Overview of Period 1

Migration of humans throughout the worldTechnological and social developments of

humans

Key Developments during the Paleolithic Period

The Neolithic Revolution

DIFFUSIONCOLONIZATION OR MIGRATION

How did Agriculture spread?

POTTERYPLOWSWOVEN TEXTILESMETALLURGYWHEELS AND WHEELED VEHICLES

TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS LED TO IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, TRADE, & TRANSPORT

GENERATION OF RELIABLE SURPLUSESSPECIALIZATIONCLEAR SOCIAL CLASS DISTINCTIONSGROWTH OF CITIESCOMPLEX, FORMAL GOVERNMENTSTRADEORANIZED WRITING SYSTEMS

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION (USUALLY)

MESOPOTAMIAEGYPTMOHENJO-DAROSHANGOLMECS (MESOAMERICA)CHAVIN (SOUTH AMERICA

6 CORE OR FOUNDATIONAL CIVILIZATIONS

PatriarchySpecializationSocial StratificationMore diseasesMore warfareLarger populationGreater complexity

WHAT WERE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE IN CIVILIZATIONS?

DEFINITIONSOURCES OF STATE AUTHORITY?

RELIGIONWRITINGLAVISH LIFESTYLE TO SET THEM APART

EXAMPLE: PALACES, ELABORATE BURIALS

DEVELOPMENT OF STATES

"Cuneiform" was a script whose name derives from the wedges ("cunei" in Latin) impressed into soft clay tablets to form characters. The clay was then fired, and the result was the earliest known form of writing in the world. The example here, from ancient Sumer, about 2039 BCE, concerns the wages due to supervisors of day laborers.

Cuneiform WritingCuneiform Writing

Hieroglyphics

Quipu

These inscribed oracle bones dates from the Shang Dynasty. The markings reflect the earliest known form of Chinese written language.

Culture helped to unify these states

A typical stele, or marker, on which Hammurabi's laws were inscribed. Markers such as these were placed in prominent places for literate citizens to consult. This shows the king on the left and the god Shamash, the god of law and justice, on the right.

The Egyptians had complex ideas about the whole process of the afterlife, including a judgment of the deceased. Here, in a scene from the New Kingdom's Books of the Dead, a princess watches as her heart is weighed on a scale for purity. Gods shown include Osiris seated on the right and the scribe god Thoth next to the scale recording the result.

One panel of an object known as the "Royal Standard of Ur", created in Sumeria around 2750 BCE. The object is composed of two mosaic panels, made from lapis lazuli, limestone, and shell. These mosaics are generally known as "War" and "Peace".

Bronze artifacts from Shang China

Olmec Jade mask and Chavin carved head

WHAT CAUSED CHANGE IN THESE CIVILIZATIONS?1. Environment2. New ideas/customs/beliefs3. Technology4. Expansion/warfare

Pastoral nomads—Why were they so significant during this time?They were intermediaries, connecting sedentary groups and initiators of diffusion

Indo-European Migrations- Very Significant PastoralistsVarious tribes who all spoke related languages

deriving from some original common tongue and who eventually settled Europe, Iran, and Northern India.

Formed the common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, and India

Probable original homeland: Caucausus, Southern Russian plains to the North or in Eastern Anatolia

Between 3000 and 2000 BCE the Indo-Europeans were driven from West Asia by some disaster. The tribes dispersed in all directions and when they encountered agricultural peoples, they turned to conquest to occupy the land.

The Indo-European migrations set the stage for profound changes across Eurasia.

Indo-European Migrations Indo-Europeans domesticated horses by 4000 BCE. By 3000 BCE

Sumerian knowledge of bronze metallurgy and wheels had diffused north

They developed transportation technologies that were faster and more efficient than other alternatives. It gave them a military advantage because of the strength and speed of their horses.

Many Indo-Europeans considered themselves superior to other peoples.

Influence on trade Horses, chariots with spoked wheels Iron Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant

Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later sack Babylonia

The HittitesMost influential of the Indo-Europeans were the Hittites1900 BCE-went to central Anatolia and imposed their

rule on the people there.1600 BCE toppled the Babylonian Empire2 major technological innovations:

1. light, horse-drawn war chariots 2. refinement of iron metallurgy

Sumerian chariots were heavy and slow, but Hittites used spoked wheels that were lighter and more maneuverable Chariot technology diffused widely so that charioteers

because elite strike forces of armiesAfter 1300 Hittites refined techniques of iron metallurgy

which made it more effective weapons cheaply and in large quantities. (Heated iron and made it more durable) Hittites weren’t the original inventors of these two

technologies but they improved and introduced innovations that others adopted.

Other Indo-European MigrationsIndo-European migrations to the East went into

central Asia and went as far as ChinaIndo-European migrations to the West

1 group went into Greece and then later into central Italy

Another group went from Southern Russia into Central Europe and Western Europe and then to the British Isles, the Baltic region, and the Iberian peninsula

Indo-European migrations to the south went into Iran and India

Indo-European Migrations 3000-1000 BCE

Growth of Regional and Transregional Trade

Although empires came and went, trade continued to expand through this periodTrade between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley

flourished.Trade also expanded between Egypt and Nubia

The Extent of Mesopotamian Trade

Egypt and Nubia (Kush)

Ancient Nubia• Kush, the

Egyptian name for ancient Nubia, was the site of a highly advanced, ancient black African civilization that rivaled ancient Egypt in wealth, power and cultural development.

KermaThe first capital of

Kush lay at Kerma just south of the Third Cataract of the Nile.

Here dwelt powerful and wealthy black kings who controlled the trade routes connecting central Africa with ancient Egypt.

Egypt Conquers KushThe Egyptians, who

had few natural resources of their own, sought the precious, exotic products of central Africa to satisfy the demands of their luxury-loving populace.

By about 1500 B.C., the Egyptians, feeling threatened by the Nubian kings, invaded Kush and conquered it.

Gold from Nubia Model coffin of

Tutankhamun, probably made from Nubian gold. Found in his tomb at Thebes. Egypt, Dynasty 18, ca. 1348-1338 BCE.

For the next four centuries, the Egyptians exploited Kush as a colony.

Egypt's wealth in gold came from the desert mines of Kush. The Egyptian word for gold is nub, which is thought by some to be the origin of the name Nubia.

Kush Conquers Egypt, 730 BCAround 730 B.C., Kush's warrior hordes turned the tables on a weakened Egypt and conquered it.

This event established the black Pharaohs from Kush.

Nubia

• Muhammad Ahmad"El Mahdi“ of Sudan

• Nubia was converted to Christianity in the 6th cent. A.D.

• Joined with the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, it long resisted Muslim encroachment, but in the 14th cent. it finally collapsed.