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Mind and Morality Lecture 2: Cartesian Dualism 2.1 Can the Brain Think? What is the brain? A couple of kilos of grey matter the consistency of yoghurt. Zoom in, and it consists of lots of neurons connected up in complex ways via synapses. The connections across synapses depend on neurotransmitters. Neurons "fire", i.e. electro-chemical pulses run along them. Certain areas of the brain are particularly active (i.e. lots of neural firing) when certain types of mental activity are taking place. Neuroscientists are getting better at predicting and altering behaviour by noting or altering neurological conditions in a person's brain, e.g. by changing the level of a particular neurotransmitter to alleviate depression, or by cutting neural pathways between hemispheres to stop epilepsy. The discovery that the brain is crucially involved in thinking is what makes talk about the mind challenging. As we have seen, attribution of mental states is perfectly ordinary, and we have been explaining behaviour in this way for many thousands of years. But neuroscientists make the revolutionary claim that thinking goes on in the brain - perhaps, that thoughts are events in the brain. For many people, this revolutionary claim seems ludicrous. It cannot be that a lump of grey matter can experience, believe, decide, suffer, etc.. Many people say that thinking requires something spooky and non- physical, and hence claim that the mind is a non-physical thing. Yet scientists and many philosophers say that the brain can think. Hence, the big problem in the philosophy of mind is: How can this (the brain) do this (thinking) ?  (( ({ {} {} )) believe (((({{}}{{})) choose  ((( {}} })) feel

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