metonymy and synecdoche
TRANSCRIPT
Figure of speech
Group 4:Nguyễn Thị NhungNguyễn Thị Hồng NhungNguyễn Đoàn Kim Ngân
SimileDefinition:– Similes is “the use of comparison of one
thing with another”.–Often introduced with the words "like",
"as", or "than".Ex: He fights like a lion. She swims like a dolphin.
MetaphorDefinition: - Metaphor is “the use of a word or phrase to
indicate something different from the literal meaning”
Ex: I will make him eat his words. Her eyes were like glisten jewels.
- Dead metaphors (unconscious or fossilized
metaphors): are used so often that they have lost their
metaphoric characteristics.
-Dead metaphors are in fact idioms or fixed expressions
that native speakers just think directly, unconsciously
of its meaning used in a certain context:
Ex : The legs/face of the table
The back of the chair
Kinds of metaphors:1. Dead metaphors:
2. Live metaphors-Live metaphors (conscious metaphors) are implied
or indirect comparisons which have variety of
figurative meaning through their endless use
-Live metaphors can only be understood after the
implicit comparison is found through serious
consideration, and full appreciation.
Ex: Tom is a pig.
3. Personification
- Personification is a special kind of metaphor
in which some human characteristic is
attributed to an inanimate object or lifeless
things as if they were living.
Ex : Time never waits for anyone.
The flowers begged for water.
ComparisonSimile Metaphor
- A simile is a metaphor- An explicit or direct comparisions- Use function words: like, as, than- Compare two things to create a new meaning.Ex: He’s like a shell of a man.
- Not all metaphors are similes- An explicit or direct comparisions- No function word.- Use one thing to mean another.Ex: He’s become a shell of a man.
METONYMY
DefinitionMeta-: substitutionOnyma: name
Metonymy is the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another which it is related /or associated to.
1. A sign substitutes for the person or the object it signifies or symbolizes
Ex:He succeeded to the crown (= the royal office)She is a fighter against red tape (= bureaucracy,
office routine)The new proposal might affect the cloth (= clergy)
in some way.Backstairs did influence. (= intrigues, secret plans
to do something bad, secret arrangement)Can you protect your children from the cradle to
the grave (= from childhood to death)
2. An instrument substitutes for an agentEx:The pen (=the writer) has more influence than
the sword (=the soldier).Who brought the fire and sword (= the
destructive war) into our country?We need a force of a thousand rifles (= soldiers).
3. An author/ a producer/ a place where goods are made substitutes for his work/ product
Ex:Have you ever read Shakespears.
Synecdoche
Definition:Synecdoche is a special kind of metonymy in
which “ a part or aspect of a person, object is meant to refer to the whole person”.
Ex:They organized a fleet of fifty sails (=ships).He is a man of seventy winter (= years of age).
4. The material substitutes for the thing made.Ex:The marble speaks.All our glass are kept in the cupboard.He was buried under this stone.
5. A container substitutes for the thing contained
Ex:The kettle (= the water in the kettle) is boiling.He drank the cup (= the coffee, the tea, the
chocolate in the cup).The conquerors smote the city (= the inhabitants
in the city).Why don’t you recognize the power of the
purse? (= the money kept in the purse).
Part of something is used to refer to the whole thing and vice versa
7.The abstract substitutes for the concrete.Ex:His Majesty (= the king) died a year ago.His Holiness (=the Pole) has just come back to
Rome.The authorities (= the group of people who have
the power to give orders or take action) put an end the riot.
Russia Soviet Union in the Cold War timeAustralia lost by two goals. Australia’s teamThe city the people in the city
4. The concrete, like an organ of the human body substitutes for the abstract such as love, hated, sincerity, a mental ability, a natural talent…)
Ex:She has an ear for music.He has a head of bussiness.All hands on decks. peopleSouls peopleGray hair older peopleWheels vehicle
A specific class of thing is used to refer to a larger, more general class and vice versa
Ex:Truck four wheel drive vehicleBug any kind of insect or spider
wholexwholemetaphor
HYPERBOLEEx: - Khỏe như voi - Chậm như rùa - Gầy như que củi - Đi guốc trong bụng - Đen như cột nhà cháy
HYPERBOLE• Ex: Lỗ mũi mười tám gánh lông Chồng yêu chồng bảo râu rồng trời cho Đêm nằm thì ngáy o o Chồng yêu chồng bảo ngáy cho vui nhà Đi chợ thì hay ăn quà Chồng yêu chồng bảo về nhà đỡ cơm Trên đầu những rác cùng rơm Chồng yêu chồng bảo hoa thơm rắc đầu.
Hyperbole = Overstatement
The use of “ exaggerated statement” that is made for special effect and is not meant to be taken literally.[Crowther, 1992:446]
HYPERBOLE• Ex:
I’ve invited millions of (= a lot of) to my party.
She sheds floods of tears.(= cries a lot) whenever she is upset.
Don’t live in such a sea of doubt! (= Don’t be too suspicious.)
The bag weighed a ton.( = very heavy)
LITOTES
The use of deliberately gentler, milder, or weaker statements to express something in a controlled way.
LITOTESEx:
a) I don’t think I would agree with you.= I disagree with you.b) I am afraid that no passenger is allowed to
smoke.= You’re are not allowed to smoke in here.c) She is not very tall.= She’s short.d) Tom’s mother has passed away.= She has died.
LITOTESEx: e) She's not the brightest girl in the class. = She's stupid!
f) He's not the most handsome fellow! = He's ugly!
g) They aren't the happiest couple around. = They're unhappy.