moder (2010) -- two puzzle pieces [fitting discourse context and constructions into cognitive...

7/28/2019 Moder (2010) -- Two Puzzle Pieces [Fitting Discourse Context and Constructions Into Cognitive Metaphor Theory

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Two puzzle pieces

Fttg dcour cotxt ad cotructo

to cogtv mtaphor thory

Carol Ly ModrOklahoma Stat Uvrty

T tudy xam mtaphorcal xpro Amrca rado w maga-

z apparg two lgutc form: NP is a NP ad Its like NP. It tgrat

Bldg Tory (Faucor & urr ) wth a uag-bad approach to

grammatcal cotructo (Goldbrg , ;omallo , ad Cro

) ad aalyz th form wth thr dyamc dcour cotxt trm

of ou phra accblty (Chaf , ; Gv ; Arl ) ad

groudg (Lagackr , Oakly & Coulo ). T dg dcat that

th fucto of th grammatcal cotructo ud th mtaphorcal xpr-

o wr drctly rlatd to th o-mtaphorcal u of th cotructo

ad that th aaly of th ogog dcour wa tal to udrtadg th

form-mag parg hrt th xpro.

1. Introduction

T cotmporary vtgato of mtaphorcal xpro o-ltrary co-

txt wa pord by Lako ad Joho (, ). Tr Cocptual Tory

of Mtaphor drctd attto to th udrlyg cocptual framwork that mt-

aphor provd for vryday thought ad acto. T mpha, whl tablhg

a dd cogtv udrpg to th tudy of mtaphor fucto vryday

lf, dd ot provd aalytcal tool for th tudy of how lgutc form ad d-

cour cotxt mght rlat to th u of mtaphorcal xpro. T work of

Faucor ad urr (), whch aalyz mtaphor rlato to a gral

cogtv proc of bldg, prt a mor promg framwork for a com-

prhv xamato of th cogtv, dcour, ad lgutc proprt ofvryday mtaphorcal xpro.


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Two puzzle pieces 295

cotxt of rado w magaz. T tudy xam mtaphorcal xpro

two lgutc form: NP is a NP ad Its like NP, mployg a uag-bad gram-

matcal cotructo approach to tablh a foudato for udrtadg thcotrbuto of form to mtaphorcal xpro. I addto, th tudy codr

th rol of cotxt by mployg rlvat cocpt from dcour aaly: ou

phra accblty (Chaf , ; Gv ; Arl ) ad groudg

(Lagackr , Oakly & Coulo ).

2. BlendingTeory

Faucor & urr () dcrb mtaphorcal xpro a part of th cog-

tv proc of bldg. Buldg o Faucor () Mtal Spac Modl,

accordg to whch mtal pac ar cotruct bult up dcour accordg

to cu provdd by lgutc xpro, Bldg Tory xpla proc

of cro-doma mappg trm of a twork of four pac, a grc pac

whch cota commo kltal formato, two or mor put pac, ad a

bldd pac whch cota lctv projcto from th put pac. All -

put pac may cotrbut to th bld ad th combato of lmt th

bldd pac may b furthr laboratd to crat w trprtato ot foud ay put pac.

Mtal pac may b coctd by mappg a lmt o put pac

to t coutrpart aothr put pac. T cocto btw th coutr-

part ca b dcrbd trm of vtal cocptual rlato, cludg pac, tm,

chag, dtty, aalogy, cau-ct, ad rprtato. I a bldd pac, th

vtal rlato that hold acro put pac may b comprd to a gl truc-

tur. Compro dcrb th proc of traformg du cocptual truc-

tur to tructur that ar rducd to a cal that mor udrtadabl

trm of vryday huma xprc.

Although Faucor ad urr ackowldg th rol of cotxt ad tua-

to-pcc lmt th bldg proc, thy hav ot fully laboratd how

th bldg proc mght dvlop dcour. A umbr of rct tud hav

ought to xtd thr work alog th l (Sadr & Rdkr , Dacygr

, Oakly & Hougaard ). Of partcular trt for th prt vtga-

to ar cogtv lgutc tud that focu o mtaphor vryday dcour

(Sullva , Smo , Oakly & Coulo , Gorka (th volum)). Sul-

lva () aalyz th fram matc ad cotructo udrlyg th x-pro of cocptual mtaphor a t of mtaphorcal xpro tak from


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296 Carol Ly Modr

cocptual mtaphor thory ad crtcal dcour aaly to dcu mtaphorc

xpro a varty of doma, cludg ltratur, cc, ad poltc. Hr

focu o th framg rol that mtaphor play partcular gr, ad h hgh-lght th fact that broad cro-doma mappg do ot fully xpla mtaphor-

cal xpro ud cotxt.

T tudy that mot thoroughly tgrat cogtv ad dcour approach

xamg vryday mtaphor that of Oakly & Coulo (). Ug a m-

tal pac framwork, thy look dtal at a cratv laborato of a covtoal

mtaphorcal xpro ad trac t u through a ogog dcour. Ty d-

cu th way that tuatoal kowldg of th pch vt ad t purpo ad

partcpat ar crtcal to a udrtadg of th ogog mappg cud by th

dcour. Ty alo uggt that o of th fucto of th mtaphorcal xpr-

o to compr formato bult up ovr a umbr of uccv toato

ut. Oakly & Coulo coclud that a mtal pac modl upplmtd wth

a focu o dcour-bad actvato ad groudg bt accout for th ovl

u of a mtaphor a rado trvw.

3. ConstructionGrammar

I cogtv lgutc, uag-bad cotructo grammar dd by th work

of Goldbrg (, ), omallo (), ad Cro (). T ky oto of

th varty of cotructo grammar that ytactc pattr caot b dvorcd

from mag ad u. Cotructo ar typcally dd a ymbolc ut wth

mag drvd from laguag u cotxt. omallo () ad Goldbrg

(, ) hav dmotratd that cotructo rt dvlop a dvdual tm

or phra aocatd wth pcc mag or dcour cotxt. T cotxt-

dpdt tm-bad cotructo may, wth xtv u acro varou co-

txt ad form, dvlop to mor abtract cotructo, or thy may rma

tm pcc. Tu, cotructo ca rag from vry pcc tm, lkpull-NS

NP leg, xmpld byyoure pulling my leg(Cro : ), to mor chmatc

cotructo, lk th caud moto cotructo [SUBJ [V OBJ OBL]], xmpl-

d by tc lk Frank sneezed the tissue of the table (Goldbrg : ).

A ca b th xampl, thr varato th catgor ud

to captur th lmt a gv cotructo. Tr alo om varato

aumpto about whthr o ca aum th rlvac of crta commo

tructural or fuctoal catgor, lk Nou ad Nou Phra (NP) or Subjct,Objct, ad Oblqu. Cro () argu that all apct of ytactc tructur ar


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3.1 NP is a NP cotructo

Faucor ad urr () ad urr () dcu th u of th copula

vrb to lk NP prmarly th cotxt of th XYZ cotructo. Ty uggt

th fucto of th copula th ca to dcat that two NP ar coutr-

part two mtal pac, lavg op prcly th kd of coutrpart rlato

that mght b cud.

I dcug th mtaphor, Vanity is the quicksand o reason, Faucor &

urr () pot two put pac, o whch reason appar ad o

whch quicksand appar. T formato ach pac draw o a fram ad

th xpro cu th udrtadr to bld th fram (urr ). I th

ca ofquicksandth fram clud a travllr, a path, ad a trap that top mo-to, amog may othr pobl thg. I th ca of reason, th fram could

clud a thkr, cott volvg a acto or propoto, upport or vdc,

a pottal addr, tc. T travllr th quicksandfram mappd a th

coutrpart of th thkr th reason fram. Som lmt from th quicksand

fram ar projctd to th bld, rvg a th orgazg fram. Wh vanity

th mappd to th reason pac, t laborat proal charactrtc of th

raor. urr ot that thr alo a ttoal tructur whch tal that

th raor cocouly gagg th actvty but may b uawar that h

pobly mtak. I th xpro, th targt doma provd th ttoal

tructur for th rultg bld, whl th ourc doma provd th trap l-

mt from th orgazg quicksandfram.

T way whch th put pac ar combd cud by th grammatcal

form whch th xpro occur. XYZ xpro lk Paul is the ather o Sally

ad Vanity is the quicksand o reason rv a prompt for th am tgrato

mappg chm, whthr th ou th xpro ar mtaphorcal or ot.

T copula th xpro dcat that th ou X (Paul, vanity) ad Y (a-

ther,quicksand) ar coutrpart two drt doma (put pac). T x-pro Y oZ dcat that th fram whch cota th lmt Y wll provd

cu to mappg th rlato btw X ad Z. Tu, athercu a khp fram

that tur cu th mappg of th rlato btw Paulad Sally. Smlarly,

th mtaphorcal xpro, quicksandcu th fram of a trap that top progr.

T udrtadr ca u th fram to cotru th rlato btw vanityad

reason. Faucor ad urr mphaz that grammatcal cotructo uch a

th do ot fully dtrm th atur of th tgrato, but rathr ar cu that

allow a varty of mappg. Furthrmor, c th tr twork of pac r-ma avalabl, th rlato btw doma op to latr r-mappg.

L k () h h d h h h l l k


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298 Carol Ly Modr

to btw th two omal. Wh th cod omal appar wth th artcl

a, h dcat that th rlato may cotru th omal a a arbtrary tac

of a typ that rv a partcular purpo th cotxt of th dcour. Raddad Drv () mlarly tpulat th op atur of th rlatohp xprd

by th copulatv cotructo, uggtg that th drt mag wth whch

t aocatd may clud proprty agmt, catgory cluo, ad dt-

cato. T lgutc aaly uggt that th cotructo may rv multpl

fucto rlatd to th pcc cotxt of u.

3.2 Its like NP cotructo

Surprgly, thr hav b fw cogtv lgutc tud rlatg to th Its like

NP cotructo, or dd to th dcuo oflike prcdg NP at all. Cro &

Cru (), uggt that xpro of th form A is like B prol a rmblac

btw A ad B om rpct, whra A is B xpro prdcat crta

proprt drctly of B. Ty dcrb o-mtaphorcal u of A is like B a

tatmt of mlarty. For ml of th A is like B kd, thy pot a rtrctd

mappg btw th two doma, ad cotrat th to A is B tatmt whch

thy ay hav mor op mappg btw th two doma. Howvr, thy ac-

kowldg that l prototypcal xampl of A is like B xpro may hav opmappg that ar mlar to tho foud A is B tatmt.

I hr corpu-bad tudy of mtaphor ad cotructo, Sullva ()

mlarly obrv that th u oflike a mtaphorcal xpro cu th partal

atur of th mappg, but h furthr obrv that like may alo hghlght dr-

c btw th ourc ad targt doma.

4. Discoursecontext&theconstructions

A uag-bad xamato of grammatcal cotructo cotxt hould co-

dr th rlatohp btw th form whch th lmt of a cotructo

appar ad th ogog ow of formato th dcour. For th cotruc-

to udr tudy hr, th ct of th ogog dcour mot clarly

th form of th NP.

I a dyamc dcour, th form ud a NP rlat to th ow of dcour

topc ad dcour tt. Chaf (, ) ha dcrbd th ow trm

of th hg of focal attto. Each parat focu of cocou cotrb-ut to th ow of thought by followg from what prcdd t ad atcpatg


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uggt that uch topc cottut a focal clutr of attto hld m-actv

cocou. Each dcour topc tal rfrc to pcc dcour t-

t, whch may b pro, thg, or cocpt. T form ud to rfr to thdcour tt vary accordg to thr tat of actvato. Ett that ar ac-

tv th dcour td to b xprd mor rducd form, lk proou

or hortd ou phra, whl actv tt ar o xprd wth full

propr ou or lgthy modd NP.

T rlatohp btw th form of th xpro ad th ogog d-

cour ha b tratd mor laboratly by Gv () ad Arl (). T

rarchr aalyz form trm of thr accblty, dd rlato to th

dtac btw th atcdt ad th rfrrg xpro, th othr pobl

tt to whch th form mght rfr, th mportac or topcalty of th tty,

ad th xtt to whch th tty dtabl from a alrady vokd fram.

T mor accbl a tty , th mor rducd th form that rfr to t wll

b. I Eglh, th accblty cotuum go from full propr am, whch

rfr to mor accbl tt, through lat am, rt am, dt ou

phra, ad dt ou phra, to proou, whch rfr to mor accbl

tt.

A cod fatur of th dcour cotxt that rlvat to th tudy

groudg. Lagackr () dcu th cocpt th cotxt of omal(NP). Prototypcal omal ar pcd rlato to th groud, whch rfr

to th pch vt ad t partcpat. For Lagackr, a ky apct of omal

groudg th pccato of dt, through whch dcour partc-

pat coordat thr mtal rfrc to pcc tac. A mtod abov,

Oakly & Coulo () xtd th trm groudg, ug t to rfr to th d-

cour partcpat, thr rol th dcour, th rprtatv commucatv

quc whch thy gag, ad varou apct of th tuatoal cotxt d-

d by th commucatv vt whch thy partcpat. Ty rprt th

groudg lmt a part of a groudg pac for th dcour ad dmo-

trat how t act th cott of th ogog dcour, whch thy llutrat a

dcour prtato pac.

5. Metaphors&similesinradionewsmagazinediscourse

I prvou rarch, I bga to tgrat a dcour-bad approach wth a-

pct of Bldg Tory ordr to valuat comptg thor about mlad mtaphor (Modr ). I xamd NP is a NP mtaphorcal xpro


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300 Carol Ly Modr

I bga by xamg th o-mtaphorcal u oflike th corpu. I foud th

typcal aumpto that like wa chy aocatd wth comparo tatmt to

b rroou. I th corpu, like wa ud both comparo ad catgorzatotatmt, wth about qual frqucy.

T xamato of th mtaphorcal xpro dcatd that ml u-

g like drw o both comparo ad catgorzato of th form like. I

dvdd ml to two typ: arrow cop ml ad broad cop ml. Nar-

row cop ml wr rtrctd thr trprtato by th pccato of th

attrbut or dmo alog whch th mappg from ourc to targt doma

wa to b mad. I th ml, like o followd a vrb phra. A xampl

Governor Engler stood smiling at the doorlike the proud father at a wedding recep-

tion. I th xpro, Governor Englerwa rlatd to thproud atherpccally

trm of th way h stood smiling at the door. Tu, th cop of th mappg

wa vry arrowly crcumcrbd by th vrb phra prcdg like. Such ml

coform to th arto of prvou rarchr that ml dot comparo

or rmblac ad that thr mappg td to b partal or rtrctd.

I cotrat, th broad cop ml wr mor lk omatv mtaphor

form, ovlty, ad th mor xtdd mappg that thy cud. A xampl

e gun lobby the National Rie Association, the Colorado Firearms Coalition

are incredibly powerul in the Colorado legislature. When an issue comes , it islike an airdrop. ey descend on the Colorado Legislature. I th xampl, a wly

troducd ourc doma, airdrop, wa mappd oto th tablhd dcour

topc of th gu lobby. T mappg allowd a broadr rag of mappg ad

frc compard to tho tablhd for th arrow cop ml. ypcally,

th prfrrd mappg of th broad cop ml drctly followd th like phra.

I th xampl, th tc ey descend on the Colorado legislature dcatd

th tdd trprtato of th ml, but dd ot compltly rtrct furthr

mappg from th ourc doma. T potog of th laborato xpro

ar th broad cop ml cotratd wth th potog of th laborato of

th omatv mtaphor, whch prcdd th xpro a part of th dcu-

o of th targt doma.

T tudy cocludd that mtaphor ad ml could ot trly b dt-

guhd o th ba of prvou thor of comparo or catgorzato. T

major drc btw mtaphor ad ml th commucatv cotxt

rlatd to th cogtv cu that th lgutc xpro provdd to gud th

udrtadr cotructg a mappg ad to th way that th form wr ud

thr dcour cotxt.I Modr (), I xamd o-mtaphorcal cotructo whch


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comparo, dpdg both o th pcc grammatcal cotructo ad th

cotxt whch th lxcal tm appard.

T prvou tud uggtd that a mor thorough tgrato of bld-g thory, grammatcal cotructo, ad dcour aaly mght provd th

cary thortcal powr to bttr udrtad th u of mtaphorcal xpr-

o wth a pcc commucatv cotxt. Accordgly, th papr focu o

uag-bad cotructo ad groudg dcour cotxt a bldg cu

for th trprtato of aturally-occurrg mtaphorcal xpro Amr-

ca Eglh. Followg th Bldg Tory aumpto that th cogtv pro-

c udrlyg mtaphorcal xpro ar th am a tho udrlyg o-

mtaphorcal xpro, th papr mploy a cotructo grammar approach

to xam th cotrbuto of grammatcal form to th udrtadg of mta-

phorcal xpro. Focug o th gr of th rado w program, th tudy

xam a mall corpu (,, word) of rarchr-collctd audo l ad

tracrpt from two Natoal Publc Rado w program,Morning Edition ad

All ings Considered.

A part of a largr tudy, I had dtd all th mtaphorcal uttrac th

corpu, followg th mthod outld Camro () ad Smo ().

o formulat th cotructo o whch th tudy would focu, I xtractd ad

xamd all th xpro that wr thr omatv mtaphorcal xpr-o or ml ug like. Mot of th xpro appard o of two form:

NP is a NP (e show is a snapshot o the time) ad Itslike NP (Its like two puzzle

pieces).

o dtrm th partcular form of ach cotructo, I ud th ductv,

uag-bad proc poud by Cro (). I codrd th dcrpto of

rlatd form ad xpro currt cogtv lgutc, a dcrbd abov,

ad xamd dtal th pcc form ad aocatd fucto that occurrd

th commucatv ttg. I th tudd all th xpro wth mlar y-

tactc tructur th corpu, both mtaphorcal ad o-mtaphorcal. Bad o

th xamato, I potd a prlmary form for ach cotructo that rctd

typcal form-mag parg. T rultg cotructo vard pccty.

T rt cotructo wa th mor chmatc NP is a NP cotructo, whch

appard wth a varty of ou phra th rt lot, followd by th vrb is,

ad th a dt NP th cod NP lot. T cod cotructo wa th

mor pcc Its like NP cotructo. T hgh frqucy of occurrc of th

xpro th form ad th cotcy of thr aocatd dcour fuc-

to ld to thr codrato a a parat cotructo for th aaly.


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302 Carol Ly Modr

6. Teradionewsmagazinegenre

Natoal Publc Rado, th Amrca publc rado twork, broadcat a rag ofprogram, cludg two w magaz,Morning Edition adAll ings Con-

sidered.Morning Edition broadcat th arly morg o rado tato acro

th Utd Stat.All ings Considered broadcat th arly vg. Both ar

two-hour program that clud w, aaly, commtary, rvw, art, port,

ad pcal trt fatur. T NPR wbt tmat th audc ofMorning

Edition at approxmatly mllo, amg t a th NPR program wth th hgh-

t ltrhp. T wbt do ot provd gur for All ings Considered

(NPR, .d.). Both w magaz program typcally hav two hot who altrat

troducg or prtg tor ad trvwg gut.

T mot commo typ of gmt th NPR program th w tory,

whch charactrzd by th followg groudg lmt. Nw tory gmt

ar bgu by a hot who gv a hort ovrvw of th topc ad th troduc

a rportr. T rportr fram th dcour wth a brf prfac. T tory

prtd wth dtd porto of rlatvly potaou commt by wmak-

r ad othr pakr, trprd wth lkg commt ad gu by th

rportr. I om ca, a gl pakr prtd mor tha oc. ypcally

uch multpl pakr tur ar hort ad ar framd by th rportr who provdrlvat cotxtual formato about th topc or th pakr bfor ach tur.

Bfor th tur of th ubqut pakr, th rportr provd addtoal dtal

rlvat to th topc or th ttg. At th d of th w tory th rportr mak

a clog tatmt.

A cod commo gmt format th trvw. I th trvw groud-

g, th hot fram th topc bry, troduc th trvw, ad th po a

quto whch omat th ma topc. T trvw rpod to th qu-

to by provdg a fullr ovrvw of th topc ad troducg rlvat dcour

tt. T hot commt o th trvw formato ad po a w

quto or mak a commt that ak for laborato of a partcular ubtopc,

to whch th trvw rpod. T altrato of commt/quto by th

hot ad rpo ad laborato by th trvw cotu through mul-

tpl tur utl th topc ha b fully dcud. T hot th clo th topc

gmt.

Othr gmt th program ar pr-prpard gl pakr moologu.

Each two-hour program may hav or mor total gmt, wth mot tor

avragg to mut. T logt fatur w tor lat to mut adth hortt moologu lat a lttl a cod. All xampl for th papr ar


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7. Constructionsindiscoursecontext

W wll ow xam th u of th two cotructo udr tudy a thy oc-currd th pcd dcour cotxt. It worth otg that th two cotruc-

to occurrd wth vry drt ovrall frquc th corpu. A abl

how, th NP is a NP cotructo wa much mor frqut, wth total -

tac, compard to oly total tac for th Its like NP cotructo. W

wll dcu ach of th cotructo tur, but gv t hghr frqucy w

wll dcu th NP is a NP cotructo gratr dtal.

able. Frqucy of NP is a NP Cotructo

Frequency Percentage

All %

FirstslotNP

Proou

NP

%

%

abl alo llutrat th trogr aocato of th rt lot of th NP is a NP

cotructo wth NP, compard to proou. For rt lot NP, th cotruc-

to wa aocatd wth both propr ou ( tac) ad commo ou

( tac). T u of th form cotxt wll b dcud blow. Alo

of trt that tac of th NP is a NP cotructo wr ovrwhlmgly

o-mtaphorcal th corpu. Oly tac (%) wr mtaphorcal;

tac (%) wr o-mtaphorcal.

7.1 No-mtaphorcal u of th NP is a NP cotructo

W rt codr th o-mtaphorcal u of th NP is a NP cotructo, b-

gg wth th xpro that occurrd wth a propr ou th rt NP lot.Of th tac of propr ou th rt NP lot, tac or %

wr pro am. W wll thu u th ubcatgory NP[am] our dcuo.

T rt NP lot wa mot lkly to b lld wth a full rt ad lat am (

tac). I uch tac whr th rt NP wa a pro full am, th co-

tructo mot frqutly rvd a purpo rlatd to th groudg pac of th

commucatv vt, that of troducg a pakr who would th cotrbut to

th ogog dcour, a how Exampl ().

Exampl (): Itroducg fuctoLANGFI: Such log odd ar frutratg. FredQuirogaisaresourcespecialist


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304 Carol Ly Modr

rug out of thr govrmt bt ad takg t out o othr. Quroga

rcalld o woma puhg aothr out of th way to gt to a computr.

QUIROGA: I th lat moth, w had to call th curty guard a coupl of tm.

ME //

I Exampl (), th rportr, Lagtt, rlat a w tory about dvdual xp-

rcg job lo. T hot provd a ovrvw of th topc ad troduc Lag-

tt a th rportr. Lagtt dcrb th ttg a a mploymt atac of-

c calld Motgomry Work ad troduc a pakr two jobl dvdual.

H trpr h lkg commt wth th commt of th two job-kr.

H th troduc a pro who gv tattc o th currt labor markt. T

uttrac Exampl () follow th.

T NP is a NP cotructo troduc th xt pakr, who cotrbuto

wll cotu th tory. T crdtal of th pakr ar ot actvatd by th top-

c troducto c h ot a job-kr, but rathr a mploy at Motgomry

Work. T cotructo mak xplct th poto h hold, whch mak hm

wll-utd to dcu th broadr cotxt agat whch th cotrbuto of th

prvou pakr hould b udrtood.

I th gr, a pakr troducd wth th NP is a NP cotructo wh

h or hr crdtal ar pcally rlvat to th ogog dcour topc, wth

th rt NP provdg th full am of pakr ad th cod NP provdg thoccupato or crdtal. T partcular matc cott of th NP qut m-

portat to th u ad trprtato of th cotructo. T occurrc of a pr-

o am, ad partcularly a full am, wa hghly aocatd wth th troduc-

tory fucto; tac or % of all th NP[am]is a NP xpro rvd

th fucto. A addtoal tac or % ud mlar framg to dtfy

th pakr at th clo of th gmt ar h or hr cotrbuto wr mad,

a Exampl ().

Exampl () Clog FuctoINSKEEP: Lord Darz, thak vry much.

DARZI: My plaur.

INSKEEP: Lord Ara Darz a formr mtr Brta Dpartmt of Halth

ad a urgo at St. Mary Hoptal Lodo

INSKEEP: Your ltg to MORNING EDIION from NPR Nw. ME //

Exampl () th d of a trvw gmt. Troughout th gmt, th

trvw, Lord Darz, rpod to quto about Brta halth car ytm

from th hot, Ikp. At th d of th gmt, th hot rtrat th pakram ad crdtal for th ltr. T rtrato o clog wa typcal of th


12/28


ad wodr who th pakr wa. T NP[am]

is a NP cotructo provd ky

formato to allow th ltr to codr th formato th cotxt of th

crdtal of th pakr.Codrg all tac wth ou th rt lot of th NP is a NP

cotructo, th groudg fucto accoutd for % of th cotructo

th corpu. For tho ca whch a am th rt lot, th groudg fuc-

to accout for % of th cotructo. Wh th NP th rt lot wa a full

am, tac (%) prformd groudg fucto. Tu, th apparac

of a pro full am, rt ad lat, th rt lot of th NP is a NP cotructo

wa hghly aocatd wth th groudg fucto. All othr form of th rt lot

NP, rducd am, proou ad commo ou, wr aocatd wth a cod

major fucto, th dcour laborato fucto, whch th omal wa th

ma dcour tty udr dcuo th gmt.

I th dcour laborato fucto, th tac of NP[am] occurrd

motly rducd form. Full am occurrd wth a dcour laborato fuc-

to oly out of tac or %. I cotrat, all of th occurrc of

lat am oly ( tac) ad rt am oly ( tac) had a dcour

laborato fucto. T aocato of rducd form wth th ma dcour

tty trly accord wth th ormal dcour u of uch form for acc-

bl tt, hghlghtg th way whch a cotructo grammatcal formtract wth dcour cotxt.

Exampl () how th dcour laborato fucto wth a rt am ad

wth a proou th rt NP lot.

Exampl () Elaboratg a Dcour Etty

INSKEEP: It oud lk from th artcl th dcrpto gv th Nw York

magaz artcl that hr arlr lf A Lbovtz wa rlatvly modt

hr proal pdg, hr proal crcumtac, xcpt for a drug habt, but

lvd a modt apartmt ad that chagd rct yar, whch part of hrtroubl ow.

BROWN: It dd, ad I thk t wa all part of th kd of borrowg o th vr-

vr mad that vrybody got to. I ma Anniesazeitgeistcreatureher-

sel, ad a way vrythg that happd to hr rct th ztgt whch

h lvd.

I ma h movd a world of clbrty, h bcam th lovr of Sua Sotag,

th famou crtc, h mxd wth mov tar ad rock tar ad o forth, ad ar

tm that lftyl tart to rub o. But I wll ay that I dot far for A th

log-ru. Shesasuperbtalent ad h ot rally a pro, h ot a Mchal

Jacko gur, who wat to go o ad lv th lf of craz. Sheactuallyisa

woman o simple taste; t jut that thg got out of had ME //


13/28

306 Carol Ly Modr

I th gmt from whch Exampl () xcrptd, th hot, Ikp, trvw

magaz dtor a Brow about trtg radg. I th rt part of th g-

mt Brow ad Ikp dcu a artcl rcoutg th acal wo of pho-tographr A Lbovtz. Lbovtz th ma dcour tty th gmt

ad hr acal problm ar th ma dcour topc.

At th bgg of Exampl (), Ikp mto Lbovtz arly lf of

modt pdg. T dcour ha at th pot tablhd ad laboratd two

pac lkd by vtal rlato of dtty, tm, ad chag: th prt pac,

whch Lbovtz ha a mav $ mllo dollar dbt, ad th arly lf pac,

whch h had modt pdg habt. Brow laborat th prt pac ub-

topc of th photographr wo by attrbutg thm to a ovrall octal tu-

ato. At th hart of th tur th NP is a NP cotructo,Annies a zeitgeist

creature hersel. T cotructo lk th bldd Lbovtz pac prvouly

bult up wth a w pac that vok a addtoal fram. Wh th w pac

ad t aocatd fram ar tgratd to th bldd pac, thy vt a cau-

ct rlato btw th zeitgeistad th chag Lbovtz. T dcour

fucto of th cotructo to hghlght th rlvac of th tr gmt to

th ltg audc, cotrug th Lbovtz tory a charactrtc of th tm.

Wth rpct to th form of th cotructo, th rt NP rfrc th ogo-

g dcour tty wth a rducd form of hr am, whl th cod NP vtu to crat a coutrpart rlato btw A ad th zeitgeist creature, whch

appar tally to b a vtal rlato of dtty. T xpro prompt furthr

bldg of th charactrtc of A bult up th dcour wth th char-

actrtc of th zeitgeist creature, rforcg th vtal rlato of chag. Brow

laborat th zeitgeist creature pac, drawg o th fram of th currt wld

acal tm. Howvr, h th mak a proal amt of Lbovtz ba-

c charactrtc, mployg two uccv NP is a NP cotructo: Shes a

superb talentad She actually is a woman o simple taste. T cotructo u

proou th rt NP lot c th rfrt hghly accbl, bcau t th

ma dcour tty ad bcau th am Annie wa ud th mmdatly

prcdg uttrac. From a dcour prpctv, both xpro hghlght

Brow cocluo to th dcrpto ad to th gmt, laboratg Lbovtz

tru charactrtc, whch wll lad to hr bg okay th log ru. Of partcu-

lar trt that ug th word actually, th cod xpro draw a d-

aalogy rlato btw A ad th zeitgeist creature, prvtg th ltr

from mappg th wld clbrty lf to th ral A pac. T xpro

dcompr th dtty tally tablhd th pror dcour.Faucor & urr () hav mphazd that uch compro ad


14/28


a tgral apct of Bldg Tory. Bcau all put pac ad thr lk ar

alway avalabl, bldd pac ar amabl to ubqut r-trprtato ad

r-aaly. T apct of Bldg Tory provd a framwork for xamghow th op atur of th rlato cud by th NP is a NP cotructo may b

xplotd a dyamcally hg dcour cotxt.

W hav that wh th rt NP lot lld wth a am, th NP is a NP

cotructo cu omthg mor pcc tha a coutrpart rlato, t co-

tru th NP th cod lot, a Lagackr () potd, a a tac of

a typ rlvat to a partcular dcour purpo. I th troducg ad clog

fucto, th tac xprd by th cod NP arbtrary Lagackr

of bg a tac of a pcd catgory. I th groudg fucto, th

catgory a job or a crdtal. I th dcour laborato fucto, th cod

NP a tac of a catgory that laborat th ma dcour purpo.

O dcator of whch pac cud th poto of th uttrac th

ovrall quc of th commucatv vt. Wh th cotructo ud by

th hot or rportr bfor a pakr tal tur a w tory or at th d of

a trvw gmt, th rlvat rlato th groudg pac. Wh th

cotructo ud a mdal tur by a wmakr or th rportr, th rlvat

rlato cud th dcour prtato pac.

A cod dcator of th pac that cud th matc cott of th NP ach lot. Wh th rt NP a full am ad th cod a crdtal, th

rlvac tablhd th groudg pac, cug th ltr to th ovrall

wght to b placd o th commt of a gv pakr. Wh th NP th rt

lot a rducd am or a proou ad th cod NP a mor gral com-

mo ou, th th rlvac cud th dcour pac; hghlghtg through

laborato of th ma dcour tty a ky purpo of th ovrall dcour.

I th corpu, th dcour laborato fucto of th NP is a NP cotruc-

to wa th mot commo, accoutg for % of th cotructo u ( of

th total tac). Of th dcour laborato u, th rt NP lot

tac had am, had proou, had propr ou rfrrg to plac

or tt, ad had commo ou. All th ca whch a commo ou

or a proou appard th rt NP lot tablhd rlvac to th dcour

prtato pac, rathr tha to th groudg pac. Wth rpct to th u

of th cotructo mtaphorcal xpro, o of th xmplar wth a

NP[am] th rt NP lot wr mtaphorcal; all th mtaphorcal xpro

th cotructo had commo ou th rt NP lot.

T aocato of mtaphorcal xpro wth commo ou ad otwth am may b pcc to th dcour gr. I th publc rado w mag-


15/28

308 Carol Ly Modr

argumt about a ma dcour tty outld th pror cotxt. Such d-

cour topc wr uually cocpt, ot pro. Furthrmor, publc rado w

magaz trv for a utral tac, partcularly c publc fudg hgo thr ot bg prcvd a parta. T rportr ar thrfor ulkly to

portray wmakr wth mtaphorcal xpro that could b trprtd a

too motoally lad, though th opto would b avalabl to th wmakr

thmlv.

Exampl () prt th NP is a NP cotructo ud th dcour labo-

rato fucto wth a commo ou. T hot Robrt Sgl troduc th w

tory gmt by vokg a trp to a caf o Arzoa Ida lad. T rportr,

Robb, troduc th Drt Ra Caf a th ma dcour tty ad th

ohoo OOdham rvval of tradtoal food a th ma dcour topc. H m-

to a favourt tm o th mu, bf hort rb wth tpary ba, ad pr-

t two cutomr, o who ay th cookg rmd hr of hr gradmothr

ad th othr who ay th food ufamlar. H th dcu how govr-

mt amlato program ld to a lo of tradtoal dt ad cultur ad a hgh

cdc of dabt. H troduc a pakr, rta Radr, who commt

coct tradtoal agrcultur to trbal crmo ad tor. T xcrpt

Exampl () bg ar that tur.

Exampl () Elaboratg a Commo Nou

ROBBINS: rta Radr co-drctor of OCA: ohoo OOdham Com-

muty Acto. H ay th , th trb wa growg a mllo-ad-a-half

poud of tpary ba a yar. Eght yar ago, OCA couldt d a hudrd

poud. So th group platd a commuty gard, th a -acr farm. Now

t opd th Drt Ra Caf.

Udtd Woma: I d two d alad.

ROBBINS: Temenuisamixopuretradition,likethebeansandshortribs

stew,andmoderninterpretationslikesquashenchiladasoragrilledchicken

sandwichglazedwithpricklypearandchilisauce. rta Radr ay vry

rcp ha at lat o tradtoal grdt, all grow th drt.

AC //

T rportr mak a trato from th pakr tur to th ort to rvtalz

tradtoal cultur, ad h ractvat th Desert Rain Caa th ma dcour

tty. T uttrac focu follow a tuato-vokg oud bt of a cutomr

at th caf. T NP is a NP cotructo bold hghly laboratd: T -

tty th rt NP lot, the menu, wa prvouly accbl th dcour ad

kpt accbl by t aocato wth th ma dcour tty. T dtal thmu pac, hort rb ad tpary ba a tradtoal food, wr alo prvouly


16/28


op multpl put pac. T pac ar laboratd by th o phra. T

cotructo cu a coutrpart bld of modr ad tradtoal pac. T -

grdt ach of th pac ar combd traghtforwardly wth th am or-gazg fram a mplx bld a part of th mu. Importatly, th bldd

tradtoal-modr pac th avalabl a a pac for th addtoal mappg

that th ma pot of th gmt, th rtrprtato ad adaptato of trad-

to cultur to th modr cotxt.

A Exampl (), hr th NP is a NP cotructo ud to prt ky

formato about th dcour topc by laboratg rlvat dtal about th

ma dcour tty. Alo, both xampl, th dtal th put pac of th

actv dcour tty hav alrady b gv th prcdg dcour. Wth

commo ou th rt NP lot, th NP is a NP cotructo crat a cou-

trpart bld that cu vtal rlato of dtty, but dpdg o th cotxt

ad o addtoal lgutc cu, th bld may cu varou othr vtal rlato,

cludg aalogy, daalogy, ad chag. I th o-mtaphorcal u, th

bld may har a gl orgazg fram or thy may bld orgazg fram

from multpl put pac.

7.2 Mtaphorcal u of th NP is a NP cotructo

Mot mtaphorcal u of th NP is a NP cotructo wr covtoal. T

commo ou that appard th cod NP lot wr typcally tm wth lx-

calzd mtaphorcal mag foud lwhr th corpu, for xampl, cloud,

scar, or battleground. Vry fw mtaphorcal xpro th cotructo, oly

out of , wr ovl.

Exampl () prt a mtaphorcal xpro whch a full NP appar

th rt NP lot ad a full NP, troducg a ovl mtaphorcal tty, occur

th cod lot of th NP is a NP cotructo. Such xmplar, whch two full

NP appar a ovl mtaphorcal xpro, ar ucommo th w tory

ad trvw gmt th gr, c th mtaphorcal xpro uually

rlatd to a accbl dcour tty.

Exampl ()

CHADWICK: Wh h pladd gulty to poag a wk ago, formr CIA ma

Aldrch Am ad h x-tllgc collagu ad othr ar gagd a lf-

rvg ham ad that spywarsareasideshowwhichhavehadnorealimpact

onoursignicantsecurityinterestsovertheyears. H wa pakg prcpally

of what calld coutr-tllgc- th ort to ltrat forg py agcad rcrut thr popl. It ay to dm th a th ratoal of a covctd


17/28

310 Carol Ly Modr

T ovl mtaphorcal xpro troducd th topc ovrvw by th

hot a th ma topc of th trvw. T uuual apparac of two full NP

xplad by th xpro trtxtualty (Chlto & Schar , Smo). T hot quotg a tatmt mad by Am ar h wa covctd of

llg tllgc crt to Rua. T Am tatmt wa prpard advac

wrtg ad wa rad by Am at h tral ad latr by h lawyr to th pr

(Excrpt from Statmt by C.I.A. Ocr Gulty Spy Ca, ). Am tal

u of th mtaphor xmpl Smo () dg that poltc ovl

mtaphor ar ud dlbratly for a pruav purpo wth a partcular co-

txt. Such mtaphor ar uually pckd up by th mda, a w th ca.

T u of a mtaphorcal xpro of a thrd party mlar to th cotxt

aalyzd by Oakly & Coulo (); both ca th quotd mtaphorcal x-

pro fram th tr trvw. I th trvw, th rportr ct th mta-

phorcal xpro th topc ovrvw ad th rtrat pcc part of t to

fram h quto to Gat. Ulk th Oakly & Coulo xampl, whch

th trvw laborat ad rmap th laguag of th orgal mtaphor,

th gmt Gat chw both th trm spy wars ad th ourc doma side-

show. Gat rpo tad attmpt to upack th mappg of th mtaphorcal

xpro ad r-cotru tllgc trm of th mportat cotrbuto

mad by huma p.Such trtxtual xampl hghlght th valu of mtaphorcal xpro

comprg mappg of dvr cocpt ad makg thm avalabl for latr

rfrc ad r-mappg. Although uch u ar ctv trvw gmt,

thy wr ot vry frqut th corpu.

A mor commo mtaphorcal u of th NP is a NP cotructo th gr

provdd Exampl (). T hot troduc th -mut w tory wth th

formato that th tlvo program, Ozzie and Harriet, wll b commmo-

ratd wth a U.S. potag tamp. Sh th prt two audo clp, trprd

wth formato about th program, followd by th xcrpt Exampl ().

Exampl ()

WERHEIMER: T Advtur of Ozz ad Harrt ra for yar from

to . It tral oly T Smpo a tlvo logt-rug tcom.

NELSON: Tyr th gratt hom mov ayo could vr ak for. Tr ar

pod of bacally th dvlopmt, ovr a prod of tm, of a tr fam-

ly.

WERHEIMER: Tat Sam Nlo, th yougt gradchld of Ozz ad Har-

rt. H told u theshowisasnapshotothetimeinAmericanhistorythatstillresonates.


18/28


togthr aga. Ad I thk thy rpodd to that apct of hom. Ad I thk

that why o may popl you mt today, com up to m ad my brothr ad

my tr ad thy ay, oh, you kow, w grw up wth your famly ad t a tr-

mdou gtur to uggt that w had a rol popl lv that way.

ME //

T cotructo Exampl () laborat a pac th dcour that wa rt

troducd by th hot th topc ovrvw, th ra of Amrca htory from

. T prod lkd a a coutrpart to th tm portrayd th

tlvo how by th vtal rlato of rprtato. T htory pac aly

bldd wth th how pac alrady accbl a th ma dcour tty, c

th two tt har mlar proprt ad a mlar orgazg fram. T hot,

Wrthmr, troduc th bld th NP is a NP cotructo bold. A w

aw prvou xampl, th cotructo provd xplct cu for mappg,

th ca cludg a xtdd ophra whch provd th full laborato of

th XYZ pattr.

T NP is a NP cotructo laborat th ma dcour topc of th com-

mmorato of th how by provdg th dtal about th how that would mrt

uch rcogto. T cotructo cu a coutrpart bld of th how pac

wth th dtal actv th htory pac, cotrug th how a a snapshotrp-

rtato of th tm. T u of snapshota th ourc doma draw o thfram vokd by Nlo charactrzato of th how wth th trm home movies.

Cotrug th tlvo how th way hghlght th complx rlato b-

tw th how ad th Nlo famly. Sc th program th famly mmbr

portrayd thmlv, thr both a dtty rlato ad a rprtato rla-

to btw th Ozzie and Harriet Show ad th Nlo famly.

T tal u of th cotructo by th hot furthr mappd th d-

cour by Nlo, who th tm u th proou it th rt NP lot, c th

how a accbl dcour tty. H uttrac, Its a picture o an era that

was, rtatat th bld producd by th hot ad xtd t wth addtoal

dtal from th htory pac whch ar projctd to th how pac th bld.

T rprtato-dtty bld rforcd Nlo clog commt

about popl whogrew up with h famly.

Bcau of th atur of th commucatv vt, th hot tal u of th

bld wa probably cotructd xprly to troduc th mtaphorcal bld

th upcomg pakr tur, a part of th proc of tgratg th dtd g-

mt to th w tory. A umbr of mtaphorcal xpro th corpu fol-

lowd th pattr, wth th hot pr-gurg th upcomg bld of a wmakr.From a procg pot of vw, th doubl prtato of th bld gv t grat-


19/28

312 Carol Ly Modr

A w hav th xampl, th NP is a NP cotructo draw o

th cotructoal mag of th copula to dcat coutrpart two mtal

pac. T dt cod NP dcat a tac of a typ that rv a par-tcular purpo th cotxt of th dcour. Furthrmor, th dtctv ma-

g of rducd form, lk proou or hortd ou phra, whch gal

accbl dcour tt cotrat to full propr ou or lgthy modd

NP, whch gal w tt th dcour, alo cotrbut to th mtaphor-

cal mappg. abl provd a ummary of th varou ralzato of th NP is

a NP cotructo.

able. NP is a NP cotructo ad dcour fucto

ConstructionForm DiscourseFunction

NPis a NPNP = full am

NP= crdtal

Introducing/closing

Fucto th groudg pac to troduc

a faturd pakr or to clo th gmt

whch th pakr wa trvwd.

No-mtaphorcal u

NPis a NPNP = hortd am, commo ou, or

proou;

accbl dcour ttyNP= laboratd commo ou

Discourseelaboration

Fucto dcour prtato pac to

laborat th dcour tty upport of

ma dcour topcNo-mtaphorcal & Mtaphorcal u

I th w magaz gr, th dcour purpo of th cotructo may rlat

thr to th groudg pac, maagg th ogog commucatv vt, or to

th dcour prtato pac, laboratg th ma dcour topc. I th d-

cour laborato fucto, both mtaphorcal ad o-mtaphorcal uttrac

draw from th fram of th cod NP to cu th rlato to b mappd. I th o-

mtaphorcal xpro Exampl () ad (), th ou combato zeitgeist

creature ad th laboratd ou a mix o pure tradition and modern interpreta-

tion ach provd a fram that mappd a coutrpart bld wth th dcour

tty th rt NP. I th mtaphorcal xpro Exampl () ad (), a

mlar proc cu a coutrpart bld btw th dcour tt xprd

th rt NP spy wars ad the show wth th fram of th cod NP sideshow

ad snapshot o the time in American History. I all xampl, th typ of rlato

cud by th bld cotrad ad laboratd by th dcour cotxt. Tu w

d mlar bldg proc both mtaphorcal ad o-mtaphorcal uttr-

ac. W alo d mlar cotrbuto of cotructoal mag ad dcourgroudg. I th gr, th mag of th mtaphorcal xpro ar xplc-


20/28


T vat majorty of th mtaphorcal uttrac apparg th NP is a NP

cotructo th corpu drw o mor covtoal mtaphor, a w aw

th snapshottac abov. Mor ovl mtaphorcal uttrac wr mot com-moly troducd by a rlatd cotructo, Its like NP. W ow tur to a brf

xamato of th cotructo.

7.3 No-mtaphorcal u ofIts like NP

T o-mtaphorcal u of th Its like NP cotructo wr l commo tha

th mtaphorcal u th gr. Of th total tac of th cotructo,

wr o-mtaphorcal. Exampl () provd a llutrato of th u of th

o-mtaphorcal xpro. It part of a trvw gmt whch var-

ou pakr commt o thr xprc wtg dath row xcuto. T

pakr th xampl a rportr, who talkg about covrg uch a xcu-

to. H u th Its like NP cotructo to troduc a w dcour tty, any

other unpleasant situation, ordr to laborat th ma dcour topc.

Exampl ()

MORIZ: T rt xcuto I dd, I wa wodrg how Id ract to t, but its

likeanyotherunpleasantsituationareporterisaskedtocover. At om pot

thr a dtachmt. You ralz that t ot about you; t about th guy whoabout rady to b put to dath. //

T cotructo cu th ltr to compar th xprc to othr uplaat

xprc that a rportr mght covr ad to catgorz t a uch a xprc.

T rportr--uplaat-tuato pac provd th orgazg fram for th

bld, hghlghtg th profoal dtachmt th rportr drw o ordr to

utralz a pottally trog motoal racto to th xcuto. T mappg

cratd provd a pac whch to udrtad th tatmt that follow, that

th xprc ot about th rportr flg; t about th pro aboutto b xcutd. T Its phra hghlght a accbl dcour tty. T like

phra th cotxt hrt from th cotructoally-drvd mag of th

like NP phra, whch courag a catgorzato cotrual (Modr ). T

modfyg phra that follow th like phra laborat th orgazg fram of

th put pac that th catgorzato mat to hghlght th cotxt of th

dcour.

7.4 Mtaphorcal u ofIts like NP

M t h l f th It lik NP t t th


21/28

314 Carol Ly Modr

a bldd pac whch th ma dcour tty wa rlatd to a w dcour

tty that provdd th fram cary to compr dtal from th pror d-

cour. T w dcour tty troducd a fram that ot ormally hardby th dcour tty. T like NP phra wa grally followd by a xpro

that laboratd th apct of th w fram that would orgaz th mappg

th bldd pac.

Exampl () draw from a w tory gmt whch th ma dcour

tty a U.S. Labor Dpartmt rgulato cocrg workr afty. T rgu-

lato wa rt xtdd to clud mploy who work from hom ad th

wthdraw th xt day.

Exampl ()PRAKASH: About mllo Amrca ow work for mployr from hom,

thak to w tchology that mak t ar to ru a oc out of a hom.

But bu group ay that th w arragmt wll wthr f th fdral

govrmt rgulat thm havy-haddly. Jfr Kr of th Natoal A-

ocato of Maufacturr.

KRESE: What th admtrato tally ad what w hav a problm wth

that th admtrato tryg to apply a -yar-old tatut to a yar work

forc. Itsliketwopuzzlepiecesthatjustdontttogether. So that our bggt

problm. (AC //)

T ma dcour tty th rgulato of hom workr. T dcour ub-

topc for th part of th trvw th vw of maufacturr that uch rgula-

to havy-hadd. T rprtatv of th maufacturr, Kr, provd th

amt that th Labor Dpartmt tryg to apply a thrty-yar old tatut

to th yar workforc. T cotructo hghlght th pakr valuato

of th attmpt a comprd ad mmorabl form. T tatut ad th currt

workforc, whch ar accbl dcour tt, ar bldd wth th w fram

hrt th doma ofpuzzle pieces. T that-clau mak xplct th rla-toal mappg th pakr td. Itrtgly, thpuzzle fram, whch pc-

ar crad to t tghtly ad moothly togthr, vokd to crat a daalogy

rlato th bld: th tatut ad th yar workforc do ot t togthr. It

uggt furthr pobl mappg th bld; th aburdty ad comptc

of tho who mak puzzl pc that do ot t togthr ca b projctd a a a-

mt of th labor dpartmt admtrato.

T dcour fucto of th mappg to upport th dcour purpo of

o pakr o ub-topc. It do o wth a bld that actvat a fram from a

w put pac to drv a rlatoal mappg a compro that rct th

pakr valuato. A dcatd abov, t would b ulkly for uch a bld to


22/28


motoal tac compatbl wth th purportd utral tac of th publc ra-

do twork. A th xampl, uch u wr typcally part of th amt of

o partcular trvw, whch would b juxtapod wth othr vw. T jux-tapoto uggt a valu for uch mtaphorcal xpro th gr; thy

mak th pakr amt mor comprd, mor mmorabl, ad pobly

mor pruav.

I cotrat to th NP is a NP cotructo, th prc oflike th Its like

NP cotructo provd a xplct cu to th udrtadr that a w, ad pr-

hap uxpctd, fram about to b troducd. T xplct cug drctly

rlatd to th cotructoal mag oflike, troducg a omal that to b

put a coutrpart rlato of comparo ad/or catgorzato wth th prcd-

g omal (Modr, , ). I a dyamc pok dcour cotxt, uch x-

plct cug may ad th caual ltr focug o th tdd mappg. T

commucatv cotxt groudg may provd om xplaato for th gratr

aocato of th Its like NP cotructo wth mor ovl mtaphorcal xpr-

o th gr.

Exampl () how a u of th Its like NP cotructo wth a broadr, mor

ovl mappg that thmatcally compa a pot about th ovrall dcour

topc. I th w tory gmt, th hot rt troduc th topc of mult-tak-

g ad rlatd bra proc. H th troduc th rportr, Jo Hamlto,ad th ttg that bg th trvw, a dr. T part of th tory trpr

oud bt from th dr, wth rportr gu ad pakr commt o th

dculty of hadlg multpl tak. T rportr gu to th topc of mult-tak-

g a a commo cotmporary xprc ad troduc a uroctt who

pot out that th bra do ot rally mult-tak, but rathr wtch rapdly

from o tak to aothr. T ttg th mov to a bra rarch lab, whr

Hamlto troduc uroctt Dal Wma, who charg of th lab.

T rmadr of th tory cottutd by Wma commt, trprd

wth Hamlto gu.

Exampl ()

HAMILON: But Wma ay v mpl tak ca ovrwhlm th bra

wh w try to do vral at oc.

WEISSMAN: If Im out o a trt corr, ad Im lookg for o frd who

warg a rd carf, I mght b abl to pck out that frd. But f Im lookg for

a frd who warg a rd carf o o trt corr, ad th mddl of th

trt Im lookg for aothr frd who warg a blu carf, ad o th othr

d of trt Im lookg for a frd who warg a gr carf, at om pot Ica oly dvd my attto o much.


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316 Carol Ly Modr

xcutv ytm. Itsabitlikeoneothosecartoonconductorstellingtheor-

chestra louder, soer, aster, slower. T coductor our had lv th

bra frotal lob, bacally abov our y.

WEISSMAN: So, xcutv proc allow u to mak pla for futur bhavor.

Ty allow u to xrt om ort of volutary cotrol ovr our bhavor.

WEISSMAN: Hutg rqur a lot of plag, rght? Youv got to thk about,

wll, what that tgr gog to do? Ad Iv got my group of frd, how ca w

coordat ourlv ad urroud th tgr?

HAMILON: Ad kpg track of all of th thg wouldt b pobl wth-

out th xcutv ytm, thatsymphonyconductorinourrontallobes.

ME //

At th bgg of Exampl (), Wma xpla how th bra dal wthmultpl tak. T tur th ky to th dcour purpo. Wma op a hy-

pothtcal pac whch llutrat th ma dcour topc of mult-takg. Ham-

lto laborat th archforfrd pac ad th troduc a w dcour

tty, th bra xcutv ytm, a th ky tty rpobl for tak wtchg.

H charactrz th ytm by troducg a w doma ad a aocatd fram

wth th Its like NP cotructo. T uxpctd u of th conductordoma

hghlghtd ot oly by th u of th pacbuldr like but alo by th hdg a bit.

T cotructo op a addtoal pac for th coductor ad uppl actofrom th muc doma to rv a dtty ad aalogy coutrpart to th ac-

to th arch-for-frd pac. T bld of th pac xplctly cud

by th followg phra the conductor in our heads, whch laboratd wth th

xpro lives in the brains rontal lobes. T w tory cotu wth furthr

dtal about th frotal lob, followd by commt about th pobl volu-

toary advatag of tak wtchg to huma. T lat par of uttrac gv

Exampl () cotu th topc. Of ot that Hamlto rtatat th

coductor bld th latr tur wth th phra, that symphony conductor in our

rontal lobes, whch appar ar th clo of th tory.I th xampl th rportr troduc th bld h ow gu commt

ordr to tatat th ky formato from a faturd pakr about th bra

ad th r-u th bld a a compro of th prvou mappg. T map-

pg cu aalogy ad rprtato rlato to xplcat th way th xcutv

ytm of th bra fucto. Prtato of th wtchg proc th ky

purpo of th w tory. T Its like NP cotructo rv to map th bld

a a ctral argumt rlvat to th ogog dcour topc. Oc troducd

ad mappd, th bld avalabl for r-tatato a l promt NPform.

bl f h f f h I lik NP


24/28


able. Its like NP cotructo ad t dcour fucto

Construction DiscourseFunction

Its like NPIt= dcour topc

NP + modr=

w tty + laborato

Itroduc w, o ovl, tty a acatgory that provd a orgazg fram

for compro of mappg of th actv d-

cour topc; may laborat pakr atttud

or a rlatoal focu.

Frqutly ud mtaphorcally.

A dcud abov, th cotructo hrt apct of th mag of like NP,

whch troduc a w omal that tad a coutrpart rlato to a pr-

cdg omal xpro. Like xplctly op a put pac whch provd afram from whch to projct rlatoal fatur rlvat to th alrady accbl

dcour tty. T cotructo prompt a bld that compr th mappg

to a bldd pac. T mappg laboratd wth th pcc rlatoal fa-

tur xplctly tatd th modfyg phra that follow th NP. T bldg

proc mlar acro o-mtaphorcal ad mtaphorcal uttrac.

T gratr frqucy of mtaphorcal uttrac apparg th cotruc-

to th gr may b rlatd to attto ad alc. Gv th caual lt-

g bhavour of th rado audc, th dcour mut b packagd to b a aly

comprhbl a pobl. T u of th xplct pac-buldr like prpar th

ltr for a uxpctd mappg, focug attto o th upcomg mta-

phorcal xpro. Sc mtaphorcal xpro ar dd trm of thr

cogruc wth th ogog dcour topc, th w fram that thy tro-

duc ar mor lkly to b alt ad bttr rmmbrd tha th mplx fram

that ar troducd by th o-mtaphorcal xpro. Makg th dcour

mor mmorabl would b a potv fatur th w magaz gr.

8. Conclusion

T rult of th tudy dcat that th dcour gr thr wr dr-

c th mappg cud by th two drt cotructo udr tudy. T

mor frqut NP is a NP cotructo rvd parat fucto th groud-

g pac of th commucatv vt ad th dcour prtato pac.

I th groudg pac, th cotructo rvd to provd dcour rlvat

crdtal for a pakr, thr a a troducto to that pakr cotrbuto

or a formato for th ltr at th clo of th trvw. I th dcour

prtato pac th NP is a NP cotructo laboratd th ogog dcour


25/28

318 Carol Ly Modr

orgazg fram cratd by th xprd bld, whch cotrud th accbl

dcour tty amd th rt NP a a tac of a typ amd th cod

NP ordr to hghlght a ky dcour purpo. T dcour mght th thrcotu to laborat th mappg of th bld or coclud, ug th bld a a

compro of th tr gmt.

T Its like NP cotructo troducd a w dcour doma to hghlght

rlatoal mappg alrady actv for th ma dcour tty ordr to focu

o a w apct of th dcour topc, typcally a pakr valuato or a d-

cour purpo. T w apct wa th laboratd th mmdatly follow-

g dcour. Wh th cotructo rprtd a pakr valuato, th bld

t cratd typcally had rlvac at a partcular pot th dcour. Wh t

laboratd a ub-topc t typcally wa rlvat to th ovrall dcour purpo.

I trm of bldg thory, th Its like NP cotructo appar to rv a

a xplct pac buldg xpro, opg a w put pac to b bldd

wth a pac prvouly tablhd ad laboratd by th dcour. T NP be NP

cotructo rvd to compr varou o-mtaphorcal mappg prvouly

xprd th dcour to th orgazg fram of th w dcour doma

ad to provd opportut for furthr laborato th bldd pac. I both

cotructo, th fucto of th grammatcal cotructo ud th mta-

phorcal xpro wr mlar to tho th o-mtaphorcal xpro.Furthrmor, t mportat to ot that th gr th ltr wa ot typcally

cud to map a ty of poblt. T grammatcal cotructo whch

th xpro appard cud alrady actvatd fram, rol, ad valu from th

ogog dcour ytmatc way. T bldg proc ad t rlvat map-

pg wr cloly cotrad by th combato of th grammatcal cotruc-

to ad th ogog dcour cotxt.

T dg of th tudy uggt that a dtald aaly of th pcc d-

cour cotxt ad th grammatcal cotructo whch mtaphorcal xpr-

o appar pcc gr ca gratly hac our udrtadg of th way

that mtaphorcal xpro ar ud ad trprtd aturally-occurrg d-

cour. Dcour cotxt ad grammatcal cotructo ar two ctral pc

that do t togthr th cogtv mtaphor puzzl.

Notes

1. T lvl of pccty of th cotructo wa adoptd to tablh bac form-magparg. A th latr dcuo wll dcat, th cotructo may partcpat hrarch of

d l h t t t


26/28


2. All xampl ar tak from aturally occurrg dcour from th corpu udr tudy.

Exampl ar tracrbd ug orthographc covto to facltat radg. T abbrvato

ME // dcat that th xampl cam from a Morning Edition broadcat o Augut ,

. Smlar abbrvato ar ud for all xampl. AC latr xampl rfr to th pro-gramAll ings Considered. T xpro udr dcuo prtd boldace.

3. I catgorz th xampl a o-mtaphorcal, bcau th bac mag ofcreature u-

tral wth rpct to huma.

4. T like phra th xpro ar xampl of a like cotructo a catgorzato

fucto. S Modr () for furthr dcuo.

5. Adoptg a mor chmatc form of th cotructo NP is like NP would hav crad th

total umbr of tac by . I th rt ou lot, tac had commo NP, had a

propr ou ad had grud phra. Four of th xpro, thr of whch wr grudphra, wr mtaphorcal.

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http://r.com/abtract=.

Authors address

Carol Ly Modr

Oklahoma Stat Uvrty

Morrll Hall

Stllwatr, OK

USA

[email protected]
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5003http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5003http://ssrn.com/abstract=1321302mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://ssrn.com/abstract=1321302http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5003http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5003


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