Medicinal plants and medical plant materials that contain phenol

compounds, simple phenols and their glycosides

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1. Phenolic compounds and their classification.

2. Biosynthesis of phenolic compounds.3. MP and MPM containining simple phenols

and phenolic glycosides

Phenolic compounds are the substances containing benzoic nucleus with one or several hydroxylic groups and their derivatives. If the molecule contains two or more hydroxylic groups there is polyphenols.

Basic skeleton

Class Examples

C6 Simple phenols, Benzoquinones

Catechol, Hydroquinone, 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoquinone, phenol, pirocatechol

C6-1 AlkilphenolPhenolic alcoholPhenolic aldehydes Phenolic acids

p-cresolSaligeninVanilin, SalicylicGallic, salicylic

C6-C2 Acetophenones, Tyrosine derivatives, Phenylacetic acids

3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde, Tyrosol, p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid

C6-C3 Hydroxycinnamic acids, Phenylpropenes, Coumarins, Isocoumarins, Chromones

Caffeic, ferulic acids, Myristicin, Eugenol, Umbelliferone, aesculetin, Bergenon, Eugenin

C6-C4Naphthoquinones Juglone, Plumbagin

Phenolic compounds with one benzoic nucleus

Basic skeleton Class Examples

C6-C1-C6 Xanthonoids Mangiferin

C6-C2-C6 Stilbenoids, Anthraquinones Resveratrol, Emodin

C6-C3-C6 Chalconoids, Flavonoids, Isoflavonoids, Neoflavonoids

Quercetin, cyanidin, Genistein

(C6-C3)2 Lignans, Neolignans Pinoresinol, Eusiderin, rosmarinic acid

Phenolic compounds with two benzoic nucleus

Polymeric compounds (polyphenols) (C6-C3)n,(C6)n,(C6-C3-C6)n

Lignins,Catechol melanins,Flavolans (Condensed tannins),Polyphenolic proteins,Polyphenols

Raspberry ellagitannin,Tannic acid

reducing,dimerizationpolymerisation

LignansLignins Coumarins

oxidation

+ malonat3 molecules

Phlavonoids

Stilbens

p-hydroxycinnamic (p-coumaric) acid

Phenolic acid

AcetophenonesPhenilacetate acids

Combined forms of hydroxycinnamic acids

Biosynthesis some natural compounds

PhenolHydroquinone

PyrocatechinPyrogalol Phloroglucinol

Salicylic alcohol

Salicylic aldehyde Salicine Salidroside

Physicochemical properties of phenol glycosides

• Phenolic glycosides are white crystal substances, soluble in water, ethanol and insoluble in ether or chlorophorm. They can hydrolyse while heated with mineral acids.

Obtaining

Phenolic glycosides are extracted from plants with ethanol and methanol

Uvae ursi folia Uvae ursi cormi Arctostaphylos uva-ursi- BearberryEricaceae

BAS: leaves – arbutin glicosides (8-12 %), methylarbutin, hydroquinon, galic, elagic acids, tannin (7-19 %), (+)-catechol, ursone and the flavone derivative quercetin.

Arbutin Methylarbutin

Arbutin Hydroquinon

It can be used to treat arthritis, back pain, bed wetting, bile problems, bladder infections, bloating, cystitis, diabetes (by removing excessive sugar from the blood), diarrhoea, gallstones, gonorrhoea, haemorrhoids, kidney stones and other diseases

It has a strong bacteriostatic action against Staphylococci and E. coli

It is advised to use bearberry no more than 7-10 days at a time.

Decoctum is the component of the diarrhoea composition

Vaccinium vitis idaea and Chimaphyla umbellate can be collected by

mistake as Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Vitis idaea folia Vitis idaea cormi

Vaccinium vitis idaea- Lingonberry, cowberry, foxberry, mountain cranberry

Ericaceae

• Medicines have diuretic and antiseptic action and are used in treatment of cystitis, gonorrhea, pyelonephritis and urolithiasis.

• “Brusniver” has diuretic and nephrolitic action.

• Leaves of lingonberry contain less tannins than leaves of bearberry and thus can be prescribed for people with kidney disease.

• Inhalations and sprays from lingonberry extract can be used for complex treatment of pneumonia and bronchitis.

• For treatment of stomatitis, parodontitis, angina, chronic tonsillitis, gingivitis, mouth ulcers the decoction is prescribed as rinsing agent

Rhodiolae roseae rhizomata et radices Rhodiola rosea- Golden root, roseroot,

Aaron’s rootCrassulaceae

• Liquid extract has tonic and anti-stress action. A clinical trial showed significant effect for a golden rose extract in doses 340-680 mg per day in 18-70-year-old male and female patients with mild-to-moderate depression

Violae herba Viola tricolor- Heartsease, wild pansy

Viola arvensis- Field pansyViolaceae

• Herb of heartsease has expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic and anti-inflammation action.

• Viola is the part of diuretic and chest (pectoral) mixes.

• In homeopathy fresh flowering plant is used for treatment of diathesis in babies, skin problems and night bed wetting

Peoniae anomale herba Peoniae anomale rhizomata et radices

Paeonia anomala- PeonyPaeoniaceae

• Tincture of peony has sedative effect on the central nervous system and used for treatment of neurasthenia, insomnia and neuroses.

• In folk medicine- treatment of gastrointestinal system diseases and epilepsy

Salicis cortex Salix acutifolia- long-leaved violet

willowSalicaceae

• Willow is employed as an anti-inflammatory in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and muscular pains due to the high content of salicylic acid

Rubi idaei fructus

Rubus idaeus- raspberry Rosaceae

• From fruits we can do a tincture with diaphoretic and diuretic action which can be used to treat infection diseases and high temperature.

• Syrup is very tasty and used to correct the taste of medicines

Cynarae folia et anthodia

Cynara scolymus- Artichoke

Asteraceae

• Leaves and/or stems are used to increase bile production, have cholegogic, diuretic, hepatoprotective action. Induce the metabolism of cholesterol and lipids in blood.

• Extract, tincture, Cynarin (increases bile flow), Chophytol.

Filicis maris rhizomata Dryopteris filix-mas- Male fern

Dryopteridaceae ( Aspidiaceae)

• Extracts of male fern were traditionally employed as taenicides, particularly for tape worms, but safer drugs are now available and used in preference

Other types of fern can be collected by mistake-lady fern and ostrich fern