memory. memory: the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of...
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Memory
Memory: the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Flashbulb memory: memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
How does memory work? The Seven Dwarves
Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby
Sleepy Dopey Grumpy Sneezy, Happy Doc Bashful.
Encoding – memory in Storage – retain memory Retrieval – getting it back out If you had trouble remembering the
dwarves, at what point did your memory fail you?
Turn to a partner. Tell them what time you got up. What did you have (or not have) for breakfast? Who have you talked to today? What classes have you had so far? How did you get here? Do you remember the path you took?
Automatic processing – unconscious encoding of incidental information
Space – you know where you’ve been (more or less); words on a page
Time – sequence of events Frequency – how many times things have
happened We can learn to process things automatically
ereh tsomla si kaerb retniw
Effortful processing Effortful processing requires attention
and conscious attention It requires Rehearsal, the constant
repetition of information 12 Days of Christmas
12 drummers drumming 11 pipers piping 10 lords a leapin’ 9 ladies dancing 8 maids a milking 7 swans a singing 6 geece a laying 5 golden rings 4 calling birds 3 french hens 2 turtle doves 1 partridge, and also, 1 peartree
The amount remembered depends on time spent learning. Even if you forget, relearning is easier if you spent a lot of time remembering in the first place
How much psychology will you remember in 2 years?
Serial position effect Presidents
1. Washington 12. Taylor 23. Harrison 34. Eisenhower
2. J. Adams 13. Fillmore 24. Cleveland 35. Kennedy 3. Jefferson 14. Pierce 25. McKinley 36. L.
Johnson 4. Madison 15. Buchanan 26. T. Roosevelt 37. Nixon 5. Monroe 16. Lincoln 27. Taft 38. Ford 6. J. Q. Adams 17. A. Johnson 28. Wilson 39. Carter 7. Jackson 18. Grant 29. Harding 40. Reagan 8. Van Buren 19. Hayes 30. Coolidge 41. H. W. Bush 9. Harrison 20. Garfield 31. Hoover 42. Clinton 10. Tyler 21. Arthur 32. F. D. Roosevelt 43. W. Bush 11. Polk 22. Cleveland 33. Truman 44. Obama
Encoding- Serial Position Effect
12
Percentage of
words recalled
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Position of word in list1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Forgetting
• Ebbinghaus- forgetting curve over 30 days – initially
rapid, then levels off with time
12345 10 15 20 25 30
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
Time in days since learning list
Percentage oflist retainedwhen relearning
Ebbinghaus Studied nonsense syllables
TUV YOF GEK XOZ Spacing Effect – distributed practice
yields better long-term retention than massed practice (studying a little every night is better than cramming) Study, wait, study, wait a little longer,
study, wait a little longer etc.
How memory is encoded Visual encoding – images Acoustic encoding – sounds Semantic encoding – meaning
contextA newspaper is better than a magazine. A seashore is abetter place than the street. At first it is better to run thanto walk. You may have to try several times. It takes someskill but is easy to learn. Even young children can enjoyit. Once successful, complications are minimal. Birds seldom get too close. Rain, however, soaks in very fast. Too many people doing the same thing can also cause problems. One needs lots of room. If there are no complications, it can be very peaceful. A rock will serve as an anchor. If things break loose from it, however, you will not get a second chance.
Encoding Meaning
Q: Did the word begin with a capital letter?
StructuralEncoding
Q: Did the word rhyme with the word “weight”?
Q: Would the word fit in the sentence? He met a __________ in the street.
PhonemicEncoding
SemanticEncoding
“Whale”
Craik and Lockhart (1972)
Intermediate
Deep
Shallow
Things that are represented visually in the mind are more easily remembered (as opposed to abstract things)
Rosy Retrospection We tend to recall events more positively
than we experienced them at the time Mnemonics
Acronyms (Kings Prefer Coke Over Flavored Grape Soda)
Peg word system
Chunking – organizing into meaningful units
Pledge of Allegiance
1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
4-7-6-1-4-5-3-1-9-4-7-1-7-8-9
Storage Sensory Working/short-term Long-term
Sensory Memory Iconic memory: momentary
photographic memory (a few tenths of a sec.) Flashlight
Echoic memory: Like iconic memory. Sounds can be remembered for about 3-4 seconds. Iconic
0.5 sec. longEchoic
3-4 sec. longHepatic
< 1 sec. long
Working/Short-term memory Working/short-term memory Magical 7 (+-2) Only about 4 chunks without rehearsal
It is possible to memorize these numbers in short period of time? Can you do it?
71014172124283135
Long-Term Memory Essentially limitless “total memory
capacity of all the computers in the world is less than a single brain”
Where are our memories? Not in one spot Hippocampus and cerebellum are both
involved Synaptic changes- the more a memory
is rehearsed, the easier the synapses release serotonin, and the more receptor sites there are
Knockouts
Stress and memory – strong emotions contribute to memory; weak emotions mean weak memories
Extreme stress can impair memories
Explicit and Implicit memories Amnesia Implicit – learning how to do something Explicit – declaring that you know
Retrieval Recognition and recall (recognition tests provide
more retrieval cues) We remember more than we recall We re-learn things easier Context Effects – have you ever walked into a
room to do something, and then forgotten what you came to do? What often helps you remember?
déjà vu Mood congruence – affects how we recall events
and how see current events
Forgetting A.J. Forgetting curve Retrieval failure Interference Motivated forgetting Repression?
“Seven Sins” of ForgettingTransienceAbsent-mindednessBlockingMisattribution SuggestibilityBiasPersistence
1) transience
Transience: the impermanence of long-term memories-based on the idea that memories gradually fade in strength over time-also known as “decay theory.”
Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
For most memories, there is a sharp decline in memory, followed by declining rate of loss
2) Absent-mindedness
Absent-mindedness: forgetting caused by lapses in attention.
Ex. Forgetting where you parked; losing your keys
3) blocking
Blocking: forgetting when a memory cannot be retrieved because of interference. Proactive Interference: When an old memory
disrupts the learning and remembering of a new memory.
Ex. Trying to put the dishes away at a new house
Retroactive Memory: When a new memory blocks the retrieval of an old memory.
Ex. Driving an automatic after driving a manual
4) misattribution
Misattribution: Memory faults that occur when memories are retrieved, but are associated with the wrong time, place or person.
Ex. Psychologist Donald Thompson accused of rape. Alibi was airtight as he was giving a TV interview the victim had been watching just prior to the assault.
5) suggestibility
Suggestibility: The process of memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion.
Eyewitness accounts are one a large part of our legal system. Unfortunately they can be incredibly faulty.
With the misinformation effect, memories can be embellished or even created by cues and suggestions.
6) bias
Bias: The influence of personal beliefs, attitudes and experiences on memory.
Expectancy Bias: A memory tendency to distort recalled events to fit one’s expectations.
Self-consistency Bias: A commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes and beliefs, over time, than we actually are.
7) persistence
Persistence: A memory problem where unwanted memories cannot be put out of our mind.
Depressed people cannot stop thinking about how bad their life is and how unhappy they are. It can create a self-fulfilling problem.
Psychologists think that emotions strengthen the physical changes in the synapses that hold our memories, thus highly emotional memories can be harder to put out of mind.
Memory Construction Misinformation Imagination Effects Source amnesia/source misattribution
Loftus and Palmer: Methodology
Students watched a film of two cars colliding Collision was moderate with no broken glass Different students asked different questions: hit,
smashed, collided, bumped, contacted
Loftus and Palmer: Results
People reported the fastest speeds if the researchers had used the word “smashed” in the question
From fastest to slowest reported speeds: smashed, collided, bumped, hit, and contacted groups
VERB MEAN ESTIMATE OF SPEED (MPH)
Smashed 40.8
Collided 39.3
Bumped 38.1
Hit 34.0
Contacted 31.8
Loftus and Palmer: Results
One week later, subjects were asked if they had seen broken glass
32% of subjects asked the “smashed” question said yes; 14% of subjects asked the “hit” question said yes
Improving Memory
1. Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.
2. Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material.
3. Make material personally meaningful.4. Use mnemonic devices:
associate with peg words — something already stored
make up a story chunk — acronyms
Improving Memory
5. Activate retrieval cues — mentally recreate the situation and mood.
6. Recall events while they are fresh — before you encounter misinformation.
7. Minimize interference:1. Test your own knowledge.2. Rehearse and then determine what you do
not yet know. © LW
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CHRISTMAS CAROLS FOR THE PSYCHIATRICALLY CHALLENGED Schizophrenia: Do You Hear What I Hear? Multiple Personality Disorder: We Three QueensDisoriented Are Amnesia: I Don't Know if I'll be Home for Christmas Narcissistic: Hark the Herald Angels Sing About Me Manic: Deck the Halls and Walls and House and Lawn andStreets and Stores and Office and Town and Cars andBuses and Trucks and Trees and Fire Hydrants and ... Paranoid: Santa Claus is Coming to Get Me Borderline Personality Disorder: Thoughts of Roastingon an Open Fire Personality Disorder: You Better Watch Out, I'm GonnaCry, I'm Gonna Pout, Maybe I'll tell You Why Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Jingle Bells, JingleBells, Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells,Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells... Agoraphobia: I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day ButWouldn't Leave My House Autistic: Jingle Bell Rock and Rock and Rock and Rock... Senile Dementia: Walking in a Winter Wonderland MilesFrom My House in My Slippers and Robe Oppositional Defiant Disorder: I Saw Mommy KissingSanta Claus So I Burned Down the House Social Anxiety Disorder: Have Yourself a Merry LittleChristmas While I Sit Here and Hyperventilate
Tombstone
Snowman Funeral