milroy
DESCRIPTION
Sharing Truth- National Research Centre Forum"Judge Stephanie Milroy, Deputy Chair, Waitangi Tribunal, New ZealandTRANSCRIPT
Te Kaitiakitanga o Nga Korero me Nga Matauranga o Nga Tipuna o roto i te Taraipiunera me te Kooti
Whenua MaoriThe Guardianship of Traditional Knowledge
in the Waitangi Tribunal and Maori Land Court, New Zealand
Waitangi Tribunal
• A tribunal to inquire into the claims by:– a Maori or groups of Maori
– that the Crown has breached the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi
– and has thereby caused prejudice to the claimant
Waitangi Tribunal
• Treaty of Waitangi – between British Crown (now NZ) and Maori in 1840
• 2 versions• 3 articles –– Kawanatanga/governorship to the Crown– tino rangatiratanga/highest authority to Maori
over their land, fisheries, forests and all their precious treasures
– Maori to have citizenship rights of British subjects
Waitangi Tribunal
• Constituted in 1975 to hear contemporary claims - that Crown is in breach in modern times
• In 1985 jurisdiction extended for claims back to 1840 (historical claims)
• Principles of Treaty – partnership, protection participation, good faith, loyalty and others
Waitangi Tribunal
• Deadline for filing historical claims – 1st September 2008
• 2157 claims • Total claims received since 1975 – 3500 approx• Number of tribunal reports – 114• Covering issues such as confiscation of land,
suppression/destruction of culture and language, destruction of environment, broadcasting, etc
Waitangi Tribunal
• Hears evidence and submissions• Makes findings as to breach • Recommends negotiations with
Crown• Sometimes makes specific
recommendations
Waitangi Tribunal
Inquiry
Tribunal• Website – www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz• Includes links to research resources and Tribunal
reports• Has a research unit which will undertake research
for the Tribunal – documentary sources• Tribunal commissions research from experts –
includes research into traditional knowledge• All research reports and evidence kept in Tribunal
archives – accessible at Tribunal office in Wellington.
Crown Forestry Rental Trust(CFRT)Office of Treaty Settlements (OTS)
• Set up as part of a settlement with Maori in respect of Crown-owned forests
• Also commissions research, pays costs associated with claim research, meetings (hui) of claimants and settlement negotiations.
• Funds a lot of oral traditional research and claimants’ own research
• OTS commissions research for Crown
Other Archives
• Archives New Zealand – Wellington. Heavily used by treaty claims researchers
• Land Information New Zealand – title and survey information
• Journal of House of Representatives• Libraries and museums – New Zealand or
Maori research collections• Maori Land Court
Nga Korero Tuku Iho
• Tribunal hearings can be in marae/ ancestral meeting houses situated on reserved land, but also halls, hotel conference centres, anywhere
• Often local iwi radio will broadcast hearing, video records kept
• Usually lawyer-led but sometimes open forum• Te Rohe Potae inquiry – claimants presented
traditional evidence, unwritten - wananga
Rohe Potae Inquiry
Maori Land Court
• Crown recognised Maori “owned” New Zealand in 1840
• Native Land Court 1865 – converts tribal title to individual title – many flagrant abuses led to land loss, Maori land changed to general land
• Became Maori Land Court in 1953
Maori Land Court
• Statute changes philosophy of court in 1993 – retention of Maori land and development in hands of owners.
• Records of court represent a huge and incredibly valuable archive but it is a day-to-day working record – IT LIVES.
• Minutes, orders, applications with all associated documents, judges’ handwritten summaries of evidence at hearing, transcripts
Waikato Maniapoto / Hamilton Māori Land Court
Tairawhiti / Gisborne Māori Land Court
Waiariki / Rotorua Māori Land Court
Maori Land Court
• Originals poorly kept in district offices until recently
• No proper archival care taken until recently• Public allowed direct access to originals• No index –expert assistance needed to search
the record
Maori Land On Line
www.maorilandonline.co.nz• Electronic record developed – problems• Website – allows isolated or overseas Maori
to access records• Recent records of court – time-lapse snapshot• Survey and land information• Further development of website and
searching to be completed
Owner Interest Search
Owner Interest Search Results
Block Details
Management Structure / List of owners
Block Location
Issues
• Whakapapa/Genealogy – fundamental to Maori society, governs all relationships – tapu/sacred information – public access?
• Continuing dominance of public research by non-Maori researchers although Maori numbers increasing
• Tribunal resources limited - research as currency