Midterm exam-to be returned on 9 March

Essay 1000 words – includesreferences (Barre et al. 2007) givenbody of essay but not including reference citations given at the end of the paper-also spelling counts as partof 5 marks for presentation section ofmarks

Any other questions or concerns about the essay or self-assessment

AA displacement- on the final exam

Lecture 8a

WATER

MINERALS-I-THE MAJOR MINERALS

4 March 2015

Water

Functions-carries nutrients and wasteproducts-maintains the structure of large molecules e.g. proteins and glycogen-participates in chemical reactions-serves as solvent for small nutrients-temperature-regulation-blood volume-regulation-water balance required for all functions 

Sources-foods, drinks, water 

Deficiencies- loss of above functions 

Toxicities-none-unless water balance failure

MINERALS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS  Single atoms  Can be charged or uncharged in the body

  Major -are found in the body in excess of 5 grams

-Electrolytes and minerals  Minor- are found in the body in amounts

of less than 5 grams 

MINERALS- GENERAL COMMENTSCONTINUED

Most essential - we cannot make them

- some deficiencies have not been established for some minor minerals making it unclear whether they are needed in the diet

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MINERALS?

Electrolytes

in part responsible for fluid balance in body 

sodium, potassium and chloride  Non-electrolyte major minerals

  calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and sulphur

SODIUM FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control, muscle function, nerve impulse transmission SOURCES-processed foods DEFICIENCIES- rare-except with diarrhea, vomiting and kidney disorders TOXICITIES – rare(kidney disposes of it)- edema and acute high blood pressure

 

POTASSIUM FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control, muscle function, nerve impulse transmission SOURCES-fruits, vegetables, whole grains DEFICIENCIES- muscle weakness, paralysis TOXICITIES-supplements-muscle weakness, vomiting

CHLORIDE FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, part of stomach acid  SOURCES-same as sodium  DEFICIENCIES-same as sodium TOXICITIES-acute hypertension

CALCIUM 

FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle function, blood pressure SOURCES –dairy, fortified orange juice, green leafy vegetables, small fish with bones DEFICIENCIES-children-impaired growth, adults-osteoporosis TOXICITIES-kidney stones, impaired iron absorption

PHOSPHOROUS FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, pH control, regulation of coenzyme function SOURCES-all animal products, bread and ready to eat cereal DEFICIENCIES-rare- weakness and bone pain TOXICITIES- low blood calcium

MAGNESIUM 

FUNCTION- bone formation, nerve transmission, protein and carbohydrate metabolism (enzyme activity)

SOURCES-green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, seafood, chocolate DEFICIENCIES-weakness, confusion, growth failure in children TOXICITIES- rare- nausea, vomiting

SULPHUR FUNCTION-protein structure, component of biotin, thiamin and insulin SOURCES-all protein foods DEFICIENCIES-unknown TOXICITIES-unknown in humans

Major minerals in health and disease

Ingestion, digestion, absorption and transport, metabolism and excretionof major minerals

part of story on connection of mineral supplementation to health

Major minerals- ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism and excretion continued

INGESTION-oral, tube feeding, IV

DIGESTION - none- minerals in = minerals out

ABSORPTION- active transport

MAJOR MINERALS-IDATME

TRANSPORT-FREE OR BOUND

FREE- examples sodium and all other major minerals (except sulphur)

BOUND- sodium chloride - potassium chloride - sulphur-insulin

MAJOR MINERALS-IDATME

METABOLISM

- minerals in = minerals out

-minerals also participate as co-factors for enzymes

EXCRETION – definitely in urine, faeces, sweat, - saliva is questionable

MAJOR MINERAL SUPPLEMENT

REQUIRED IF:

A)inadequate dietary supply of major minerals relative to need(prevention or slowing of disease)  B) if in disease in general a monitoring of major minerals shows requirement.

FUNCTIONAL FOODS

use of functional foods to supplement major minerals

 

 

example of functional food-calcium-fortified orange juice

FUNCTIONAL FOODS

only a few functional foods work in the prevention and slowing of disease

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

sometimes low sodium due to sweating-supplement required for infants due to low sodium in formula, breast milk and some infant food

BURNS

Fluid loss through skin

-electrolytes-calcium, phosphorus and magnesium

eating problem- may not feel like eating therefore need intravenous or tube feeding

OSTEOPOROSISPREVENTION

calcium buildup

SOURCES

calcium citrate

calcium carbonate

CAUTION- calcium

phosphorus balance

OSTEOARTHRITIS

calcium supplement

-if not sufficient in diet to slow process

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

calcium supplement if not sufficient calcium in diet to slow process

in advanced osteoporosis, osteoarthritis,and rheumatoid arthritis get decreasedcalcium absorption

PREGNANCY

additional 2000 calcium mg/day decreased blood pressure

-better chance of successful pregnancy

DECREASING BLOOD PRESSURE

-potassium, calcium and magnesium supplementation-each individually lower blood pressure

lower blood pressure- lower risk of atherosclerosis

STROKE

POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTATION

lower deaths due to stroke apparently not blood pressure related

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

some kidney diseases- e.g. polycystic kidney disease-

lose too much sodium giving a drop in blood pressure

Sulphur is off the books as a supplement-

WHY?

WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND

DISEASE ?Drs. Whiting and Wood, Nutr. Rev.55:1-9 

MAGNESIUM LOSSES a) Dietary calcium/magnesium milligram ratio of > 5 GET magnesium deficiency-lower magnesium absorption b) urinary magnesium up with 1000 milligramdietary supplement of calcium (Dr. Whiting)   

 

WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND DISEASE ?CONTINUED

two ways of getting reduced body magnesium due to increased calcium intake 

1) reduced absorption

2) increased urinary loss

WHAT IS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH?

17 October 2013- new dietary sodiumintakes raised to 2000 mg/day-this announced at the Vascular 2013Conference in Montreal, Quebec

https://www.hypertension.ca/images/TTTSession_Workshop/PressRelease_Oct172013_EN.pdf