measuring efficiency and inefficiency in urban freight transport

Measuring Efficiency & Inefficiency in Urban Freight Transport

City Logistics Research: A Trans-Atlantic Perspective

Teodor Gabriel Crainic [email protected]

Washington, D.C., 2013

Teodor Gabriel Crainic 2013

Observations

Transportation & logistics Derived but essential To most economic and social activities No transportation = No society as we know it No logistics = No modern economy Cities cannot survive without freight transportation

Major source of negative impacts Quality of life and future generations Emissions, noise Energy consumption (and extraction/transport) Safety & security,

2

http://www.esg.uqam.ca/


Observations (2)

People want the benefits but not the activities and inconveniences that come with them

Freight does not vote, Freight is a private thing Mostly ignored in planning activities and software

instruments Rules & regulations to mitigate impact of freight

transport on the rest

3



Zoning Access Regulations

Access Forbidden to Heavy Trucks

Highly Restrictive

Access & Parking

Regulated parking

Necessary but NOT

Sufficient sometimes

Detrimental



Observations (3)

Urban freight Part of global logistics networks (supply chains) More than just the last mile Significant flows

largely ignored even in R&D literature Out of the city: producers Out of the city: country/continent gateway Through the city: part of major corridors Within the city: major activity center

5



Observations on Efficiency

Transportation systems & logistics chains are Efficient Freight flows around the globe supplying people,

industry, institutions On time, low cost, making a profit

Inefficient System perspective & society costs Resource utilization & duplication Unsustainable in the long (medium?) term

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7

Efficient Urban Freight Transportation

What is or should be measured? Costs & profits On-time service (delivery, pick up, ) Service regularity & reliability Congestion & mobility Emissions, overall pollution, noise levels Safety: fatalities, injuries, costs (personal & community) Integration into the city (state, country) Committees & commissions (planning & advisory) Data-collection & planning activities



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Efficient Urban Freight Transportation (2)

Efficiency is in the eye of the stakeholder Who measures, for whom, for what purposes? Producers/shippers Logistics-service providers, warehousing facilities Carriers, intermodal facilities, distribution centers Consignees (industry, retail, institutions, people) Authorities: city and borough, state/province, People as consumers People as citizens Special interest groups



Challenges

Reconcile the efficiency requirements of the various stakeholders City freight transportation organization and business

models that foster both individual stakeholder and city system efficiency

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Challenges (2)

Go beyond urban freight transport to city logistics A logistics system = shippers, shipments, carriers,

service providers, vehicles, and consignees Public system view operated as best fits the local

culture, laws and regulations To make the city a better place to experience: live, work,

visit, move within and through Without penalizing its economic activities To foster an efficient transportation system Become part of mainstream urban design and planning

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Challenges (3)

Education Leadership Governance Legal and financial environment/incentives Collaboration Innovation Data Evaluation & optimization Integration

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Quick Illustration

City Logistics & Physical Internet ideas Efficient, profitable, sustainable systems Separate shipment (production) order &

carrier/storage/handling management Separate vehicle & freight flows & management

Consolidation & collaboration Many concepts & goals in common, joined yield a

complete system

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Customer

Distribution center

Major flow

City route

City Distribution Center

Company : Violet Inc.

Prune Inc.

CL Operator Inc.

Single-tier CL with Single CDC



2T-CL: Multi-Echelon CDC & Specific Vehicles

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Violet Inc.

Prune Inc.

Navigation

Long-Haul Trucks

Rail

City Freighter

Urban Vehicle

Satellite Crossdock

Customer

Distribution center

Major flow

City route

City Distribution Center



2T-CL with Rail & Public Transport

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Company : Violet Inc.

Company : Prune Inc.

Company : Prune Inc.



The Physical Internet Metaphor

Digital Internet From numerous unconnected computers to The information highway to The Internet & the World Wide Web

Interconnected independent networks in a transparent way for the user,

Transmission of standard formatted information flows Data packets

Seamless transit through heterogeneous equipment respecting standard protocols (TCP/IP)

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The Physical Internet (PI, ) Concept

PI http://www.physicalinternetinitiative.org/ From numerous more or less unconnected production,

logistics, storage, transportation systems to An open logistics & transportation system Separating flow and store/move management

Independent networks interconnected in a transparent way for the user

Transmission of standard formatted physical flows: modular containers

Seamless transit through heterogeneous storage and intermodal facilities & transportation networks

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http://www.esg.uqam.ca/http://www.physicalinternetinitiative.org/


Logistics & Transportation Web

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Mobility Web Moving goods & people

Interconnected open unimodal & multimodal infrastructures,

movers, hubs and transits

Distribution Web Deploying, storing

products Interconnected open warehouses

& distribution centers

Realization Web Realizing products

Interconnected open production, personalising & retrofit centers

Supply Web Supplying goods

Interconnected open suppliers and subcontractors

Service Web Enabling and sharing

access and usage of services rendered by goods & people

Interconnected open users and service providers

Openly interconnected physical, human, organizational, social, and digital stakeholders and networks



Intra-Centre Inter-Processors Intra-installation Inter-Centres Intra-Site Inter-Installations

Intra-City Inter-Site City Logistics

Intra-Continental Inter-City, Inter-State/Province Inter-Continental Worldwide Network

Scalable Framework

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Current flows PI flows PI traffic

Ballot ., B. Montreuil, R. Glardon (2012), Simulation de lInternet Physique: controbution la mesure des enjeux et sa dfinition, PREDIT Research Report, France, June 2012, 96 p.

Preliminary results using existing infrastructures, facilities, demand patterns and service levels: Economics: Up to 26% overall cost saving Environment: About 60% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions,

Simulation of Mobility Web for Consumer Goods Industry in France (Carrefour & Casino from their top 100 suppliers, Road and rail integrated into a PI network)



Modular & Standard -Containers

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1,2*1,2*1,2 1,2*1,2*1,2

1,2*1,2*1,2

1,2*1,2*1,2

2,4*1,2*1,2

2,4*2,4*1,2

2,4*2,4*1,2 4,8*2,4*1,2 2,4*1,2*1,2 2,4*1,2*1,2 2,4*1,2*1,2

2,4*1,2*2,4 4,8*1,2*1,2

Destination Dimensions Set of modular containers to be shipped

Building Container Blocks



Research Challenges & Opportunities

Culturally and socially-aware organization and business models Culture (government people & business, business

models, taxation, etc.) Tailored solutions Understanding & modeling Stakeholders behavior Governance Demand identification Partnerships & collaborations Supply models Public policy

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Research Challenges & Opportunities (2)

Data Evaluation models and tools A few proposals, pace increasing Still limited scope & size Limited account (if any) of planning issues and

advanced ITS technology Comprehensive urban transportation planning Integration with people (private, public, alternative)

transportation ITS Land use,

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System & service & operation planning (Op. Research) New problems New models, algorithms, instruments Strategic planning System design Multi-level location-routing, freight corridors Fleet (resource) dimensioning,

Tactical planning Service network design Schedules, time issues, routing multi-level

Operational planning, control & management Adjustment of plans Dynamic demand response & routing

Uncertainty and resilience 25




Physical Internet, Interconnected logistics All the challenges previously identified and more Very little done from the Operations Research

planning perspective Fundamentally nothing from the transportation point of

view

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Smart City Logistics & Physical Internet

Integrating the concepts Perspectives for better, more efficient & profitable

transportation & logistics systems and better cities The boxes & automatic transfer equipment required for

efficient operations are coming! More facilities for intermodal (inter-tier) transfer Offering waiting & stirage spaces

Great opportunities for synergetic R&D

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Ship

Long-distance vehicle

Train

City freighter

Plane

Bicycle

Urban vehicle

Urban hub

Merci beaucoup, Thank you


Measuring Efficiency & Inefficiency in Urban Freight TransportCity Logistics Research: A Trans-Atlantic PerspectiveObservationsObservations (2) Slide Number 4Observations (3) Observations on EfficiencyEfficient Urban Freight TransportationEfficient Urban Freight Transportation (2)ChallengesChallenges (2)Challenges (3)Quick IllustrationSingle-tier CL with Single CDC2T-CL: Multi-Echelon CDC & Specific Vehicles2T-CL with Rail & Public Transport The Physical Internet MetaphorThe Physical Internet (PI, ) ConceptLogistics & Transportation WebScalable FrameworkSimulation of Mobility Web for Consumer Goods Industry in France (Carrefour & Casino from their top 100 suppliers, Road and rail integrated into a PI network)Modular & Standard -ContainersBuilding Container BlocksResearch Challenges & OpportunitiesResearch Challenges & Opportunities (2)Research Challenges & Opportunities (3)Research Challenges & Opportunities (4)Smart City Logistics & Physical InternetMerci beaucoup, Thank you

measuring efficiency and inefficiency in urban freight transport

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