mobile communications evolution

8/14/2019 Mobile Communications Evolution

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Mobile Communications Evolution

Mobile radio telephonesystems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. Since they were the predecessorsof the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are sometimes retroactively referred to as 0G(zero generation)systems. Technologies used in 0G systems included the Push to Talk (PTT or manual), Mobile Telephone System (MTS),Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS) systems.

These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished from earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they wereavailable as a commercial service that was part of the public switched telephone network, with their own telephonenumbers, rather than part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.

These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made. Typically, thetransceiver (transmitter-receiver) was mounted in the vehicle trunk and attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset)mounted near the driver seat.

They were sold through WCCs (Wireline Common Carriers, AKA telephone companies), RCCs (Radio Common Carriers),and two-way radio dealers. The primary users were loggers, construction foremen, realtors, and celebrities.

Early examples for this technology:

Motorola in conjunction with the Bell System operated the first commercial mobile telephone service MTS in theUS in 1946, as a service of the wireline telephone company.

First automatic system was the Bell System's IMTS which became available in 1962, offering automatic dialing toand from the mobile.

The Televerket opened its first manual mobile telephone system in Norway in 1966. Norway was later the firstcountry in Europe to get an automatic mobile telephone system.

The Autoradiopuhelin (ARP) launched in 1971 in Finland as the country's first public commercial mobile phonenetwork

The B-Netz launched 1972 in West Germany as the country's second public commercial mobile phone network(but the first one that did not require human operators to connect calls)

Parallel to IMTS in the US until the rollout of cellular AMPS systems, a competing mobile telephone technology was called

Radio Common Carrieror RCC. The service was provided from the 1960s until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systemsmade RCC equipment obsolete. These systems operated in a regulated environment in competition with the Bell System'sMTS and IMTS. RCCs handled telephone calls and were operated by private companies and individuals. Some systemswere designed to allow customers of adjacent RCCs to use their facilities but the universe of RCCs did not comply with anysingle interoperable technical standard, (a capability called roamingin modern systems). If you had RCC service in Omaha,your phone would not be likely to work in Phoenix. At the end of RCCs existence, industry associations were working on atechnical standard that would potentially have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enableoperation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often afallback for RCC roamers.

Roaming was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signalingformats were not standardized. For example, some systems used two-tone sequential paging to alert a mobile or hand-heldthat a wired phone was trying to call them. Other systems used DTMF. Some used a system called Secode 2805which

transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone, (in a manner similar to IMTS signaling,) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Someradio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets, rotary or pushbutton dials, andoperated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones, (radicallyadvanced for their day). RCCs used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used byIMTS.


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First Generation Cellular Communication Systems

1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone technology, cellphones. These are the analog cellphonestandards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2-G digital cellphones. The maindifference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2-G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks useare analog, while 2-G networks are digital.

Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of thetelephone system, the call itself is encoded to digital signals in 2-G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency,typically 150MHz and up.

One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europeand Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United States, TACS (Total AccessCommunications System) in the United Kingdom, C-450 in West Germany, Portugal and South Africa, Radiocom 2000 inFrance, and RTMI in Italy. In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-801, TZ-802, and TZ-803 weredeveloped by NTT, while a competing system operated by DDI used the JTACS (Japan Total Access CommunicationsSystem) standard.

Second Generation Cellular Communication Systems

2G(or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. 2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:

GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used worldwide (Time Division Multiple Access) iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus Mobility in Canada IS-136 akaD-AMPS, (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply TDMA in the US), used in the Americas IS-95 akacdmaOne, (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US), used in the Americas and

parts of Asia PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan

2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, or PCS, in the United States. 2.5G servicesenable high-speed data transfer over upgraded existing 2G networks.

Third Generation Cellular Communication Systems

The most significant feature of 3G mobile technology is that it supports greater numbers of voice and data customers especially in urban areasand higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G.

By using the radio spectrum in bands identified, which is provided by the UTI for Third Generation IMT-2000 mobileservices, it subsequently licensed to operators.

It also allows the transmission of 384 kbit/s for mobile systems and 2 Mb/s for stationary systems. 3G users are expected tohave greater capacity and better spectrum efficiency, which allows them to access global roaming between different 3Gnetworks. Unlike IEEE 802.11 networks, 3G networks are wide area cellular telephone networkswhich evolved toincorporate high-speed internet access and video telephony. IEEE 802.11 (common home Wi-Fi) networks are short range,

high-bandwidth networks primarily developed for data.

International Telecommunications Union (ITU): IMT-2000 consists of six radio interfaces

W-CDMA CDMA2000 TD-CDMA / TD-SCDMA UWC (often implemented with EDGE) DECT Mobile WiMAX


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The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined the demands for 3G mobile networks with the IMT-2000standard. An organization called 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has continued that work by defining a mobilesystem that fulfills the IMT-2000 standard. This system is called Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).

Summary of 0G TechnologiesPush-to-talk(PTT), also known asPress-to-Transmit, is a method of conversing on half-duplex communication lines,including two-way radio, using a momentary button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode.

The Mobile Telephone System (MTS)was one of the earliest mobile telephone standards. It was operator assisted bothdirections, meaning, if you were called from a land line the call would be routed to a mobile operator, who would route itto your phone, and your phone would ring. Similarly, to make an outbound call, you had to go through the mobileoperator, who would ask you for your mobile number and the number you were calling, and then would place your callfor you.The Improved Mobile Telephone Service(IMTS) is a VHF/UHF radio system that links to the PSTN. IMTS was theradiotelephone equivalent of land dial phone service. It was introduced in 1969 as a replacement to Mobile TelephoneService or MTS and improved on most MTS systems by offering direct-dial rather than connections through an operator.The Advanced Mobile Telephone System(AMTS) was a 0G method of radio communication, mainly used in Japanese

portable radio systems. It, like its successor HCMTS,(High Capacity Mobile Telephone System) operated on the 900MHz band.OLT(Norwegian for Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni, Public Land Mobile Telephony), was the first land mobile telephonenetwork in Norway. It was established December 1, 1966, and continued until it was obsoleted by NMT in 1990. In 1981,

there were 30,000 mobile subscribers, which at the time made this network the largest in the world. The networkoperated in the 160 Mhz VHF band, using frequency modulation (FM) on 160-162 MHz for the mobile unit, and 168-170MHz for the base station. Most mobile sets were semi-duplex, but some of the more expensive units were full duplex.Each subscriber was assigned a five digit phone number. In 1976, the OLT system was extended to include UHF bands,incorporating MTD, and allowing international roaming within Scandinavian countries.In Sweden, the first mobile phone system was MTA(for Mobil telefonisystem A), which was introduced in 1956, andlasted until 1967. It was a 160 MHz system available in Stockholm and Gteborgr, with 125 total subscribers. The secondsystem, MTB(for Mobil telefonisystem B), had transistorized mobile sets, was introduced in 1962, and lasted until 1983.It operated in the 76-77.5 and 81-82.5 MHz bands, was also available in Malm, and had around 600 subscribers. MTD(Swedish abbreviation for Mobil telefonisystem D, orMobile telephony system D) was a manual mobile phone system forthe 450 MHz frequency band. It was introduced in 1971 in Sweden, and lasted until 1987, when it was made obsolete bythe NMT automatic service. The MTD network had 20,000 users at its peak, with 700 people employed as phoneoperators. MTD was also implemented in Denmark and in Norway (from 1976), which allowed roaming within theScandinavian countries.Autotel(also called PALM, or Public Automated Land Mobile) is a radiotelephone service which was the "missinglink" between earlier MTS/IMTS and later cellular telephone services. It used digital signaling for supervisory messages(call setup, ringing, channel assignment, etc.), except the voice channel was analog (as was the original AMPS cellular).This system was not cellular, as it used existent high-power (35 watt) VHF channels. This system was developed for ruralBritish Columbia, Canada, where building a network of low-power cellular terminals to cover a forest would have been

prohibitively expensive.ARP(Autoradiopuhelin, "car radio phone") was the first commercially operated public mobile phone network inFinland. The technology is zero-generation (0G), since although it had cells, moving between them was not seamless. Thenetwork was proposed in 1968 and building began in 1969. It was launched in 1971, and reached 100% geographiccoverage in 1978 with 140 base stations. The ARP network was closed at the end of 2000 along with NMT-900. ARPwas a success and reached great popularity (10,800 users in the year 1977, with a peak of 35,560 in 1986), but the serviceeventually became too congested and was gradually replaced by the more modern NMT technology. However, ARP wasthe only mobile phone network with 100% percent coverage for some time thereafter, and it remained popular in manyspecial user groups. ARP operated on 150 MHz frequency (80 channels on 147.9 - 154.875 MHz band). Transmission

power ranged from 1 watt to 5 watts. It first used only half-duplex transmission, meaning that receiving and transmittingvoice could not happen at the same time. Later, full-duplex car phones were introduced. Being analog, it had noencryption and calls could be listened to with scanners. It started as a manually switched service, but was fully automatedin 1990; however, by that time the number of subscribers had dwindled down to 980 users. ARP did not supporthandover, so calls would disconnect when moving to a new cell area. The cell size was approximately 30 km. The firstARP mobile terminals were extremely large for the time and could only be fitted in cars' trunks, with a handset near thedriver's seat. ARP was also expensive. In the 1990s, handhelds were introduced in ARP but they never became popular asmore modern equipment was already available in other systems like NMT.


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Summary of 1G TechnologiesAMPSis a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate frequencies, or "channels", for each conversation (seeFDMA). It therefore requires considerable bandwidth for a large number of users. In general terms, AMPS is very similarto the older "0G" Improved Mobile Telephone Service, but uses considerably more computing power in order to selectfrequencies, hand off conversations to PSTN lines, and handle billing and call setup.

What really separates AMPS from older systems is the "back end" call setup functionality. In AMPS, the cell centers can

flexibly assign channels to handsets based on signal strength, allowing the same frequency to be re-used in variouslocations without interference. This allowed a larger number of phones to be supported over a geographical area. AMPSpioneers fathered the term "cellular" because of its use of small hexagonal "cells" within a system.

It suffered from some weaknesses when compared to today's digital technologies. Since it is an analog standard, it is verysusceptible to static and noise and has no protection from eavesdropping using a scanner. In the 1990s, "cloning" was anepidemic that cost the industry millions of dollars. An unscrupulous eavesdropper with specialized equipment canintercept a handset's ESN(Electronic Serial Number). A Electronic Serial Number is a packet of data which is sent by thehandset to the cellular system for billing purposes.

The system then allows or disallows calls and or features based on its customer file. If an ESN is intercepted, it could thenbe cloned onto a different phone and used in other areas for making calls without paying. The problem became so largethat some carriers required the use of a PIN before making calls. Though cloning is still possible even with digital

technologies, the cost of wireless service is so low that the problem has virtually disappeared. AMPS has been replacedby newer digital standards, such as Digital AMPS, GSM, and CDMA2000 which brought improved security as well asincreased capacity.

AMPS was originally standardized by ANSI as EIA/TIA/IS-3. This was later superseded by EIA/TIA-553 and TIAinterim standard IS-91. AMPS cellular service operates in the 800 MHz Cellular FM band. For each market area, theUnited States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed two licensee (networks) known as "A" and "B"carriers. Each carrier within a market uses a specified "block" of frequencies consisting of 21 control channels and 395voice channels. Originally, the B (wireline) side license was usually owned by the local phone company such as a "BabyBell" (Ameritech), and the A (non-wireline) license was made available to private companies such as Cellular One. At theinception of cellular in 1983, the FCC had granted each carrier within a market 333 channels (666 channels total). By thelate 1980s, the cellular industry's subscriber base had grown into the millions across America and it became necessary toadd channels for additional capacity. In 1989, the FCC granted carriers an expansion from the current 666 channels to the

now 832 (416 per carrier). The additional frequency was available in the upper 800 MHz band which also was home toUHF channels 7083. This meant that these UHF channels could no longer be used for UHF TV transmission as thesefrequencies were to be used for AMPS transmission.

The anatomy of each channel is composed of 2 frequencies. 416 of these are in the 824849 MHz range for transmissionsfrom mobile stations to the base stations, paired with 416 frequencies in the 869894 MHz range for transmissions from

base stations to the mobile stations. Each cell site will use a subset of these channels, and must use a different set thanneighboring cells to avoid interference. This significantly reduces the number of channels available at each site in real-world systems. Each AMPS channel is 30 kHz wide.Total Access Communication System(TACS) and ETACSare mostly-obsolete variants of AMPS which were used insome European countries (including the UK & Ireland). TACS was also used in Japan under the name Japanese TotalAccess Communication(JTAC).

It was also used in Hong Kong. ETACS was an extended version of TACS with more channels. TACS and ETACS arenow obsolete in Europe, having been replaced by the GSM system. In the United Kingdom, the last ETACS serviceoperated by Vodafone was discontinued on 31 May 2001, after sixteen years of service. ETACS is however still in use ina handful of countries elsewhere in the world.NMT(Nordisk MobilTelefoniorNordiska MobilTelefoni-gruppen,Nordic Mobile Telephonyin English) is the first fully-automatic cellular phone system. It was specified by Nordic telecommunications administrations (PTTs) starting in 1970,and opened for service in 1981 as a response to the increasing congestion and heavy requirements of the manual mobile

phone networks: ARP (150 MHz)in Finland and MTD (450 MHz) in Sweden, Norway and Denmark.sten Mkitaloisconsidered as the father of this system, and of the cell phone. NMT is based on analog technology (first generation or 1G)and two variants exist: NMT-450and NMT-900. The numbers indicate the frequency bands uses. NMT-900wasintroduced in 1986 because it carries more channels than the previous NMT-450network.
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Cellular Digital Packet Data(CDPD) uses unused bandwidth normally used by AMPS mobile phones between 800 and900 MHz to transfer data. Speeds up to 19.2 kbit/s are possible. Developed in the early 1990s, CDPD was large on thehorizon as a future technology. However, it had difficulty competing against existing slower but less expensive Mobitexand DataTac systems, and never quite gained widespread acceptance before newer, faster standards such as GPRS

became dominant.

CDPD had very limited consumer offerings. AT&T Wireless first offered the technology in the United States under thePocketNet brand. It was one of the first consumer offerings of wireless web service. A company named Omnisky

provided service for Palm V devices. Cingular Wireless later offered CDPD under the Wireless Internet brand (not to beconfused with Wireless Internet Express, their brand for GPRS/EDGE data). PocketNet was generally considered a failurewith competition from 2G services such as Sprint's Wireless Web. After the four phones AT&T Wireless had offered tothe public (two from Panasonic, one from Mitsubishi and the Ericsson R289LX), AT&T Wireless eventually refused toactivate the devices. In 2004, major carriers in the United States threatened to shut down CDPD service. In July 2005, theAT&T Wireless and Cingular Wireless CDPD networks were shut down.

Summary of 2G TechnologiesGlobal System for Mobile communications(GSM: originally from Groupe Spcial Mobile) is the most popularstandard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobilemarket uses the standard. GSM is used by over 2 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity

makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones inmany parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital callquality, and so is considered asecond generation(2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that datacommunication were built into the system using the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The ubiquity of theGSM standard has been advantageous to both consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carrierswithout switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the many vendorsimplementing GSM). GSM also pioneered a low-cost alternative to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, alsocalled "text messaging"), which is now supported on other mobile standards as well. Newer versions of the standard were

backward-compatible with the original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet datacapabilities, by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmissionusing Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).IS-54and IS-136are second-generation (2G) mobile phone systems, known as Digital AMPS(D-AMPS). It is usedthroughout the Americas, particularly in the United States and Canada. D-AMPS is considered end-of-life, and existingnetworks are in the process of being replaced by GSM/GPRS and CDMA2000 technologies. IS-54 is the first American2G standard. Although this system is most often referred to as TDMA, this name is based on the acronym for timedivision multiple access, a common multiple access technique which is used by multiple protocols, including GSM, aswell as in IS-54 and IS-136. However, D-AMPS has been competing against GSM and systems based on code divisionmultiple access (CDMA) for adoption by the network carriers, although it is now being phased out in favor ofGSM/GPRS and CDMA2000 technology. D-AMPS uses existing AMPS channels and allows for smooth transition

between digital and analog systems in the same area. Capacity was increased over the preceding analog design bydividing each 30 kHz channel pair into three time slots (hence time division) and digitally compressing the voice data,yielding three times the call capacity in a single cell. A digital system also made calls more secure because analogscanners could not access digital signals. Calls were encrypted, although the algorithm used (CMEA) was later found to

be weak. IS-136 added a number of features to the original IS-54 specification, including text messaging, circuit switcheddata (CSD), and an improved compression protocol. SMS and CSD were both available as part of the GSM protocol, andIS-136 implemented them in a nearly identical fashion. Large IS-136 networks include AT&T and U.S. Cellular in theUnited States, and Rogers Wireless in Canada. AT&T and Rogers Wireless have upgraded their existing IS-136 networks

to GSM/GPRS, while US Cellular is migrating most of their network to CDMA2000. Rogers Wireless removed all 1900MHz IS-136 in 2003, and has done the same with their 800 MHz spectrum as the equipment failed. Rogers deactivatedtheir IS-136 network (along with AMPS) on May 31, 2007. IS-54 is the first mobile communication system which had

provision for security, and the first to employ TDMA technology. Using IS-54, a cellular carrier could convert any of itssystem's analog voice channels to digital. A dual mode phone uses digital channels where available and defaults to regularAMPS where they are not. IS-54 was, in fact, backward compatible with analog cellular and indeed co-exists on the sameradio channels as AMPS. No analog customers were left behind; they simply couldn't access IS-54's new features. IS-54also supported authentication, a help in preventing fraud.


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Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), is the first CDMA-based digital cellular standard pioneered by Qualcomm. The brandname for IS-95 is cdmaOne. IS-95 is also known as TIA-EIA-95.

It is a 2G Mobile Telecommunications Standard that uses CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to sendvoice, data and signaling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile telephones and cell sites.

CDMA or "code division multiple access" is a digital radio system that transmits streams of bits (PN Sequences). CDMA

permits several radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike TDMA "time division multiple access", a competing systemused in 2G GSM, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number ofactive radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standardshave a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used frequency-division multiplexing.

In North America, the technology competed with Digital AMPS (IS-136, a TDMA technology). It is now beingsupplanted by IS-2000 (CDMA2000), a later CDMA-based standard. It is used in the USA, South Korea, Canada,Mexico, India, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Venezuela, Brazil and China. In Q1 2007, around 15 % of theglobal subscribers used CDMA, while about 85 % used GSM or 3GSM.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)is a Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile

Communications (GSM) and IS-136 mobile phones. It provides data rates from 56 up to 114 Kbps.

GPRS data transfer is typically charged per kilobyte of transferred data, while data communication via traditional circuitswitching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user has actually transferred data or has

been in an idle state. GPRS can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Short MessageService (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email andWorld Wide Web access.

2G cellular systems combined with GPRS is often described as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the second (2G)and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused Time divisionmultiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRSto cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that GSM is theonly kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It was

originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP).

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE) or Enhanced GPRS(EGPRS), is a digital mobile phonetechnology that allows increased data transmission rates and improved data transmission reliability. Although technicallya 3G network technology, it is generally classified as the unofficial standard 2.75G, due to its slower network speed.EDGE has been introduced into GSM networks around the world since 2003, initially in North America.

EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet connection. High-speed data applications suchas video services and other multimedia benefit from EGPRS' increased data capacity. EDGE Circuit Switched is a

possible future development.

EDGE Evolution continues in Release 7 of the 3GPP standard providing doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA).

Circuit Switched Data(CSD) is the original form of data transmission developed for the time division multiple access(TDMA)-based mobile phone systems like Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). CSD uses a single radiotime slot to deliver 9.6 kbit/s data transmission to the GSM Network and Switching Subsystem where it could beconnected through the equivalent of a normal modem to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) allowing directcalls to any dial-up service.


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Prior to CSD, data transmission over mobile phone systems was done by using a modem, either built into the phone orattached to it. Such systems were limited by the quality of the audio signal to 2.4 kbit/s or less. With the introduction ofdigital transmission in TDMA-based systems like GSM, CSD provided almost direct access to the underlying digitalsignal, allowing for higher speeds. At the same time, the speech oriented audio compression used in GSM actually meantthat data rates using a traditional modem connected to the phone would have been even lower than with older analoguesystems. A CSD callfunctions in a very similar way to a normal voice call in a GSM network. A single dedicated radiotime slot is allocated between the phone and the base station. A dedicated "sub-time slot" (16 kbit/s) is allocated from the

base station to the transcoder, and finally another time slot (64 kbit/s) is allocated from the transcoder to the Mobile

Switching Centre (MSC). At the MSC, it is possible to use a modem to convert to an "analog" signal, though this willtypically actually be encoded as a digital pulse-code modulation (PCM) signal when sent from the MSC. It is also

possible to directly use the digital signal as an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) data signal and feed it into theequivalent of a remote access server.

GSM data transmission has advanced since the introduction of CSD:

High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) is a system based on CSDbut designed to provide higher data ratesby means of more efficient channel coding and/or multiple (up to 4) time slots.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) provides more efficient packet-based data transmission directly from themobile phone at speeds similar to HSCSD.

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) (E-GPRS) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) provide improved radio interfaces with higher data rates, while still being backward compatible with the GSMcore network.High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), is an enhancement to Circuit Switched Data, the original datatransmission mechanism of the GSM mobile phone system, four times faster than GSM, with data rates up to 38.4 Kbps.

As with CSD, channel allocation is done in circuit switched mode. The difference comes from the ability to use differentcoding methods and/or multiple time slots to increase data throughput. One innovation in HSCSD is to allow differenterror correction methods to be used for data transfer. The original error correction used in GSM was designed to work atthe limits of coverage and in the worst case that GSM will handle. This means that a large part of the GSM transmissioncapacity is taken up with error correction codes. HSCSD provides different levels of possible error correction which can

be used according to the quality of the radio link. This means that in the best conditions 14.4 kbit/s can be put through asingle time slot that under CSD would only carry 9.6 kbit/s, for a 50% improvement in throughput.

The other innovation in HSCSD is the ability to use multiple time slots at the same time. Using the maximum of four (4)time slots, this can provide an increase in maximum transfer rate of up to 57.6 kbit/s (4 times 14.4 kbit/s) and, even in badradio conditions where a higher level of error correction needs to be used, can still provide a four times speed increaseover CSD (38.4 kbit/s versus 9.6 kbit/s). By combining up to 8 GSM time slots the capacity can be increased to 115kbit/s. HSCSD requires the time slots being used to be fully reserved to a single user. It is possible that either at the

beginning of the call, or at some point during a call, it will not be possible for the user's full request to be satisfied sincethe network is often configured so that normal voice calls take precedence over additional time slots for HSCSD users.

The user is typically charged for HSCSD at a rate higher than a normal phone call (e.g.,by the number of time slotsallocated) for the total period of time that the user has a connection active. This makes HSCSD relatively expensive inmany GSM networks and is one of the reasons that packet-switched GPRS, which typically has lower pricing (based onamount of data transferred rather than the duration of the connection), has become more common than HSCSD.

Apart from the fact that the full allocated bandwidth of the connection is available to the HSCSD user, HSCSD also hasan advantage in GSM systems in terms of lower average radio interface latency than GPRS. This is because the user of aHSCSD connection does not have to wait for permission from the network to send a packet. HSCSD is also an option inEDGE and UMTS systems where packet data transmission rates are much higher. In the UMTS system the advantages ofHSCSD over packet data are even lower since the UMTS radio interface has been specifically designed to support high

bandwidth, low latency packet connections. This means that the primary reason to use HSCSD in this environment wouldbe access to legacy dial up systems.


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Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN)is a mobile telecommunications technology, developed by Motorola,which provides its users the benefits of a trunked radio and a cellular telephone. iDEN places more users in a givenspectral space, compared to analog cellular and two-way radio systems, by using speech compression and time divisionmultiple access (TDMA). iDEN is designed, and licensed, to operate on individual frequencies that may not becontiguous. iDEN operates on 25 kHz channels, but only occupies 20 kHz in order to provide interference protection viaguard bands. By comparison, TDMA Cellular (IS-54 and IS-136) is licensed in blocks of 30 kHz channels, but eachemission occupies 40 kHz, and is capable of serving the same number of subscribers per channel as iDEN. iDEN usesfrequency-division duplexing to separate transmit and receive signals, with transmit and receive bands separated by

39MHz, 45MHz, or 48MHz depending on the frequency band being used.

iDEN supports either three or six interconnect users (phone users) per channel, and six dispatch users (push-to-talk users)per channel, using time division multiple access. The transmit and receive time slots assigned to each user are deliberatelyoffset in time so that a single user never needs to transmit and receive at the same time. This eliminates the need for aduplexer at the mobile, since time-division duplexing of RF section usage can be performedWideband Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network, or WiDEN, is a software upgrade developed by Motorola for itsiDEN enhanced specialized mobile radio (or ESMR) wireless telephony protocol. WiDEN allows compatible subscriberunits to communicate across four 25 kHz channels combined, for up to 100 kbit/s of bandwidth. The protocol is generallyconsidered a 2.5G wireless cellular technology.Personal Digital Cellular(PDC) is a 2G mobile phone standard developed and used exclusively in Japan.

After a peak of nearly 80 million subscriber to PDC, it had 46 million subscribers in December 2005, and is slowly beingphased out in favor of 3G technologies like W-CDMA and CDMA2000. Like D-AMPS and GSM, PDC uses TDMA.NTT DoCoMo launched its Digital service in March 1993. PDC uses 25 kHz carrier, pi/4-DQPSK modulation with 3-timeslot 11.2 kbit/s (full-rate) or 6-timeslot 5.6 kbit/s (half-rate) voice codecs.

PDC is implemented in the 800 MHz (downlink 810-888 MHz, uplink 893-958 MHz), and 1.5 GHz (downlink 1477-1501MHz, uplink 1429-1453 MHz) bands. The air interface is defined in RCR STD-27 and the core network MAP by JJ-70.10. NEC and Ericsson are the major network equipment manufacturers.

The services include voice (full and half-rate), supplementary services (call waiting, voice mail, three-way calling, callforwarding, and so on), data service (up to 9.6 kbit/s CSD), and packet-switched wireless data (up to 28.8 kbit/s PDC-P).Voice vodecs are PDC-EFR and PDC-HR.

Compared to GSM, PDC's weak broadcast strength allows small, portable phones with light batteries at the expense ofsubstandard voice quality and problems maintaining the connection, particularly in enclosed spaces like elevators.The Personal Handy-phone System(PHS), also marketed as the Personal Access System(PAS) in China, is a mobilenetwork system operating in the 1880-1930 MHz frequency band, used mainly in Japan, China, Taiwan and some otherAsian countries. PHS is, essentially, a cordless telephone like DECT, with the capability to handover from one cell toanother. PHS cells are small, with transmission power of base station a maximum of 500 mW and range typicallymeasures in tens or at most hundreds of meters (some can range up to about 2 kilometres in line-of-sight), as opposed tothe multi-kilometer ranges of GSM. This makes PHS suitable for dense urban areas, but impractical for rural areas, andthe small cell size also makes it difficult if not impossible to make calls from rapidly moving vehicles.

PHS uses TDMA/TDD for its radio channel access method, and 32 kbit/s ADPCM for its voice codec. Modern PHSphone can also support many value-added services such as high speed wireless data / Internet connection (64 kbit/s andhigher), internet access, e-mailing, text messaging and even color image transfer.

PHS technology is also a popular option for providing a wireless local loop, where it is used to bridge the "last mile" gapbetween the POTS network and the subscriber's home. Actually, it was developed under the concept that it makes up awireless front-end of ISDN network. So a base station of PHS has a compatibility with, and is often connected directly toISDN telephone exchange equipments(aka digital switch).

As for its low-price base station, micro-cellular system and 'Dynamic Cell Assign' system, PHS can afford more number-of-digits frequency use efficiency with lower cost (throughput per area basis), compared with typical 3G cellulartelephone systems. It makes possible the flat-rate wireless service such as AIR-EDGEall over Japan.


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Summary of 3G Technologies

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)is one of the third-generation (3G)cell phone technologies.Currently, the most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA as the underlying air interface. It is standardized by the 3GPP,and is the European answer to the ITU IMT-2000 requirements for 3G cellular radio systems.

To differentiate UMTS from competing network technologies, UMTS is sometimes marketed as 3GSM, emphasizing thecombination of the 3G nature of the technology and the GSM standard which it was designed to succeed. UMTS, using W-CDMA, supports up to 14.0 Mbit/s data transfer rates in theory (with HSDPA), although at the moment users in deployednetworks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for R99 handsets, and 3.6 Mbit/s for HSDPA handsets in thedownlink connection. This is still much greater than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched datachannel or multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in HSCSD (14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne), andin competition to other networktechnologies such as CDMA2000, PHS or WLANoffers access to the World Wide Web and other data services on mobiledevices.

Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being upgraded with High SpeedDownlink Packet Access (HSDPA), sometimes known as 3.5G. Currently, HSDPA enables downlink transfer speeds of upto 7.2 Mbit/s. Work is also progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with the High-Speed Uplink Packet Access(HSUPA). Longer term, the 3GPP Long Term Evolution project plans to move UMTS to 4G speeds of 100 Mbit/s down

and 50 Mbit/s up, using a next generation air interface technology based upon OFDM.

UMTS supports mobile videoconferencing, although experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that user demand forvideo calls is not very high.

Other possible uses for UMTS include the downloading of music and video content, as well as live TV.W-CDMA(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is a type of 3G cellular network. W-CDMA is the higher speedtransmission protocol used in the Japanese FOMA system and in the UMTS system, a third generation follow-on to the 2GGSM networks deployed worldwide. More technically, W-CDMA is a wideband spread-spectrum mobile air interface thatutilizes the direct sequence Code Division Multiple Access signalling method (or CDMA) to achieve higher speeds andsupport more users compared to the implementation of time division multiplexing (TDMA) used by 2G GSM networks.

W-CDMAwas developed by NTT DoCoMo as the air interface for their 3G network FOMA. Later NTT DoCoMo

submitted the specification to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a candidate for the international 3Gstandard known as IMT-2000. The ITU eventually accepted W-CDMA as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, asan alternative to CDMA2000, EDGE, and the short range DECT system. Later, W-CDMA was selected as the air interfacefor UMTS, the 3G successor to GSM. Code Division Multiple Access communication networks have been developed by anumber of companies over the years, but development of cell-phone networks based on CDMA (prior to W-CDMA) wasdominated by Qualcomm, the first company to succeed in developing a practical and cost-effective CDMA implementationfor consumer cell phones, its early IS-95 air interface standard. IS-95 evolved into the current CDMA2000 (IS-856/IS-2000)standard.

In the late 1990s, NTT DoCoMo began work on a new wide-band CDMA air interface for their planned 3G networkFOMA. FOMA's air interface, called W-CDMA, was selected as the air interface for UMTS, a newer W-CDMA basedsystem designed to be an easier upgrade for European GSM networks compared to FOMA. FOMA and UMTS useessentially the same air interface, but are different in other ways; thus, handsets are not 100% compatible between FOMA

and UMTS, but roaming is supported. Qualcomm created an experimental wideband CDMA system called CDMA2000 3xwhich unified the W-CDMA (3GPP) and CDMA2000 (3GPP2) network technologies into a single design for a worldwidestandard air interface. Compatibility with CDMA2000 would have beneficially enabled roaming on existing networks

beyond Japan, since Qualcomm CDMA2000 networks are widely deployed, especially in the Americas, with coverage in 58countries in 2006. However, divergent requirements resulted in the W-CDMA standard being retained and deployed.

Despite incompatibilities with existing air-interface standards, the late introduction of this 3G system, and despite the highupgrade cost of deploying an all-new transmitter technology, W-CDMA has been adopted and deployed rapidly, especiallyin Japan, Europe and Asia, and is already deployed in over 55 countries as of 2006.


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High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)is a collection of mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performanceof existing UMTS protocols. Two standards, HSDPA and HSUPA, have been established and a further standard, HSOPA, is

being proposed.Evolved HSPA(also known as:HSPA Evolution,HSPA+,I-HSPAorInternet HSPA) is a 3G mobile data protocol definedin 3GPP release 7 (expected in 2007). It introduces a 'flat architecture' for the network and provides HSPA data rates up to42 Mbit/s on the downlink and 11 Mbit/s on the uplink. Evolved HSPA should not be confused with HSOPA, a new radio

protocol for 3GPP Long Term Evolution expected for 2008 or laterHigh Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA)is a proposed part of 3GPP's Long Term Evolution (LTE) upgrade path forUMTS systems. HSOPA is also often referred to as Super 3G. If adopted, HSOPA succeeds HSDPA and HSUPAtechnologies specified in 3GPP releases 5 and 6. Unlike HSDPA or HSUPA, HSOPA is an entirely new air interfacesystem, unrelated to and incompatible with W-CDMA. HSOPA has the following features:

Flexible bandwidth usage with 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz bandwidths. By comparison, W-CDMA uses fixed size 5MHz chunks of spectrum.

Increased spectral efficiency at 2-4 times more than in 3GPP release 6, peak transfer rates of 100 Mbit/s fordownlink and 50 Mbit/s for uplink.

Latency times of around 20 ms for round trip time from user terminal to radio access network, approximately thesame as a combined HSDPA/HSUPA system, but much better than "classic" W-CDMA

FOMA, officially short for Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access, is the brand name for the 3G services being offered

by Japanese mobile phone operator NTT DoCoMo.

FOMA was the world's first W-CDMA 3G service when launched in 2001. FOMA is compatible with standard UMTS, bothvia the radio link as well as via USIM card exchange, and hence provides several alternative options for global roaming:either with or without change of handset. Since mobile services in Japan are generally more advanced than in most othercountries, e.g. FeliCa-i-mode Wallet Phones, i-mode mobile data services etc, to obtain full benefit of FOMA services localJapanese handsets are used.

Initially - as the first full-scale 3G service in the world[- FOMA handsets were of experimental character targeting earlyadopters, and were big, had poor battery life and the network covered the center of Japan's largest towns only. For the first1-2 years, FOMA was essentially an experimental service for early adopters - mainly communication industry professionals.

Around March 2004, with almost full national coverage including subway stations and the inside of most major buildings,

and with the introduction of DoCoMo's 900i series of handsets, FOMA achieved the breakthrough into mass sales, and salessoared. As of September 29, 2007, FOMA has over 40 million subscribers. FOMA Plus Area uses 800MHz Band. Thisallows better coverage in rural areas where there are greater distances between subscriber & base station. But 800MHzFOMA Services is limited in rural areas because 800MHz is also used for 2G PDC services. However, 2G service have

been decreasing enough to use 800MHz band for FOMA, and MCA service which was using 800MHz band before isstopped, so NTT DoCoMo have plan to use 800MHz for FOMA in urban area.CDMA2000is a hybrid 2.5G / 3G protocol of mobile telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple accessscheme for digital radio, to send voice, data, and signalling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile

phones and cell sites. CDMA2000 is considered a 2.5G protocol in 1xRTT and a 3G protocol in EVDO. CDMA (codedivision multiple access) is a mobile digital radio technology where channels are defined with codes (PN sequences).CDMA permits many simultaneous transmitters on the same frequency channel, unlike TDMA (time division multipleaccess), used in GSM and D-AMPS, and FDMA, used in AMPS ("analog" cellular). Since more phones can be served byfewer cell sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA- or FDMA-based standards.

CDMA2000 has a relatively long technical history, and remains compatible with the older CDMA telephony methods (suchas cdmaOne) first developed by Qualcomm, a commercial company, and holder of several key international patents on thetechnology. The CDMA2000 standards CDMA2000 1xRTT, CDMA2000 EV-DO, and CDMA2000 EV-DVareapproved radio interfaces for the ITU's IMT-2000 standard and a direct successor to 2G CDMA, IS-95 (cdmaOne).CDMA2000 is standardized by 3GPP2. CDMA2000 is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications IndustryAssociation (TIA-USA) in the United States, not a generic term like CDMA. (This is similar to how TIA has branded their2G CDMA standard, IS-95, as cdmaOne.) CDMA2000 is an incompatible competitor of the other major 3G standardUMTS. It is defined to operate at 450 MHz, 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100MHz.


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Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as EV-DOor EVDOand often EV, is atelecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internetaccess. It uses multiplexing techniques including Code division multiple access (CDMA) as well as Time division multipleaccess (TDMA) to maximize both individual user's throughput and the overall system throughput. It is standardized by 3rdGeneration Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted by manymobile phone service providers around the worldparticularly those previously employing CDMA networks.

EVDO was designed as an evolution of the CDMA2000 (IS-2000) standard that would support high data rates and could bedeployed along side a wireless carrier's voice services. An EVDO channel has a bandwidth of 1.25MHz, the same

bandwidth size that IS-95A (IS-95) and IS-2000 (1xRTT) use. The channel structure, on the other hand, is very different.Additionally, the back-end network is entirely packet-based, and thus is not constrained by the restrictions typically presenton a circuit switched network.

There have been several revisions of the standard, the first being Revision 0 (Rev. 0). This was later expanded upon withRevision A. There are currently proposals for a new version called Revision B, which is not yet commercially available.

The EV-DO feature of CDMA2000 networks provides access to mobile devices with forward link air interface speeds of upto 2.4 Mbit/s with Rev. 0 and up to 3.1 Mbit/s with Rev. A. The reverse link rate for Rev. 0 can operate up to 153 Kbit/s,while Rev. A can operate at up to 1.8 Mbit/s. It was designed to be operated end-to-end as an IP based network, and so itcan support any application which can operate on such a network and bit rate constraints.

UMTS-TDDis a mobile data network standard built upon the UMTS 3G cellular mobile phone standard, using a TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, or other 3GPP-approved, air interface that uses Time Division Duplexing to duplex spectrum

between the up-link and down-link. While a full implementation of UMTS, it is mainly used to provide Internet access incircumstances similar to those whereWiMAXmight be used. UMTS-TDD is not directly compatible with UMTS: a devicedesigned to use one standard cannot, unless specifically designed to, work on the other, because of the difference in airinterface technologies and frequencies used. TD-CDMA is the primary air interface used by UMTS-TDD. It usesincrements of 5MHz of spectrum, with each slice divided into 10ms frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second).The time slots are allocated in fixed percentage for downlink and uplink. Code Division Multiple Access is used within eachtime slot to multiplex streams from or to multiple transceivers

TD-CDMAis an IMT-2000 3G air interface, classified as IMT-TD Time-Division, and is standardized in UMTS by the

3GPP as UTRA TDD-HCR. TD-CDMA is closely related to W-CDMA, and provides the same types of channels wherepossible. W-CDMA's HSDPA/HSUPA enhancements are also implemented under TD-CDMA

An alternative air interface for UMTS-TDD is TD-SCDMA, which uses 1.6MHz slices of spectrum, and is standardized inUMTS by the 3GPP as UTRA TDD-LCR

TD-SCDMA(Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) is a 3G mobile telecommunications standard,being pursued in the People's Republic of China by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT),Datang and Siemens AG, in an attempt not to be "dependent on Western technology". This is likely primarily for practicalreasons, other 3G formats require the payment of patent fees to a large number of western patent holders. TD-SCDMA is

based on spread spectrum technology which makes it unlikely that it will be able to escape completely the payment oflicense fees to western patent holders. The launch of an operational system was initially projected by 2005 but is now

projected by 2007.

WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology aimed at providingwireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. It is

based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which is also called WirelessMAN. The name WiMAXwas created by the WiMAXForum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the standard. The forum describesWiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative tocable and DSL." Possibly due to the fact both WiMAX and Wi-Fi begin with the same two letters, are based upon IEEEstandards beginning with "802.", and both have a connection to wireless connectivity and the Internet, comparisons andconfusion between the two are frequent. Despite this, the two standards are aimed at different applications.

WiMAX is a long-range system, covering many kilometers that typically uses licensed spectrum (although it is
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also possible to use unlicensed spectrum) to deliver a point-to-point connection to the Internet from an ISP to anend user. Different 802.16 standards provide different types of access, from mobile (analogous to access via acellphone) to fixed (an alternative to wired access, where the end user's wireless termination point is fixed inlocation.)

Wi-Fi is a shorter range system, typically hundreds of meters, that uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to anetwork, typically covering only the network operator's own property. Typically Wi-Fi is used by an end user toaccess their own network, which may or may not be connected to the Internet. If WiMAX provides servicesanalogous to a cellphone, Wi-Fi is more analogous to a cordless phone.

WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms. WiMAX uses a mechanism basedon setting up connections between the Base Station and the user device. Each connection is based on specificscheduling algorithms, which means that QoS parameters can be guaranteed for each flow. Wi-Fi has introduced aQoS mechanism similar to fixed Ethernet, where packets can receive different priorities based on their tags. Thismeans that QoS is relative between packets/flows, as opposed to guaranteed.

WiMAX is highly scalable from what are called "femto"-scale remote stations to multi-sector 'maxi' scale base thathandle complex tasks of management and mobile handoff functions and include MIMO-AAS smart antennasubsystems.

Due to the ease and low cost with which Wi-Fi can be deployed, it is sometimes used to provide Internet access to thirdparties within a single room or building available to the provider, often informally, and sometimes as part of a businessrelationship. For example, many coffee shops, hotels, and transportation hubs contain Wi-Fi access points providing accessto the Internet for customers.DECTor Digital Enhanced (formerly European) Cordless Telecommunicationsis an ETSI standard for digital portable

phones, commonly used for domestic or corporate purposes. DECT can also be used for wireless data transfers. DECT isrecognised by the ITU as fulfilling the IMT-2000 requirements and thus qualifies as a3Gsystem. Within the IMT-2000group of technologies, DECT is referred to as IMT-FT (Frequency Time).

Comparison of Different technologies w/ regards to speed and Mobility

FDMA- Frequency Division Multiple Access every channel is assigned to a specific frequencyTDMA- Time Division Multiple Access dividing the frequency into multiple time slices so that multiple users can

access the same frequency at the same timeCDMA- Code Division Multiple Access identifies each conversation uniquely by code rather than frequency orslice of time.SDMA- Space Division Multiple Access the same frequency can be used multiple times in the samegeographical region.SSMA-Spread-spectrum Multiple Access techniques are methods by which energy generated in a particularbandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a wider bandwidth (DS & FH)
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Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods

Standard Family Primary Use Radio TechDownlink(Mbps)

Uplink(Mbps)

Notes

802.16e WiMAX Mobile Internet MIMO-SOFDMA 70 70 practical 10 Mbps at 10 km.

HIPERMAN HIPERMAN Mobile Internet OFDM 56.9 56.9

WiBro WiBro Mobile Internet OFDMA 50 50 Mobile range (900 m)

iBurst iBurst 802.20 Mobile Internet HC-SDMA/TDD 64 64 312 km

EDGE Evolution GSM Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD 1.9 0.9 3GPPRelease 7

UMTS W-CDMAHSDPA+HSUPAHSPA+

UMTS/3GSM Mobile phoneCDMA/FDD

CDMA/FDD/MIMO

.38414.442

.3845.7611.5

HSDPA widely deployed.Typicaldownlink rates today 12 Mbps, ~200kbps uplink; future downlink up to28.8 Mbps.

UMTS-TDD UMTS/3GSM Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 16Reported speeds according toIPWirelessusing 16QAM modulationsimilar toHSDPA+HSUPA

LTE UMTS UMTS/4GSM General 4GOFDMA/SC-

FDMA(HSOPA)>100 >50 Still in development

1xRTT CDMA2000 Mobile phone CDMA 0.144 0.144 Obsoleted by EV-DO

EV-DO 1x Rev. 0EV-DO 1x Rev.AEV-DO Rev.B

CDMA2000 Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD2.453.14.9xN

0.151.81.8xN

Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25MHz chunks of spectrum used. Notyet deployed.

Sspeeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, (use of external antennae, distance from the tower and the ground speed.

Throughput (Mbit/s)

Standard Max Downlink Max Uplink Range Typical Downlink

CDMA RTT 1x 0.3072 0.1536 ~18 mi 0.125

CDMA EV-DO Rev. 0 2.4580 0.1536 ~18 mi 0.75

CDMA EV-DO Rev. A 3.1000 1.8000 ~18 mi

CDMA EV-DO Rev. B 4.9000 1.8000 ~18 mi

GSMGPRSClass 10 0.0856 0.0428 ~16 mi 0.014

GSMEDGEtype 2 0.4736 0.4736 ~16 mi 0.034

GSMEDGE Evolution 1.8944 0.9472 ~16 mi

UMTSW-CDMAR99 0.3840 0.3840 ~18 mi 0.195

UMTS W-CDMAHSDPA 14.400 0.3840 ~18 mi 4.1 (Tre 2007)

UMTS W-CDMAHSUPA 14.400 5.7600

UMTS W-CDMAHSPA+ 42.000 11.500

UMTS-TDD 16.000 16.000UMTSHSOPA 100.00 50.000 (experimental)

WiMAX:802.16e 70.000 70.000 ~4 mi >10

WiFi:802.11a 54.000 54.000

WiFi:802.11b 11.000 11.000 ~30 meters 2

WiFi:802.11g 54.000 54.000 ~30 meters 10

WiFi:802.11n 200.00 200.00 ~50 meters 40

Downlink is the throughput from the base station to the user handset or computer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HSDPA_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HSDPA_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA#Roadmaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA#Roadmaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_duplexhttp://www.ipwireless.com/technology/http://www.ipwireless.com/technology/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSUPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSUPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSUPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSOPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSOPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSOPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000#CDMA2000_1xRTThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000#CDMA2000_1xRTThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO#TIA-856_Rev_0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO#TIA-856_Rev_0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO#TIA-856_Rev_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO#TIA-856_Rev_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO#TIA-856_Rev_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO#TIA-856_Rev_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution#EDGE_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution#EDGE_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution#EDGE_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Uplink_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Uplink_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Uplink_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_HSPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_HSPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_HSPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS-TDDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS-TDDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSOPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSOPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSOPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#IEEE_802.16e-2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#IEEE_802.16e-2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#IEEE_802.16e-2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#IEEE_802.16e-2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSOPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS-TDDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_HSPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Uplink_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution#EDGE_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO#TIA-856_Rev_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO#TIA-856_Rev_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO#TIA-856_Rev_0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000#CDMA2000_1xRTThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSOPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSUPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://www.ipwireless.com/technology/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA#Roadmaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HSDPA_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_duplex


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Frequency

Allocated Frequencies

Standard Frequencies Spectrum Type

UMTS over W-CDMA 850 MHz, 1.9, 1.9/2.1, and 1.7/2.1 GHz Licensed (Cellular/PCS/3G/AWS)

UMTS-TDD450, 850 MHz, 1.9, 2, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz2 GHz

Licensed (Cellular, 3G TDD, BRS/IMT-ext, FWA)Unlicensed (see note)

CDMA2000 (inc. EV-DO, 1xRTT) 450, 850, 900 MHz 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, and 2.1 GHz Licensed (Cellular/PCS/3G/AWS)

EDGE/GPRS 850 MHz 900 MHz 1.8 GHz 1.9 GHz Licensed (Cellular/PCS/PCN)

802.16e 2.3, 2.5, 3.5, 3.7 and 5.8 GHz Licensed

802.11a 5.25, 5.6 and 5.8 GHz Unlicensed 802.11a and ISM

802.11b/g/n 2.4 GHz Unlicensed ISM

Bluetooth 2.4 GHz Unlicensed ISM

Wibree 2.4 GHz Unlicensed ISM

ZigBee 868 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz Unlicensed ISM

Wireless USB, UWB 3.1 to 10.6 GHz Unlicensed Ultrawideband

Notes:1. Where X/YxHz is used (eg 1.7/2.1 GHz), the first frequency is used for the uplink channels and the second for the downlink

channels.2. Unlicensed frequencies vary in how they can be used. 802.11a can make use of both 802.11a-only spectrum and ISM

spectrum around 5-6 GHz. A portion of the 2010 MHz spectrum is allocated to unlicensed UMTS-TDD in Europe, but cannotbe used for other standards, whereas ISM bands can generally be used for any technology. This improved flexibility does havethe downside that ISM bands are often over-used with incompatible, interfering, technologies.

3. Unlicensed bands vary from country to country. Most have a 2.4 GHz ISM band, but other bands are only available in certaincountries and non ISM bands have restrictions as noted above.

4. In Europe, part of the 2 GHz 3G TDD band is designated as unlicensed, but where available is restricted to UMTS TDDoperation. To date, this has been left unused and some jurisdictions are re-allocating it to licensed use only.

5. AMPS/CDMA users tend to refer to 850 MHz band as 800 MHz, whereas 850 MHz is closer and is used by the GSM/UMTS

community. For consistency, it is referred to here as 850 MHz.

The MTS/IMTS frequencieslisted below (in MHz) are those formerly used in the US Mobile Telephone System and theImproved Mobile Telephone Service. The frequencies are still assigned by the FCC to Public Mobile Services.

ChannelBase

Frequency

Mobile

Frequency

VHF Low Band

ZO 35.26 43.26

ZF 35.30 43.30

ZH 35.34 43.34

ZA 35.42 43.32

ZY 34.46 43.46

ZC 35.50 43.50

ZB 35.54 43.54

ZW 35.62 43.62

ZL 35.66 43.66

VHF High Band

JL 152.51 157.77

YL 152.54 157.80

JP 152.57 157.83

YP 152.60 157.86

YJ 152.63 157.89

YK 152.66 157.92

JS 152.69 157.95

YS 152.72 157.98

YA 152.75 158.01

JK 152.78 158.04

JA 152.81 158.07

UHF Band

QC 454.375 459.375

QJ 454.40 459.40

QO 454.425 459.425

QA 454.45 459.45

QE 454.475 459.475

QP 454.50 459.50

QK 454.525 459.525

QB 454.55 459.55

QO 454.575 459.575

QA 454.60 459.60

QY 454.625 459.625

QF 454.650 459.650
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS-TDD#Unlicensed_UMTS-TDDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS-TDD#Unlicensed_UMTS-TDDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS-TDD#Unlicensed_UMTS-TDDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS-TDD#Unlicensed_UMTS-TDD


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EDGE Transmission techniques

In addition to Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), EDGE uses higher-order PSK/8 phase shift keying (8PSK) for theupper five of its nine modulation and coding schemes. EDGE produces a 3-bit word for every change in carrier phase. Thiseffectively triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. EDGE, like GPRS, uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts themodulation and coding scheme (MCS) according to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness ofdata transmission. It introduces a new technology not found in GPRS, Incremental Redundancy, which, instead ofretransmitting disturbed packets, sends more redundancy information to be combined in the receiver. This increases the

probability of correct decoding. EDGE can carry data speeds up to 236.8 kbit/s for 4 timeslots (theoretical maximum is

473.6 kbit/s for 8 timeslots) in packet mode and will therefore meet the International Telecommunications Union'srequirement for a3Gnetwork, and has been accepted by the ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards. It alsoenhances the circuit data mode called HSCSD, increasing the data rate of this service.EGPRS modulation and coding scheme (MCS)

Coding and modulationscheme (MCS)

Speed(kbit/s/slot)

Modulation

MCS-1 8.80 GMSK

MCS-2 11.2 GMSK

MCS-3 14.8 GMSK

MCS-4 17.6 GMSK

MCS-5 22.4 8-PSK

MCS-6 29.6 8-PSK

MCS-7 44.8 8-PSK

MCS-8 54.4 8-PSK

MCS-9 59.2 8-PSK

Summary of Pre-4G TechnologiesiBurst(or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) is a wireless broadband technology developed byArrayComm. It optimizes the use of its bandwidth with the help of smart antennas. Kyocera is the leading manufacturer ofiBurst devices. iBurst is a mobile broadband wireless access system that was first developed by ArrayComm, and

subsequently adopted as the High CapacitySpatial Division Multiple Access (HC-SDMA) radio interface standard(ATIS-0700004-2005) by the Alliance of Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS). The standard was prepared byATIS Wireless Technology and Systems Committees (WTSC) Wireless Wideband Internet Access subcommittee and has

been accepted as an American National Standard. The HC-SDMA interface provides wide-area broadband wireless data-connectivity for fixed, portable and mobile computing devices and appliances. The protocol is designed to be implementedwith smart antenna array techniques to substantially improve the radio frequency (RF) coverage, capacity and performancefor the system. In January 2006, the IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Working Group adopted atechnology proposal that includes the use of the HC-SDMA standard for the 625kHz Multi-Carrier Time Division Duplex(TDD) mode of the future IEEE 802.20 standard.WiBro(Wireless Broadband) is a wireless broadband Internet technology being developed by the South Korean telecomsindustry. WiBro is the South Korean service name for IEEE 802.16e (mobile WiMAX) international standard. WiBroadapts TDD for duplexing, OFDMA for multiple access and 8.75 MHz as a channel bandwidth. WiBro was devised toovercome the data rate limitation of mobile phones (for example CDMA 1x) and to add mobility to broadband Internetaccess (for example ADSL or Wireless LAN). In February 2002, the Korean government allocated 100 MHz ofelectromagnetic spectrum in the 2.3 - 2.4 GHz band, and in late 2004 WiBro Phase 1 was standardized by the TTA ofKorea and in late 2005 ITU reflected WiBro as IEEE 802.16e (mobile WiMAX). WiBro base stations will offer anaggregate data throughput of 30 to 50 Mbit/s and cover a radius of 1-5 km allowing for the use of portable internet usage. Indetail, it will provide mobility for moving devices up to 120 km/h (74.5 miles/h) compared to Wireless LAN havingmobility up to walking speed and Mobile Phone having mobility up to 250 km/h. These all appear to be (and may be) thestronger advantages over the fixedWiMAXstandard (802.16a). Some Telcos in many countries are trying tocommercialize this Mobile WiMAX (or WiBro). For example, TI (Italia),TVA(Brazil), Omnivision (Venezuela),PORTUS (Croatia), and Arialink (Michigan) will provide commercial service after test service around 2006-2007. WhileWiBro is quite exacting in its requirements from spectrum use to equipment design, WiMAX leaves much of this up to theequipment provider while providing enough detail to ensure interoperability between designs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o_Abrilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o_Abrilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o_Abrilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o_Abrilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G


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mobile communications evolution

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