evolution of commercial mobile communications - gprec techtalk

© Venkateswar Reddy Melachervu 2009-2014. All rights reserved.

#202 | Vasantha’s Classic | Doctors’ Colony | HITECH City| Hyderabad 500081 | IndiaEmail : [email protected] | Website : www.linkedin.com/in/vmelachervu

Mobile Communications

Evolution of Commercial Mobile Communications

Venkateswar Reddy MelachervuGPREC 88-92 ECE Batch

Associate Vice President – ITApollo Hospitals Group, Hyderabad

30-July-2014

© 2010. All rights reserved.

Mobile Communications3G Overview ©Venkateswar Reddy Melachervu 2014. All rights reserved.

Disclaimer

Some of the generally available information on the subject on the Internet is used liberally - for the fear of reinventing the wheel. I hereby thankfully acknowledge those sources.

I acknowledge that those brands, trademarks etc. used in this material belong to the respective owners.




Agenda Xx

Xx

xx



Global Mobile Cellular Subscriptions



Global Active Mobile Broadband Subscriptions



India Telecom Statistics - 2013

Population 1.21 billion

Revenue $33.35 billion

Telephone Subscribers 915.19 million

Fixed Lines 28.89 million

Mobile Phones 886.3 million

Net Monthly Telephone Additions 5.5 million

Teledensity 74.02%

Rural Teledensity 42.67%

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India

*As of Dec 2013



Electromagnetic Spectrum



Radio Spectrum



Origins of Wireless Communication

1901

Guglielmo MarconiDemonstrates wireless communications

over increasing distances.

1864

James MaxwellPredicts existence of radio

waves.

1886

Rudolph HertzDemonstrates radio waves.

1899

Jagadish Chandra BoseRang a bell at a distance using millimeter

range wavelength microwaves.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bosehttp://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose

http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf



Mobile Communication For Dummies

ATDEncryption/ Compression

Digital Modulation

Digital Demodulation

Decryption/ Decompression

DTA



First Mobile Radio Telephone

Bell Labs, 1924

0G



1GAMPS TACS

NMT

1980s Analog Voice

Typical 2.4 Kbps

Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS)

Deployed in US , Japan : 1983

Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)

Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland : 1981

Total Access Communication System (TACS) British System, similar to AMPS : 1985



Circuit Switching

• Dedicated end to end connection

• A private road all for yourself



Packet Switching

• Divided packets can take different paths and times

• A shared highway



2GGSM CDMA

TDMA

1990s Digital Voice

9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)

GSM - Global system for Mobile Based on TDMA ; Europe

900 Mhz, 1800 Mhz

Later 850 Mhz and 1900 Mhz in Americas

Quad Band

World Phones

Used by AirTel, Vodafone

CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access cdmaOne or IS-95 All users use same freq band - 800

Mhz Major success in Korea Used by Verizon, Sprint, Reliance Easy Migration to 3G



FDMA,TDMA,CDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

3 Orthogonal Schemes



CDMA Visual Example

DOGUser 1 Message

CATUser 2 Message



CDMA Visual Example

DOGUser 1 Pseudo Random Code or Spreading Code



CDMA Visual Example

CATUser 2 Pseudo Random Code or Spreading Code



CDMA Visual Example - Transmitted

User 1 and User 2 Spread Message



CDMA Visual Example - Receiver

User 1 and User 2 Spread Message

User 2 Pseudo Random Code or Spreading CodeUser 1 Pseudo Random Code or Spreading Code




User 1 Message




User 2 Message



BSS — Base Station System

BTS — Base Transceiver Station

BSC — Base Station Controller

MS — Mobile Station

NSS — Network Sub-System

MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller

VLR — Visitor Location Register

HLR — Home Location Register

AuC — Authentication Server

GMSC — Gateway MSC

2G Architecture

SS7BTS

BSC MSCVLR

HLR AuC

GMSC

BSS

PSTN

NSS

AE

CD

PSTNAbis

B

H

MS

GSM — Global System for Mobile communication



2G Architecture Contd.

BTS — Base Transceiver Station

BSC — Base Station Controller

MSC — Mobile Switching Center

VLR — Visitor Location Register

HLR — Home Location Register

BTS

BSC

MSC/VLR

HLRBSC

GMSC

CO

BSC

BSCMSC/VLR

CO

PSTN

PLMN

CO

Tandem Tandem

SMS-SC

PSDN



Making of Mobile Call



Making of Sending SMS



PSTN-to-Mobile Call

(STP)

(SCP)

PSTNPLMN

(SSP)(SSP)BSSMS

PLMN(Home)(Visitor)

(STP)

HLR

GMSC

(SSP)

VMSC

VLR

IAM

6

2

Where is the subscriber?

5Routing Info

3Provide Roaming

4

SCP

1

IAM

514 581 ...

ISUP

MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP)

Signalingover SS7



3GPP

GPRS

EDGE LTE

WCDMA HSPA1.92 Mbps 14 Mbps

384 Kbps

114 Kbps

100 Mbps



3GPP2

1xRTT

EV-DO UMB(abandoned 2008 Nov & favoring LTE)

114 Kbps

2.4 Mbps 288 Mbps



3G Services



3G Standard Organizations

ARIB

(Japan)

T1

(USA)

ETSI

(Europe)

TTA

(Korea)

CWTS

(China)

TTC

(Japan)

TIA

(USA)

Third Generation

Patnership Project

(3GPP)

Third Generation

Partnership Project II

(3GPP2)

ITU

Mobile

OperatorsITU Members

IS-95), IS-41, IS-

2000, IS-835GSM, W-CDMA,

UMTS



CDMA

GSM

TDMA

PHS (IP-Based)

64 Kbps

GPRS

115 Kbps

CDMA 1xRTT

144 Kbps

EDGE

384 Kbps

cdma2000

1X-EV-DV

Over 2.4 Mbps

W-CDMA

(UMTS)

Up to 2 Mbps

2G

2.5G

2.75G 3G

1992 - 2000+2001+

2003+

1G

1984 - 1996+

2003 - 2004+

TACS

NMT

AMPS

GSM/

GPRS

(Overlay)

115 Kbps

9.6 Kbps

9.6 Kbps

14.4 Kbps

/ 64 Kbps

9.6 Kbps

PDC

Analog Voice

Digital Voice

Packet Data

IntermediateMultimedia

Multimedia

PHS

TD-SCDMA

2 Mbps?

9.6 Kbps

iDEN

(Overlay)

iDEN

Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray

Migration To 3G



3G and 3.5G



Mobile Communications Frequency Bands

You can check All Countries’ Frequency Bands at : http://www.gsmarena.com/network-bands.php3?sCountry=INDIA

2G Capabilities GSM 900, GSM 1800

3G Capabilities UMTS 2100

4G Capabilities LTE 2300

1G + 2G

806 MHz 960 MHz

2G (Asia, Europe) + 3G

1710 MHz 1885 MHz

DECT, PHS + 2G + 3G

1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2200 MHzWCDMA(UL) 1820-1880MHzWCDMA(DL) 1910-1970MHz

India

Global

http://www.gsmarena.com/network-bands.php3?sCountry=INDIA



3G Mobile Network



Node B

3G-324MMobile

MSC

UTRAN

UMTSCore

Network

IP Network

RNCIu-cs

3G-324M

H.323terminal

Streaming/Mailmediaserver

Soft Switchor Gate Keeper

H.248 or RAS

H.323

Support for H.323 calls & streaming media

Multi-Media GW

RTP

3G Network Platform



3G Network Architecture

SD

Mobile Station

MSC/

VLR

Base Station

Subsystem

GMSC

Network Subsystem

AUCEIR HLR

Other Networks

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

GGSNSGSN

BTSBSC

Node

BRNC

RNS

UTRAN

SIMME

USIMME

+

PSTN

PLMN

Internet



Core Network CN switching, routing and transit for user traffic

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network – UTRAN Air interface access method for User Equipment

User Equipment – UE Terminals work as air interface counterpart for Node B Various identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN, IMEI, IMEISV

3G Network Architecture - Subsystems



Wide band CDMA air interface

Base Station is referred to as Node-B

Control equipment for Node-B’s is called is called as Radio Network Controller RNC)

Functions of Node –B Air Interface Tx/Rx

Modulation / Demodulation

Functions of RNC Radio Resource Control

Channel Allocation

Power Control Settings

Handover Control

Ciphering

3G Network Architecture - UTRAN



WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

The air radio interface standard for UMTS

Wideband direct sequence spread spectrum

Three types of interface :

FDD: separate uplink/downlink frequency bands with constant frequency offset between them

TDD: uplink/downlink in same band but time-shares transmissions in each direction

Dual mode :supports FDD and TDD

5-MHz Channel (25 GSM channels)

Each service provider can deploy multiple 5MHz carriers at same cell site

Each 5 MHz shared by multiple subscribers using CDMA

Maximum chip rate = 3.84 Mchips/sec

QPSK modulation



Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Equipment

Radio equipment User interface Processing capability and memory required for various

tasks Call signaling Encryption SMS

Equipment IMEI number

Subscriber Identity Module

A small smart card

Encryption codes needed to identify the subscriber

Subscriber IMSI number

Subscriber’s own information (telephone directory)

Third party applications (banking etc.)

Can also be used in other systems besides GSM, e.g., some WLAN access points accept SIM based user authentication



Mobile Communications Network Architecture2G - 2.5G - 3G



3G

3G

◦ Wireless Internet

◦ Video Calling

◦ Mobile TV

Drawbacks

◦ High Bandwidth Requirements

◦ High spectrum licensing fees

◦ Huge capital



3.5GEVDO-Rev A

HSDPA HSUPA

EVDO-Rev B



Trends of Network Evolution

2G 3G

Wireless Wireline

circuitpacket(VoIP)

ALL IPNetwork

Tremendous Growth in Data Traffic

It’s not a choice but an inevitable trend



Emergency ServicesNetwork

3G-HLR

UTRAN BSS/GERAN

3G-HLRG-MSC Server

IP Multimedia Subsystem

PS Domain

3G-SGSN 3G-GGSN

R-SGW

MGCF

MGW

PSTN/Legacy/External

T-SGWLegacy mobile

signallingNetwork

MultimediaIP Networks

MultimediaIP Networks

MSC Server

Signaling onlyUser Data and Signaling

BGCF

Applications &Services

SCPCSCF

CSCF

Application

Service

Control

Transport

CS Domain

RAN

3G-HLR

UMS

HSS

MRF

GMLC

MT TE

All-IP Network Architecture Model



More Demands..!

4G3G

2G

1G

High transfer rate

Internet access any where

Ability to move around with the

same IP address

Utilization of Smart antennas

High resolution Mobile TV



Evolution of Cellular Networks

1G 2G 3G 4G2.5G

Wi-Fi WiMAXWireless Broadband



Commercial Mobile Communication Data Rates

G Technology Data Rates

1 Analog Typical 2.4 Kbps; max 22 Kbps

2 Digital – TDMA, CDMA 9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)

2.5GPRS – mux packets invoice timeslots

15 - 40 Kbps

3Improved modulation using CDMA variants

50 – 144 Kbps (1xRTT)

200 – 384 Kbps (UMTS)

500 Kbps – 2.4 Mbps (EVDO)

3.5 More modulation tweaks 2–14 Mbps (HSPA)

4New modulation (OFDMA)

Multi-path (MIMO)

All IP

LTE >10 Mbps

Potential >100 Mbps



Key 4G Concepts

Mobile IP

VoIP

Ability to move around with the same IP address

Presence Awareness Technology

Knowing who is on line and where

Smart Antennas

Unique spatial metric for each transmission

Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)

Unified Subscriber Information

Mobile Broadband everywhere

‘MAGIC’

Mobile Multimedia Communication

Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone

Global Mobility Support

Integrated Wireless Solution

Customized Personal Service



3G vs 4GTechnology 3G 4G

Data Transfer Rate 385 Kbps – 2 Mbps 20-100Mbps

Internet services Broadband Ultra Broadband

Mobile -TV Resolution Low High

Bandwidth 5 - 20 MHz 100+ MHz

Frequency 1.6 - 2 GHZ 2 - 8 GHz

Network Architecture Wide Area Network

Hybrid Network -integration of Wireless LAN(WiFi), Blue Tooth, Wide Area

Signal Quality Good Best

Switching Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Component DesignOptimized Antennae, Multi-band Adapters

Smart Antennae, SW Multi-band, Wideband Radios

Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM



4G Key Challenges

Spectral Efficiencies

Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)

Signal Processing and optimizations

Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)

Smart / Intelligent Antennas

More Efficient and Sensitive Transceiver Designs



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