part i: research, citations, and references. an essay in which you: research a topic present your...
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REPORT WRITINGPart I: Research, Citations, and References
Report An essay in which you:
Research a topic present your findings
Used in university and business You will have to write many reports
But first, we’ll learn about research, citations, and references …
Definitions Research is how you find out the
information you need to write your report. Many sources of info, including books,
newspapers, magazines, academic journals, and the internet
We will only use the internet this year Citations and References are how you
tell your readers where your information came from.
RESEARCH
Three types of sources1. Primary:
original material such as letters, lab notes, diaries, etc.
2. Secondary: magazine and newspaper articles, books, etc.,
that get their info largely from primary sources.
3. Tertiary: wikis, encyclopedias, textbooks, etc., that
collect and distill information from primary and secondary sources.
- adapted from “Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources” http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html
Examples:Comparing Source Levels History
1. Letters by Mao Zedong2. Books about Mao Zedong’s writings 3. Wikipedia article on Mao Zedong
Psychology1. Notes taken by a clinical psychologist 2. Magazine article about a psychological condition 3. Textbook on clinical psychology
Your research will be:1. Secondary sources2. Taken from the internet 3. Websites that get their information from
primary sources
For example, you may use online: Newspapers
China Daily New York Times Financial Times
Magazines Time Beijing Review Business Week
TV websites: CCTV BBC NPR
Government websites
Reputable company websites
Academic journals
All sources must be in English!
You may not use: Wikis:
Wikipedia Wikihealth tustclass2010.
Blogs Forums Email lists
Tertiary sources Encyclopedias Textbooks
Search engines Google Baidu etc.
Why can’t you use wikis? Wikis have two problems:
They are community-based They are tertiary sources
Community-based Sources: Wikis, blogs, forums, email lists, etc.,
are community-based. That means anybody can write anything
and present it as fact.
It’s like our tustclass2010 wiki: anybody can write anything!
Tertiary Sources: Don’t use them in your report Too far removed from the primary
sources They are not necessarily reliable
(yes, your textbooks can have errors!) But you can use them to help your
research
Tertiary Sources: How to use Can’t use them in your report But, you can use wikis, textbooks,
encyclopedias, etc., to Find primary and secondary sources Give an overview of the topic Help organize your paper
Why You May Not Cite Search Engines Search engines, such as Google and Baidu,
are not sources. They just help you find sources.
Search engines have no information of their own have no opinion on the info they’ve
found for you Primary, secondary or tertiary? Reliable or unreliable?
You must determine the level and reliability
Secondary sources You must use them, but … Be careful, they may have bad
information Ask yourself:
Is the source reliable? Who is writing and why?
Stick with well-known, trusted web sites
CITATIONS andREFERENCES
Citation & Referencing Methods There are several different systems for
doing citations and references The program you are in at Southern
Cross University uses the Harvard system, so that’s what we’ll learn.
Other courses or programs may use other systems, so if in doubt, find out – before you write your papers.
CITATIONS
What are citations? They are the words in parentheses after
a quotation or paraphrase telling what reference you got your information from.
For example: Children and adults rarely eat together now, and thus get less opportunity to talk. (Knott 2008)
Citations are simple For internet sources, it’s just the
surname of the author and the year from you List of References in parentheses: (Knott 2008)
If there is no date, you just put n.d. for the date: (Smith n.d.)
If there is no author, you just put the sponsoring organization, etc: (Northwestern University 2006)
Citations are Not Simple Well, citations are not always that
simple. They get more complicated when there
are several authors, etc., but For right now, we’ll just do this much
Why Cite Sources? Required in academic writing Gives your writing credibility; it means that
the reader can trust you Lets readers evaluate your credibility Not citing sources is plagiarism.
When to Cite Sources “Whenever you quote, paraphrase,
summarize, or otherwise refer to the work of another, you are required to cite its source …”
- http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/
Whenever you present something as fact: “… 81.25% of the people in China …” “… economic growth in China is projected to slow
to about 6.5 percent this year.” The Titanic sank on April 15, 1912.
REFERENCES
References These are the words at the end of your
report that give exact details about your sources:
Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.obesity-treatment.com/feature/turning-meal-time-family-time?page=2>
So …(Knott 2008)
Links to …
Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.obesity-treatment.com/feature/turning-meal-time-family-time?page=2>
Which links to …
Citation
Reference
Sources on the internet
Reference List The reference list is at the end of your report.
In alphabetical order Each source you cite must appear in your
reference list. Each entry in the reference list must be cited in
the text at least once.
List of References
Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.obesity-treatment.com/feature/turning-meal-time-family-time?page=2>
Northwestern University 2006, ‘Obesity In Middle Age Raises Heart Disease, Diabetes Risk In Older Age’, ScienceDaily, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060112022352.htm>
Dates first date = year of publication
2008 n.d. = no publication date
n.d. viewed = the date you saw the article
on the internet viewed 23 April 2011
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Citing a WebsiteList as much of the following information as possible
:Author/editor or compiler Year of the most recent version, Title, version number (if applicable), description of document (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, <URL either full location details or just the main site details>
Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.obesity-treatment.com/feature/turning-meal-time-family-time?page=2>
Website with No Author: Use the organization as author If there is no date write n.d. Note: If there is no author, no organization and no
date be very careful about using this information!
Northwestern University 2006, ‘Obesity In Middle Age Raises Heart Disease, Diabetes Risk In Older Age’, ScienceDaily, viewed 23 April 2011, <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060112022352.htm>
Basic Rules Authors' names are inverted (family
name first); give the family name and initials for all authors of a particular work.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author.
ASSIGNMENT
Assigment Write one paragraph with two quotes or
paraphrases from different sources. (You can take a paragraph from your
Cause and Effect essay and add citations and references.)
Make a citation for each quote, paraphrase or fact
and a List of References at the end.
Paragraph RubricDeadly Sins (-10 pts. each) Spelling, capitalization, etc. ___ TUST standards errors ___ Late: -10 for each day ___ Email accepted paragraph ___Content (20 pts.): Statements logical and relevant ___Citations (10 pts. each) Citation 1 ___ Citation 2 ___References (25 pts. each) Reference 1 ___ Reference 2 ___Mechanics (10 pts.): Grammar, usage, punctuation: ___
Due Dates Your first lesson of next week, after the
holiday: Tuesday: classes 41 and 43 Wednesday: classes 42 and 44
Important:Accepting the final draft I will check your paragraph before you
turn it in If I see errors I will not accept it.
You must fix them and submit the next day along with the version(s) that were rejected.
It will be counted late (Better 1-2 days late than lose many points
for errors) If I don’t see any errors, I will accept
your paragraph. Then, and only then, should you email it to me.
Email accepted paragraph Email accepted paragraph as a
Microsoft Word document attached to an email.
The subject line of your email must be:Para [Class] [English Name] Example: Para 43 Joe
Email to: [email protected]