memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Memory
![Page 2: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Memory
____________________ persistence of learning over
time through the storage and retrieval of information
Flashbulb Memory a clear memory of an
emotionally significant moment or event
![Page 3: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Memory Memory as Information Processing
similar to a computer
write to file save to disk read from disk
_____________________ the processing of information into the
memory system i.e., extracting meaning
![Page 4: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Memory
______________________ the retention of encoded
information over time ___________________
process of getting information out of memory
![Page 5: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Memory
Sensory Memory the immediate, initial recording
of sensory information in the memory system
Working Memory focuses more on the processing
of briefly stored information
![Page 6: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Memory Short-Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
Long-Term Memory the relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system
![Page 7: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A Simplified Memory Model
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
Sensory inputAttention to importantor novel information
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieving
![Page 8: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Encoding - Getting Information In
Encoding
Effortful Automatic
![Page 9: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Encoding _________________________
unconscious encoding of incidental information space time frequency
well-learned information word meanings
we can learn automatic processing reading backwards
![Page 10: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Encoding
Effortful Processing requires attention and conscious
effort Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage
![Page 11: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Encoding
Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
______________________ distributed practice yields better
long- term retention than massed practice
![Page 12: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Encoding
20
15
10
5
08 16 24 32 42 53 64
Time in minutestaken to relearnlist on day 2
Number of repetitions of list on day 1
![Page 13: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Memory Demonstration
![Page 14: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Encoding - Serial Position Effect
12
Percentage of words
recalled
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Position of word in list
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
_______________________-tendency to recall best the last items in a list
![Page 15: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Encoding
Imagery mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing,
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Mnemonics memory aids especially those techniques that use
vivid imagery and organizational devices
![Page 16: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Encoding
________________________ organizing items into familiar,
manageable units like horizontal organization--
1776149218121941
often occurs automatically use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream
![Page 17: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Storage - Retaining Information
_________________ Memory a momentary sensory memory of
visual stimuli a photographic or picture image
memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
__________________ Memory momentary sensory memory of
auditory stimuli
![Page 18: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Storage - Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory
limited in duration and capacity
“magical” number _________
0102030405060708090
3 6 9 12 15 18
Time in seconds between presentationof contestants and recall request
(no rehearsal allowed)
Percentagewho recalledconsonants
![Page 19: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Storage - Long-Term Memory
How does storage work? Karl Lashley (1950)
rats learn maze lesion cortex test memory
Synaptic changes Long-term Potentiation
increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
Strong emotions make for stronger memories some stress hormones boost learning and
retention
![Page 20: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Storage - Long-Term Memory
Amnesia--the loss of memory Explicit Memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
also called declarative memory _________________--neural center in limbic
system that helps process explicit memories for storage
Implicit Memory retention independent of conscious recollection also called procedural memory
![Page 21: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Storage - Long-Term Memory Subsystems
![Page 22: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Retrieval - Getting Information Out
Recall measure of memory in which the
person must retrieve information learned earlier
as on a fill-in-the blank test ___________________
Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned
as on a multiple-choice test
![Page 23: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Retrieval
Relearning memory measure that
assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
Priming activation, often
unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
![Page 24: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Retrieval Cues
Deja Vu (French)--already seen cues from the current situation may
subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
"I've experienced this before."
![Page 25: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Forgetting
Forgetting as encoding failure Information never enters long-term
memory
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Encodingfailure leadsto forgetting
![Page 26: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Retrieval
Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory
Externalevents
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieval failureleads to forgetting
Retrieval
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
![Page 27: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Improve Your Memory
Study repeatedly to boost recall Spend more time rehearsing or
actively thinking about the material Make material personally
meaningful Use mnemonic devices
associate with peg words--something already stored
make up story chunk--acronyms
![Page 28: Memory. ____________________ persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/56649e215503460f94b0d4c6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Improve Your Memory
Activate retrieval cues--mentally recreate situation and mood
Recall events while they are fresh-- before you encounter misinformation
Minimize interference Test your own knowledge
rehearse determine what you do not yet
know