Dutch colonized the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 (the southernmost part of Hope in 1652 (the southernmost part of South Africa).South Africa).

The bulk of black people were located The bulk of black people were located further inland and were quickly conquered.further inland and were quickly conquered.

The Dutch colonizers saw South Africa as The Dutch colonizers saw South Africa as an African “New World” and saw an African “New World” and saw themselves as white pioneer settlers and themselves as white pioneer settlers and proclaimed themselves “Afrikaaners”proclaimed themselves “Afrikaaners”

Arrival of the BritishArrival of the British

The British seized the Cape colony in The British seized the Cape colony in 1806.1806.

A century of struggleA century of struggle Tensions escalated when British started Tensions escalated when British started

sending settlers in 1820sending settlers in 1820 British settlers also saw the country as British settlers also saw the country as

permanent home permanent home

The Great TrekThe Great Trek

Finally, in 1835 most of the Afrikaners Finally, in 1835 most of the Afrikaners headed northeast to re-establish headed northeast to re-establish communities on their own termscommunities on their own terms

They began battling with the black They began battling with the black populationpopulation

Afrikaners were well established by 1841, Afrikaners were well established by 1841, but still had tension with Britishbut still had tension with British

Comparison between British & Comparison between British & Dutch ColonialismDutch Colonialism

Dutch (Afrikaner):Dutch (Afrikaner): Concerned with establishing

an egalitarian democracy amongst themselves

Thought they could retain control over their policies only if they could exclude non-Afrikaners (esp. blacks) from citizenship

Established states in the interior through conquest, and rejected any possibility of black inclusion – their principle was “no equality in the church or state”

British:• Not racially inclusive• BUT open to “extending” the

rights of citizenship (right to vote) to blacks that were able to acquire property and a British education.

• For vast majority of the black people, British were no different from Afrikaners, BUT for the tiny black elite, it made a world of difference.

• Anglican church wanted to recruit the colonized

Union of South AfricaUnion of South Africa

Boer War: British defeated the Afrikaners Boer War: British defeated the Afrikaners in a 1899-1902 war & incorporated them in a 1899-1902 war & incorporated them into a policy that became the Union of into a policy that became the Union of South Africa in 1910.South Africa in 1910.

Significant autonomy and representative Significant autonomy and representative institutions granted for whites and institutions granted for whites and qualified blacksqualified blacks

Racial discrimination fact of life from day Racial discrimination fact of life from day one!one!

Land Act of 1913Land Act of 1913

The Black EliteThe Black Elite

The leaders The leaders dressed, talked and dressed, talked and acted like British acted like British gentlemengentlemen

The African National The African National Congress (ANC) was Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912 by formed in 1912 by this black elitethis black elite

This resistance This resistance placed stress on the placed stress on the conscience of the conscience of the British colonizerBritish colonizer

African National CongressAfrican National Congress

ANC prepared to oppose the Land Act and ANC prepared to oppose the Land Act and turned to the Crown for helpturned to the Crown for help

For 30 years, the Crown did nothing to For 30 years, the Crown did nothing to help them.help them.

Afrikaner Resentment of the BritishAfrikaner Resentment of the British

Resented the economic and cultural Resented the economic and cultural domination of the Britishdomination of the British

More Afrikaners in the country but the More Afrikaners in the country but the British were better offBritish were better off

Afrikaners largely farmersAfrikaners largely farmers South Africa was now British dominion & South Africa was now British dominion &

Afrikaners did not want to fight for BritainAfrikaners did not want to fight for Britain

Afrikaner Resentment of the BritishAfrikaner Resentment of the British

British mine owners decided to replace British mine owners decided to replace largely Afrikaner white workforce with largely Afrikaner white workforce with Blacks (cheap labor).Blacks (cheap labor).

Afrikaners’ status worsened as did their Afrikaners’ status worsened as did their resentment of British and Blacksresentment of British and Blacks

National PartyNational Party

Afrikaners decided to organize themselves Afrikaners decided to organize themselves and channel their anger through a political and channel their anger through a political partyparty

The National Party founded in 1913 to The National Party founded in 1913 to promote Afrikaners in business & politicspromote Afrikaners in business & politics

Founders were moderates – wanted to Founders were moderates – wanted to cooperate with Britishcooperate with British

The NP also formed a more militant group: The NP also formed a more militant group: Broederbond Broederbond

The BroederbondThe Broederbond

Protestant men onlyProtestant men only By invitation onlyBy invitation only

-In theory, it existed to promote Afrikaner -In theory, it existed to promote Afrikaner culture and Calvinist religionculture and Calvinist religion

-In practice, it promoted Afrikaner -In practice, it promoted Afrikaner supremacysupremacy

Party split in 1934 – militant Daniel Malan Party split in 1934 – militant Daniel Malan became the leaderbecame the leader

Rise of the National PartyRise of the National Party

Daniel Malan was the Daniel Malan was the 44thth prime minister of prime minister of South Africa and stood South Africa and stood for Afrikaner for Afrikaner supremacysupremacy

Mobilized popular Mobilized popular supportsupport

NP won elections in NP won elections in 1948. Remained in 1948. Remained in power until the shift to power until the shift to multi-racial democracy multi-racial democracy n 1994.n 1994.

The National Party EraThe National Party Era

Democracy for a few!Democracy for a few! Used public resources exclusively for Used public resources exclusively for

advancement of Afrikanersadvancement of Afrikaners Packed military and bureaucracy with Packed military and bureaucracy with

supporterssupporters Adopted policy of Apartheid Adopted policy of Apartheid

(separateness); passed laws that (separateness); passed laws that completed separation of the racescompleted separation of the races

Apartheid LegislationApartheid Legislation

Population Registration Act (1950) defined Population Registration Act (1950) defined allall

people as one of four racial categories:people as one of four racial categories:WhitesWhites: people of European origin with no trace of : people of European origin with no trace of

other blood in their familiesother blood in their familiesColoredsColoreds: includes people of mixed racial origin but : includes people of mixed racial origin but

also descendants of Malaysian and others also descendants of Malaysian and others brought to South Africa as slavesbrought to South Africa as slaves

Asians (IndiansAsians (Indians): colonial India): colonial IndiaAfricans (BlacksAfricans (Blacks): everyone else whose family roots ): everyone else whose family roots

were on the continentwere on the continent

Apartheid LegislationApartheid Legislation

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages (1949) & Prohibition of Mixed Marriages (1949) & Immorality Acts (1950)Immorality Acts (1950) banned marriage banned marriage and sexual relations across racial linesand sexual relations across racial lines

Native Laws Amendment Acts (1953)Native Laws Amendment Acts (1953) only only Blacks who had been born there could live Blacks who had been born there could live legally in urban areaslegally in urban areas

Extension of University Education Act Extension of University Education Act (1959)(1959) prohibited Africans from attending prohibited Africans from attending the three major universities the three major universities

Apartheid LegislationApartheid Legislation

Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953): separate, Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953): separate, segregated facilitiessegregated facilities

Suppression of Communist Act (1950): allowed state to Suppression of Communist Act (1950): allowed state to ban people from political lifeban people from political life

Pass Laws: required Africans to carry internal passports Pass Laws: required Africans to carry internal passports when outside their homelandswhen outside their homelands

Employers used these laws to enforce work disciplineEmployers used these laws to enforce work discipline

““Separate Nations”Separate Nations”

Hendrik Verwoerd Hendrik Verwoerd became Prime became Prime Minister in 1958Minister in 1958

In 1961, South In 1961, South Africa declared a Africa declared a republicrepublic

Shifted emphasis Shifted emphasis from racism to his from racism to his theory of “separate theory of “separate nations”nations”

The “Homelands”The “Homelands”

Areas of rural South Africa set aside as Areas of rural South Africa set aside as “homelands” for black population“homelands” for black population

Supposedly given a degree of self-gov’tSupposedly given a degree of self-gov’t The NP argued that blacks could enjoy the The NP argued that blacks could enjoy the

vote in their homelandsvote in their homelands Homelands were less than a tenth of South Homelands were less than a tenth of South

Africa’s Africa’s most infertilemost infertile land and had puppet land and had puppet gov’tsgov’ts

The “Homelands”The “Homelands”

Divided South Africa into different states:Divided South Africa into different states:--Blacks citizens of impoverished “homelands”Blacks citizens of impoverished “homelands”-3 million sent to “homelands”-3 million sent to “homelands”-Rest of country became first world, white majority -Rest of country became first world, white majority

statestate-Forced relocation into urban areas: part of -Forced relocation into urban areas: part of

Johannesburg was flattened; 60,000 residents Johannesburg was flattened; 60,000 residents forced into a new slum, Sowetoforced into a new slum, Soweto

Chief objective was to deny non-whites the Chief objective was to deny non-whites the fruits of white labors: commerce and fruits of white labors: commerce and industryindustry

“…“…the white man, therefore, not only the white man, therefore, not only has an undoubted stake and –and a has an undoubted stake and –and a right to- the land which he developed right to- the land which he developed into a modern industrial state from into a modern industrial state from denuded grassland and empty valleys denuded grassland and empty valleys and mountains. But – according to all and mountains. But – according to all the principles of morality – it was his, is the principles of morality – it was his, is his, and must remain his.”his, and must remain his.”

-Hendrik Verwoerd-Hendrik Verwoerd

Political Opposition to ApartheidPolitical Opposition to Apartheid

In 1940s, the In 1940s, the ANC Youth ANC Youth League insisted League insisted that appeals to that appeals to Crown were Crown were implausibleimplausible

They offered a They offered a change to mass change to mass demonstration demonstration and civil and civil disobediencedisobedience

The colours of the ANC flag are black, green and gold. Black symbolises the people, green the fertility of the land, and gold the mineral wealth beneath the soil. These colours were adopted by the ANC in 1925.

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

Born in 1918Born in 1918 Studied at all-black Fore Studied at all-black Fore

Hare UniversityHare University Expelled for Expelled for

participating in political participating in political demonstrationsdemonstrations

Finished his B.A. by Finished his B.A. by correspondence, earned correspondence, earned law degree in 1942. law degree in 1942. One of first Africans to One of first Africans to practice law in S. A.practice law in S. A.

Joined ANC and helped Joined ANC and helped form the Youth League form the Youth League in 1944in 1944

Politics of Mass Demonstration (1950s)Politics of Mass Demonstration (1950s)

ANC had support but little organizationANC had support but little organization Earlier campaigns centered around issues Earlier campaigns centered around issues

important to eliteimportant to elite Held Held Defiance CampaignDefiance Campaign Police harassment/ignored by governmentPolice harassment/ignored by government

The Congress of the People (1955)The Congress of the People (1955)

ANC held on June 25& ANC held on June 25& 26, 195526, 1955

Adopted the Freedom Adopted the Freedom Charter, a vision for a Charter, a vision for a united, non racial and united, non racial and democratic South Africademocratic South Africa

Crowd at Congress of the Crowd at Congress of the People (1955) to adopt People (1955) to adopt

CharterCharter

The Freedom Charter (1955)The Freedom Charter (1955)

The people shall governThe people shall govern Equal rights for all groupsEqual rights for all groups Share country’s wealthShare country’s wealth Share landShare land Enjoy equal human rightsEnjoy equal human rights Work and securityWork and security Equal education and cultureEqual education and culture Housing, security and comfortHousing, security and comfort Peace and friendshipPeace and friendship

The Sharpeville MassacreThe Sharpeville MassacreMarch 21, 1960March 21, 1960

The regime constantly harassed ANCThe regime constantly harassed ANC Young ANC leaders came to doubt that Young ANC leaders came to doubt that

nonviolence was the answernonviolence was the answer Mass demonstration turned into armed Mass demonstration turned into armed

resistanceresistance A large crowd of South Africans assembled in front A large crowd of South Africans assembled in front

of the Sharpeville police station to protest the “pass of the Sharpeville police station to protest the “pass laws.” Tensions escalated: the crowd threw rocks laws.” Tensions escalated: the crowd threw rocks at police and the police retaliated with gunfire. 60 at police and the police retaliated with gunfire. 60 protesters were killed, 180 wounded. Some were protesters were killed, 180 wounded. Some were shot in the back while trying to fleeshot in the back while trying to flee

Sharpeville MassacreSharpeville Massacre

Politics of Armed Resistance (1960s)Politics of Armed Resistance (1960s)

After the Sharpeville Massacre, te ANC After the Sharpeville Massacre, te ANC built a new military wing headed by built a new military wing headed by Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

They launched a sabatoge campaignThey launched a sabatoge campaign The regime used violence to ban the ANC The regime used violence to ban the ANC

and arrest its leadersand arrest its leaders Nelson Mandela was arrested and spent 27 Nelson Mandela was arrested and spent 27

years in prisonyears in prison

White Opposition to ApartheidWhite Opposition to Apartheid

Small but vocal: The Small but vocal: The Progressive PartyProgressive Party

Helen Suzman was a Helen Suzman was a leader who spoke out leader who spoke out against discriminationagainst discrimination

Tried to improve Tried to improve conditions of political conditions of political prisonersprisoners

White opposition White opposition newspapers newspapers denounced apartheiddenounced apartheid

South African Students OrganizationSouth African Students Organization

Young black activists Young black activists moved away from moved away from non-racial ideology non-racial ideology towards black towards black consciousnessconsciousness

Steven Biko founded Steven Biko founded SASO in 1969SASO in 1969

Philosophy was black Philosophy was black assertiveness, unity, assertiveness, unity, and reliance in trying and reliance in trying to end the White ruleto end the White rule

“We know that all interracial groups in South Africa are relationships in which whites are

superior, blacks inferior. So as a prelude whites must be made to realize that they are only human, not superior. Same with blacks. They must be made to realize that they are

also human, not inferior." Steven Biko

Cry FreedomCry Freedom

Film about Film about Steven Biko’s Steven Biko’s deathdeath

Based on Based on Donald Woods’s Donald Woods’s book, Bikobook, Biko

Cry FreedomCry FreedomStudents will be able to:Students will be able to:understand how apartheid destroyed families and understand how apartheid destroyed families and divided a nation divided a nation unravel the motives behind apartheid unravel the motives behind apartheid articulate how awareness breaks down ignorance articulate how awareness breaks down ignorance and leads to enlightenment and leads to enlightenment show how protest and human sacrifice are for the show how protest and human sacrifice are for the greater good greater good connect the struggle for apartheid to the struggle connect the struggle for apartheid to the struggle for civil and human rights in other nations for civil and human rights in other nations

Banning Laws Banning Laws

A Banned Person could be/have A Banned Person could be/have imprisoned without trial imprisoned without trial sent to any other part of the country sent to any other part of the country followed and watched by police 24 hours a day followed and watched by police 24 hours a day forbidden to speak in public forbidden to speak in public forbidden to travel forbidden to travel forbidden to be in a room with more than one person at a time forbidden to be in a room with more than one person at a time (excluding immediate family) (excluding immediate family) forbidden to attend or join any organization forbidden to attend or join any organization forbidden to protest or oppose any government policy forbidden to protest or oppose any government policy their passport taken away from them their passport taken away from them their home or any other premises searched without a warrant their home or any other premises searched without a warrant their home electronically bugged their home electronically bugged

Soweto UprisingSoweto Uprising On the morning of June 16, 1976, thousands of students On the morning of June 16, 1976, thousands of students

Soweto gathered at their schools to participate in a Soweto gathered at their schools to participate in a student-organized protest demonstration. student-organized protest demonstration.

The cause for the march was student opposition to a The cause for the march was student opposition to a decree issued by the Bantu Education Department that decree issued by the Bantu Education Department that imposed Afrikaans as the language half the subjects in imposed Afrikaans as the language half the subjects in higher primary (middle school) and secondary school higher primary (middle school) and secondary school (high school). Since members of the ruling National (high school). Since members of the ruling National Party spoke Afrikaans, black students viewed it as the Party spoke Afrikaans, black students viewed it as the "language of the oppressor." Moreover, lacking fluency "language of the oppressor." Moreover, lacking fluency in Afrikaans, African teachers and pupils experienced in Afrikaans, African teachers and pupils experienced first-hand the negative impact of the new policy in the first-hand the negative impact of the new policy in the classroom. classroom.

Soweto UprisingSoweto Uprising Policemen stopped the students and tried to Policemen stopped the students and tried to

turn turn them back. At first, the security them back. At first, the security forces tried unsuccessfully to forces tried unsuccessfully to disperse the students with tear gas disperse the students with tear gas and warning shots. Then policemen and warning shots. Then policemen fired directly into the crowd of fired directly into the crowd of demonstrators. Many students demonstrators. Many students responded by running for shelter, responded by running for shelter, while others retaliated by pelting while others retaliated by pelting the police with stones. the police with stones.

That day, two students died from That day, two students died from police gunfire; hundreds more police gunfire; hundreds more sustained injuries during the sustained injuries during the subsequent chaos that engulfed subsequent chaos that engulfed Soweto. The shootings in Soweto Soweto. The shootings in Soweto sparked a massive uprising that sparked a massive uprising that soon spread to more than 100 soon spread to more than 100 urban and rural areas throughout urban and rural areas throughout South Africa. South Africa.

Amy BiehlAmy Biehl It was supposed to have been one of Amy It was supposed to have been one of Amy

Biehl's last days in South Africa. In only three Biehl's last days in South Africa. In only three days was scheduled to return to the United days was scheduled to return to the United States. An idealistic Stanford graduate, Amy States. An idealistic Stanford graduate, Amy was completing a 10-month course of study as was completing a 10-month course of study as a Fullbright exchange scholar at the University a Fullbright exchange scholar at the University of Western Cape Community Law Center where of Western Cape Community Law Center where she had helped to develop voter registration she had helped to develop voter registration programs for South African blacks and women programs for South African blacks and women as that nation's first all-race elections as that nation's first all-race elections approached in April, 1994. Amy was scheduled approached in April, 1994. Amy was scheduled to continue her promising academic career the to continue her promising academic career the following week as a new graduate student at following week as a new graduate student at Rutger's University in New Jersey. Amy never Rutger's University in New Jersey. Amy never made it back to the United States alive. made it back to the United States alive.

            On August 25, 1993, while Amy was driving On August 25, 1993, while Amy was driving three black colleagues back to Cape Town's three black colleagues back to Cape Town's Guguletu Township, a group of youths pelted Guguletu Township, a group of youths pelted her car with stones and forced it to stop. her car with stones and forced it to stop. Dozens of young men then surrounded the car Dozens of young men then surrounded the car repeating the militant Pan Africanist Congress repeating the militant Pan Africanist Congress chant, chant, "One settler [white person], one bullet!""One settler [white person], one bullet!" Amy was then pulled from the car, struck in the Amy was then pulled from the car, struck in the head with a brick as she tried to flee, and then head with a brick as she tried to flee, and then beaten and stabbed in the heart while she lay beaten and stabbed in the heart while she lay on the ground. During the attack, Amy's black on the ground. During the attack, Amy's black friends yelled that she was a "comrade" and friends yelled that she was a "comrade" and friend of black South Africa to no avail. Amy friend of black South Africa to no avail. Amy was carried back to the car after the attack by was carried back to the car after the attack by her friends who then drove her to the nearest her friends who then drove her to the nearest police station where she died. Amy was 26 police station where she died. Amy was 26 years old at the time of her murder. years old at the time of her murder.

Mass Resistance in 1970sMass Resistance in 1970s

In 1976, black school children protested In 1976, black school children protested against discriminatory education against discriminatory education policies – police fire on the children.policies – police fire on the children.

Triggers a violent conflict in Soweto – Triggers a violent conflict in Soweto – more than 600 killedmore than 600 killed

Steven Biko was arrested for Steven Biko was arrested for encouraging the protests – died in encouraging the protests – died in police custody on Sept. 12, 1977police custody on Sept. 12, 1977

Journalist Donald Woods broke story Journalist Donald Woods broke story about Biko’s execution. Hollywood about Biko’s execution. Hollywood made a movie made a movie Cry FreedomCry Freedom..

United Democratic FrontUnited Democratic Front

600 civil society 600 civil society groups came groups came together in 1983together in 1983

Committed to non-Committed to non-racialism as a racialism as a strategystrategy

Resisted to the Resisted to the 1983 constitution 1983 constitution that offered colored that offered colored and Indian people a and Indian people a role in parliament role in parliament but excluded Blacksbut excluded Blacks

International CommunityInternational Community

South Africa banned from Olympic games in 1960sSouth Africa banned from Olympic games in 1960s United Nations suspended South African United Nations suspended South African

membership in 1974membership in 1974 U. N. imposed arms embargo in 1977 & declared U. N. imposed arms embargo in 1977 & declared

apartheid a crime against humanityapartheid a crime against humanity American universities divested themselves of American universities divested themselves of

stocks in companies that did business in South stocks in companies that did business in South AfricaAfrica

Many American corporations pulled out of South Many American corporations pulled out of South AfricaAfrica

Banks refused to roll over loansBanks refused to roll over loans In 1985, U. S. Congress passed a bill that outlawed In 1985, U. S. Congress passed a bill that outlawed

further investment in South Africafurther investment in South Africa

South African Gov’t ResponseSouth African Gov’t Response

Reshaped the parliament: big chamber for Reshaped the parliament: big chamber for whites and two smaller chambers for whites and two smaller chambers for coloreds and Indians.coloreds and Indians.

-white supremacy preserved-white supremacy preserved Blacks (3/4 of population) got no Blacks (3/4 of population) got no

representationrepresentation Indians and coloreds understood that these Indians and coloreds understood that these

institutions were shams and boycotted institutions were shams and boycotted electionselections

Pass laws liftedPass laws lifted

South African Gov’t ResponseSouth African Gov’t Response

NP gov’t grew more repressiveNP gov’t grew more repressive Crime continued and grewCrime continued and grew Gov’t declared state of emergencyGov’t declared state of emergency Political Stalemate:Political Stalemate:

-gov’t could only rule with force-gov’t could only rule with force-Opposition too weak to overthrow -Opposition too weak to overthrow

gov’tgov’t Leadership of ANC and NP began secret Leadership of ANC and NP began secret

negotiations (including with Mandela, even negotiations (including with Mandela, even though he was in prison)though he was in prison)

Changes had to be made…Changes had to be made…

Fredrik Willem de Klerk came Fredrik Willem de Klerk came to power in 1989. In 1990 he to power in 1989. In 1990 he “unbanned” the ANC and “unbanned” the ANC and other anti-apartheid groupsother anti-apartheid groups

Nelson Mandela released Nelson Mandela released from prison in 1990from prison in 1990

In 1991, the Land Acts and In 1991, the Land Acts and Registration Acts were Registration Acts were abolishedabolished

New constitution in 1993New constitution in 1993 First non-racial elections held First non-racial elections held

in 1994 with Nelson Mandela in 1994 with Nelson Mandela being elected president.being elected president.

Under Mandela’s ruleUnder Mandela’s rule

Served 5 year termServed 5 year term Focused on social issues neglected during Focused on social issues neglected during

apartheid era: unemployment, housing apartheid era: unemployment, housing shortages, crimeshortages, crime

Reintroduced South Africa to global Reintroduced South Africa to global economyeconomy

Created Truth and Reconciliation Created Truth and Reconciliation Committee (under Archbishop Desmond Committee (under Archbishop Desmond Tutu)Tutu)

Lack of Political violence under MandelaLack of Political violence under Mandela

Characteristics of Characteristics of South African WritingSouth African Writing

Plot is LEAST importantPlot is LEAST important Setting, atmosphere, characterization, Setting, atmosphere, characterization,

and theme are MOST importantand theme are MOST important Very little dialogue between charactersVery little dialogue between characters Most themes are social and politicalMost themes are social and political The main purposes are to inform and The main purposes are to inform and

persuadepersuade

Themes in South African Themes in South African WritingWriting

-Reuniting family and nation-Reuniting family and nation-Reconciliation between fathers and -Reconciliation between fathers and

sonssons-Tensions between urban and rural -Tensions between urban and rural

societiessocieties-Vicious cycle of inequality and justice-Vicious cycle of inequality and justice-Relationship between Christianity and -Relationship between Christianity and

injusticeinjustice

South African Literature South African Literature

Cry the Beloved CountryCry the Beloved Country, by Alan Paton in , by Alan Paton in 19481948

Chinua Achebe, Nigerian author of Chinua Achebe, Nigerian author of Things Things Fall ApartFall Apart

Mark Mathabane wrote Mark Mathabane wrote Kaffir Boy, Kaffir Boy, his his autobiography published in 1986autobiography published in 1986

Nadine Gordimer, author of “The Train from Nadine Gordimer, author of “The Train from Rhodesia”, Rhodesia”, Crimes of Conscience, Berger’s Crimes of Conscience, Berger’s DaughterDaughter, various short stories, various short stories

Ethnic groupsEthnic groups  as of 2009  as of 2009

79.3% Black79.3% Black9.1% White9.1% White9.0% Coloured9.0% Coloured2.6% Asian2.6% Asian[4][4]

11 official languages listed in the Constitution11 official languages listed in the Constitution 25% unemployment25% unemployment Agriculture - products: Agriculture - products:

corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; beef, poultry, mutton, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; beef, poultry, mutton, wool, dairy productswool, dairy products

Industries: Industries:

mining (world's largest producer of platinum, diamonds, gold, mining (world's largest producer of platinum, diamonds, gold, chromium), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, chromium), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs, textiles, iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs, commercial ship repaircommercial ship repair

South Africa TodayDemographics and Natural

Resources

JohannesburgJohannesburg

SowetoSoweto

Cape TownCape Town

Apartheid TermsApartheid Terms ApartheidApartheid AfrikaansAfrikaans BantuBantu BoerBoer Boer WarBoer War Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope Curse of HamCurse of Ham SowetoSoweto JohannesburgJohannesburg KaffirKaffir African National CongressAfrican National Congress National Party (in South Africa)National Party (in South Africa) Sharpeville MassacreSharpeville Massacre United Democratic FrontUnited Democratic Front Freedom CharterFreedom Charter Amy BiehlAmy Biehl

Daniel MalanDaniel Malan Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela F. W. de KlerkF. W. de Klerk Steven BikoSteven Biko Nadine GordimerNadine Gordimer Mark MathabaneMark Mathabane Alan PatonAlan Paton Hendrik VerwoerdHendrik Verwoerd Population Registration ActPopulation Registration Act Group Areas ActGroup Areas Act Influx Control LawsInflux Control Laws Bantu Authorities ActBantu Authorities Act Pass LawsPass Laws Bantu Homelands Citizenship ActBantu Homelands Citizenship Act Mixed Marriages ActMixed Marriages Act Immorality ActImmorality Act Bantu Education ActBantu Education Act

For PlacesFor Places Date of birth/deathDate of birth/death Place of birthPlace of birth Education, if anyEducation, if any

If an activist: If an activist: BeliefsBeliefs What they stood forWhat they stood for What they accomplishedWhat they accomplished Awards, if anyAwards, if any

If an author:If an author: Most famous writingsMost famous writings ThemesThemes Awards, if anyAwards, if any

For PeopleFor People When/how When/how

discovered?discovered? Population: racial Population: racial

make-up, # of make-up, # of peoplepeople

Brief history of the Brief history of the areaarea

What is the area What is the area known for?known for?