measures in bringing down curruption

8/7/2019 measures in bringing down CURRUPTION

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CURRUPTIONCURRUPTIONMEANING:-

In Modern English usage the words corruption and corrupt have many meanings:

Political corruption: The abuse of public power, office, or resources bygovernment officials or employees for personal gain, e.g. by extortion, soliciting oroffering bribes.

Corporate corruption : Corporate Criminality and the abuse of power bycorporation officials, either internally or externally.

Putrefaction: The natural process of decomposition in the human and animalbody following death.

Data corruption: An unintended change to data in storage or in transit.

Linguistic corruption: The change in meaning to a language or a text introducedby cumulative errors in transcription as changes in the language speakers'comprehension.

Bribery : In politics, business, or sport (including match fixing).


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CURRUPTIONCURRUPTION

INTRODUCTION:-

CORRUPTION IS A TYPE OF STRATEGIC ACTION IN WHICH TWO OR MORE ACTORS

UNDERTAKE AN EXCHANGE RELATION BY WAY OF A SUCCESSFUL TRANSFER OF MONEY

(MATERIAL) OR POWER (POLITICAL OR STATUS) OR PROMOTING OF GENE (GENETIC),

WHICH SIDESTEPS LEGALITY OR MORALITY OR CIVILITY TO REGULATE THE RELATION.

IT IS A STRATEGIC INTERACTION OR AN ART OF NONVIOLENT NEGOTIATION.

CORRUPTION THREATENS PEOPLE AND THEIR GOVERNMENTS. IT MAKES SOCIETIES

UNFAIR. IT IS ARGUED THAT BRIBERY IS A NEGOTIATED RENT, AS THE BEGINNING OF

ALL ILLEGALITIES AND TYRANNY. THERE IS NO MORE POWERFUL ENGINE OF INJUSTICE

AND CRUELTY, FOR BRIBERY DESTROYS BOTH FAITH AND STATE. THE SERIOUS

CONSEQUENCE OF CORRUPTION THUS IS NOT ONLY STATE CAPTURE BUT ALSO MIND

CAPTURE. CORRUPTION IS UNIVERSAL. IT IS PRESENT IN DEVELOPED AND

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, IN THE BUREAUS OF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECTORS, AND IN

NONPROFIT OR CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS. SHIFT FROM GOVERNANCE TO

MANAGEMENT ONLY CHANGES ITS RESIDENCE. CORRUPTION IS NOT MERELY IN THE

MEDIA OR IN THE MINDS OF PEOPLE AS IT IS SOMETIMES MADE OUT .


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BUT IT IS IN THE SYSTEM ALL ACROSS THE PUBLIC SERVICES, IS WHAT THIS STUDY

HIGHLIGHTS. AND THE USERS AND PROVIDERS OF THOSE PUBLIC SERVICES KNOW

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEM AS THIS STUDY HAS BROUGHT

OUT.

CORRUPTION PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN POLITICS THUS STATE OBJECTIVES. RENT

SEEKING AND RENT GIVING ARE MAJOR OBSTACLES IN THE PROCESS OF PLANNED

CHANGE OF ECONOMIC LAYERS. A PROMISE OF DEMOCRACY REMAINS UNDONE.

HOWEVER IT DOES ALLOW SELECTIVE CHANGE IN ECONOMIC-CYCLE OF AN

INDIVIDUAL, AN INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD AND A BUSINESS.

CORRUPTION IS USUALLY A KEPT SECRET AND THEREFORE THE BEHAVIOR OF THE

CORRUPT AGENT NEAR IMPOSSIBLE TO OBSERVE IN REAL LIFE. THE CHARACTER OF

RENT-SEEKING HAS ALL THE QUALITIES ONE CAN ASK FOR SUCH AS CHARM AND

ACTING TALENT TO CREATE A MIRROR IMAGE OF THE TRUTH I.E., OF AN ACTOR; BOOK

KEEPING I.E., OF AN ACCOUNTANT; TO UNDERSTAND AND MANIPULATE RULES AND

REGULATIONS AND ABILITY TO PROTECT, I.E. OF A CUSTODIAN. CAMPAIGNSCAMPAIGNS AGAINST AGAINST

CORRUPTION CORRUPTION HAVE HAVE NOT NOT MET MET WITH WITH MUCH MUCH SUCCESSSUCCESS. . IT IT ISIS AA WORRISOME WORRISOME

DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT..

WHEN THE MAJORITY OF PEOPLE OPERATE UNDER SUCH A SYSTEM, INDIVIDUALS

HAVE NO INCENTIVE TO TRY TO CHANGE IT OR TO REFRAIN FROM TAKING PART IN IT.


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OVERVIEW:-

Taking a worldwide perspective, countries like New Zealand and the Scandinavian

countries are "models of integrity" for the world in terms of their corruption control

And almost all of the most corrupt countries are developing nations and many of

them are in Asia. Among the Top 20 most corrupt states in the world, a half of

them are in Asia; Myanmar (Burma), Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan,Tajikistan, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos and Pakistan are all on the list,

according to the Worldwide Governance Indicators. And India and China are the

two "most corrupt trade nations" among the world's Top 30 exporting countries.

Corruption is a way of life across Asia.


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CURRUPTION IN INDIA:-

Corruption in India is a consequence of the nexus between Bureaucracy, politics and criminals. India is now no longer considered a soft state. It has now become a

consideration state where everything can be had for a consideration. Today, the number

of ministers with an honest image can be counted on fingers. At one time, bribe was

paid for getting wrong things done but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at

right time.

IN INDIA, CORRUPTION ATTACKS THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES OF HUMAN DIGNITY

AND POLITICAL EQUALITY OF THE PEOPLE AND HENCE THERE IS A PRESSING NEED TO

FORMULATE A FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT TO CORRUPTION-FREE SERVICE. THE

DEVELOPMENT OF A FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT TO A CORRUPTION-FREE SOCIETY

WILL BE OBSERVED INITIALLY FROM AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE SO AS TOELEVATE THE VIOLATION OF THIS RIGHT TO THE STATUS OF AN INTERNATIONAL

CRIME. THIS WOULD PROVIDE THE COMPARATIVE BASIS TO ELEVATE THE RIGHT TO

CORRUPTION-FREE SERVICE TO THE STATUS OF A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT WITHIN THE

FRAMEWORK OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION.


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ONE OF THE DEFINITIONS OF THE TERM CORRUPTION IS "GIVING SOMETHING TO

SOMEONE WITH POWER SO THAT HE WILL ABUSE HIS POWER AND ACT FAVOURING

THE GIVER". ANOTHER DEFINITION IS "THE OFFERING, GIVING, SOLICITING OR

ACCEPTANCE OF AN INDUCEMENT OR REWARD, WHICH MAY INFLUENCE THE ACTION

OF ANY PERSON". IT INCLUDES BRIBERY AND EXTORTION WHICH INVOLVE AT LEAST TWO PARTIES, AND OTHER TYPES OF MALFEASANCE THAT A PUBLIC OFFICIAL CAN

COMMIT ALONE, INCLUDING FRAUD AND EMBEZZLEMENT. THE APPROPRIATION OF

PUBLIC ASSETS FOR PRIVATE USE AND THE EMBEZZLEMENT OF PUBLIC FUNDS BY

POLITICIANS AND BUREAUCRATS HAVE SUCH CLEAR AND DIRECT ADVERSE IMPACT

ON INDIA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THAT THEIR COSTS DO NOT WARRANT ANY

COMPLEX ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.

y CURRUPTION IN INDIA:-


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There are many myths about corruption, which have to be exploded if we really

want to combat it. Some of these myths are: Corruption is a way of life and nothing

can be done about it. Only people from underdeveloped or developing countries are

prone to corruption. We will have to guard against all these crude fallacies while

planning measures to fight corruption.

AS WITH MANY DEVELOPING NATIONS, CORRUPTION IS WIDESPREAD IN INDIA.

INDIA IS RANKED 85 OUT OF A 179 COUNTRIES IN TRANSPARENCY

INTERNATIONAL'S CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX, ALTHOUGH ITS SCORE HAS

IMPROVED CONSISTENTLY FROM 2.7 IN 2002 TO 3.4 IN 2008.CORRUPTION HAS

TAKEN THE ROLE OF A PERVASIVE ASPECT OF INDIAN POLITICS AND

BUREAUCRACY.

y CURRUPTION IN INDIA:-


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RANKING OF STATES

As per the composite ranking of states on petty corruption, involving common

citizen And in the context of eleven public services, Kerala stands out as the least

corrupt State In India. Bihar, on the other hand is the most corrupt State. In fact,

on all parameters and in the context of all the eleven services, Bihar stands out as

the most corrupt State. Himachal Pradesh is less corrupt even compared to

States like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra or Gujarat. Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,

Rajasthan and Assam are Afflicted with the problem and score high on the index.

States highlights

Kerala: All 11 public services considered for the study are ranked as the

least

corrupt in the country.

Himachal Pradesh: Most services in the State are ranked as relatively

lower corrupt

in the country


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Delhi: PDS in Delhi is ranked as the second most corrupt in the country

Gujarat: Overall the State is ranked as less corrupt in comparison to other States.However certain services like Education, Land Administration and Judiciary arerelatively ranked as more corrupt in comparison to others services in the State.

Andhra Pradesh: Govt Hospital and Water Supply services are ranked morecorrupt in comparison to other services in the State.Maharashtra: Municipal services in the State rank among the top fivecorrupt in thecountry.Chhattisgarh: On the corruption index all the services in the State aremuch better ranked than the parent State Madhya Pradesh

Punjab: PDS, Police, Judiciary and Municipal services are ranked morecorrupt incomparison to other services in the State.West Bengal: Water Supply service in the State is ranked as the mostcorrupt in thecountry.


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Assam: Police is the most corrupt in the country. Electricity figures among the topcorrupt.Rajasthan: Judiciary ranks among the less corrupt in the country Karnataka: The state ranks fourth on the corruption index because key services likeIncome Tax, Judiciary, Municipalities & RFI figure among the top corrupt services inthe country. However, Electricity & Schools rank among the least corrupt in thecountry.Madhya Pradesh: Despite initiating reforms in service delivery, the State stillranksas third most corrupt among States included in the survey. Only Municipal servicesare ranked relatively better than other services.J&K: Except Hospital & RFI, most other services rank among most corruptin thecountry. Not surprising that it is the second most corrupt State.Bihar: All the services are ranked among the most corrupt in the country.


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THREETHREEMOST IMPORTANT MEASURESMOST IMPORTANT MEASURES

IN BRINGIN DOWNIN BRINGIN DOWNCURRUPTIONCURRUPTION


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1. Simplification:

Urgently required are simplification of procedures and even eliminating certainformalities for BPL households; more visible and interactive redressal practices;

curbing discretionary options with individuals at service delivery points; and

accountability by giving identities of functionaries.

2. Streamline Information Flows

Improved information flow for a more transparent and trust-based transactions andcustomized service orientation with the help of IT tools, e-governance initiatives

and better organized front ends of service delivery points are required. Also,

priorities and concerns of e-governance projects should keep in view the special

needs of vulnerable sections of households.

3. Front End Staff Need Special Concern

Reorienting staff to serve BPL and vulnerable households with special attention and

on a priority basis is required. Their sensitivity to special needs of BPL households

need to be improved with periodic workshops and training programmes and special

arrangements in the operations.


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OTHEROTHERIMPORTANT MEASURESIMPORTANT MEASURES

IN BRINGIN DOWNIN BRINGIN DOWNCURRUPTIONCURRUPTION


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P roactive Use of Local Media

In the context of BPL households, FM radio in urban and local TV channels in the rural

areas could play a special role. Those responsible for the contents of news media in

particular should be sensitized about the very character and structure of corruption

and its implications to different sections of people and best ways and strategies in

which the media could pay a role in the war against corruption, particularly in areas

involving citizens and in their use of public utilities.

Corrective P otential of Social Audit

Social Audit of not only targeted programmes but of other services like Banking

services, Hospital and School Education services should become an ongoing exercise

at least once a year. Social Audit with civil society groups but in a collaborative spirit

would help in ensuring that BPL households are not disadvantaged. Community

audit in the case of basic services and social audit in the case of need based services

once 2 or 3 years is likely to help narrow the gap between perception and experience.


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R edesign Front End Offices of P ublic Services

It is better that front end of most Government services / departments involved in

serving citizens in large numbers and cutting across socio-economic backgrounds,are redesigned professionally in such a way that there is provision for display of

pertinent information, helpdesk and equipped with modern communication facilities.

Universalize B P L Card

The size of BPL households is not fixed in the case of both basic and need based

public services. It fluctuates often. Migratory character of the poorest calls for a

universal BPL card a card which provides access and entitlement anywhere, at

least in the concerned State (similar to bank ATM cards)

Special Schemes to Ensure Service to B P L

BPL households require special service delivery facility to the senior citizens .

Repeat visits need to be avoided as it obviously imply that BPL households are not

getting the priority that is promised. The fact that functionaries themselves are the

direct recipients of bribe from the poor in most cases, need to be viewed far more

seriously.


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Encourage Users Feedback

BPL households / communities should be encouraged with special benefit schemes so

that they could be more organized, more active and articulate in giving their feedback.The fact that hardly a few take time to write their feedback is something that need to

be taken up to encourage them to do so as often. Panchayats have to be entrusted

with responsibilities so that the reach, access and reliability of targeted programmes

to BPL households become better and redressal is not ignored or delayed.

Redressal System Should Not be Limited to Written Complaints

Mechanism and practice of redressal of grievance requires much higher level of

attention, sensitivity and follow up particularly in the context of BPL households.

Criteria of having to have written complaints and their number should not be

viewed as good enough in the context of BPL households. Scope for discretionary

decision making need to be minimized at the delivery end both in the case of basic

and need based services and made more responsible or accountable.


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Constant Supervision and Active Follow-up

Issues of staff attitudes and mindset cannot be moderated without constant feedback,

guidance or supervision and training. Frequently changing procedures and formalities

specific to various sections of people, as in the case of BPL households, need to be

familiarized. In this regard, local management schools and such other independent

academic bodies could play a role by organizing workshops, sensitivity and training

programmes for the staff of basic public services at the grassroots.

Achievement Claims Less Significant if Access Not Assured

This study brings out that performance achievements or target achievement

claims of Governments, even in the case of individual services, does not mean much

for BPL households unless special emphasis is given to BPL households at the service

delivery points. Some effort to validate such claims is needed periodically.


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One-Third Compulsions for Bribe can be Avoided by

R erouting R esponsibilities

This study has identified the core functions, which cause most corruption in the

case of each of the 11 services. If the processes involved in these specific functions

are attended by revamping and by way of computerization and keeping them in

public domain, compulsions for paying bribe could be avoided or minimized. In

fact, by sorting out the very procedures and formalities for availing the service, the

very scope for paying bribe by citizens could be eliminated in one-third to half of

the cases depending on the service and the State in context. Establishing identity

/ entitlement procedures and formalities need to be minimized and responsibilities

could be shifted. In the case of, for example, land records, banks could directly

obtain on-line or otherwise the references or particulars instead of making BPL

households run around .


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Special Drives/Camps to R each Out to B P L Communities

W hile efforts are being made to expand the reach, there must be ways to see that noBPL household is deprived of the basic services, for whatever reasons. Special efforts

should be made to reach BPL households by way of specific drives, camps or

campaigns.

R educe Compulsions for R epeat Visits

More specifically, the need for repeat visits should be curbed which is possible to

some extent by re-looking into procedural complexities and improving grievance

redressal mechanism and, at the same time, curtailing discretionary powers of

individual functionaries.


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Presentation ByPresentation Byy Anukaran Kapoor+919796237978

measures in bringing down curruption

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