Measurements of BC/EC and

the contribution of wood burning

to PM10 in Flanders

December 2nd, 2013

Christine Matheeussen

2 2

Number Pollutant

31 PM10

10 PM2,5 European Directive

2008/50/EG 38 NO/NO2

20 O3

24 SO2

4 CO

8 VOC (e.g. benzeen)

16 Heavy metals in PM10 (e.g. Pb, As, Cd, Ni) European Directive

2004/107/EG 5 PAH in PM (e.g. benzo(a)pyreen)

11 Heavy metals in deposition (e.g. Pb, Cd) VLAREM II

3 PAH in deposition

3 Hg

0 Black smoke

14 Black carbon

24 Dioxines en PCB’s

9 Acidification

6 Meteorological parameters

Pollutants measured by VMM - 2013

3 3

Measurements of BC/EC and the

contribution of wood burning to

PM in Flanders

• BC / EC measurements

• Routine BC measurements

• BC measurements near E40 highway

• Local contribution of EC to PM10 in street

canyons and near access roads in cities

• Contribution of woodburning to PM10

• Conclusions

Routine BC measurements in Flanders - 2013

Multi Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP 5012)

Routine BC measurements in Flanders - 2012

0

0.5

1

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4

Ze

lza

te

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lare

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Gent

Bo

rge

rho

ut

Bo

rge

rho

ut tra

ffic

Ha

sse

lt

Ho

ute

m

De

sse

l

industrial urban suburban rural

µg

/m3

Routine BC measurements in Flanders

0.0

0.5

1.0

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2.0

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3.0

3.5

4.0

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

bla

ck

ca

rbo

n (

µg

/m³)

industrial urban suburban rural

6 m

17 m

55 m

96 m

BC measurements near E40 highway in

Affligem with mobile units – April 2012 to Feb

2013

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-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%

µg

/m3

Distance from highway (m)

PM2.5 (µg/m3) BC (µg/m3) PM2.5 (%) BC (%)

L800 MW04MW03MW02

= 5,6 µg/m3

= 3,9 µg/m3

BC and PM2.5 measurements near E40

highway with mobile units – SW wind

PM2.5 (µg/m3)

BC (µg/m3)

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-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

%

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Distance from highway (m)

PM2.5 (µg/m3) BC (µg/m3) PM2.5 (%) BC (%)

L800 MW04MW03MW02

BC and PM2.5 measurements near E40

highway with mobile units – SW wind

PM2.5 (%)

BC (%)

• PM10

• EC/OC TOT (NIOSH) OC x 1,4 = OM

• levoglucosan >> GC/MS (trimethylsilylation)

OM (wood) = 9,1 Levoglucosan

PM (wood) = 10,7 Levoglucosan

>> Schmidl et al., Atm. Env. (2008)

Project based measurement of EC and

contribution of woodburning to PM10

11

Comparison BC (MAAP 5012) vs EC (TOT-NIOSH) at

Borgerhout (urban background (traffic))

R2 BC/EC

2007 BC = 1.45*EC + 0.66 0.91 1.82

2008-2009 BC = 1.18*EC + 0.92 0.64 1.68

2010-2011 BC = 1.65*EC + 0.35 0.78 1.89

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BC

(µ

g/m

3)

EC (µg/m3)

BC vs EC ( 09/03/2007 until 11/07/2007)

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BC

(µ

g/m

3)

EC (µg/m3)

BC vs EC (25/10/2008 until 31/12/2009)

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BC

(µ

g/m

3)

EC (µg/m3)

BC vs EC (07/02/2010 until 06/02/2011)

• PM10 chemical characterisation projects

• routine EC measurements in PM2,5 at the rural

background station in Retie

Project based measurements of EC and

contribution of woodburning to PM

1st 2006-2007 Mix of rural, urban, suburban, industrial sites

2nd 2008-2009 Hot spots

3th 2010-2011 Wood burning

4th 2011-2012

-4 cities

Urban background, street canyon, major road

-Wood burning at urban background stations

5th 2013 -5 cities

-Urban background, street canyon

Concentration and composition of PM10 within cities (Chemkar IV)

• 4 cities

• Urban background

• Access road

• Street canyon

• Every 4th day (= 92d x 6)

• From June 2011 to July 2012

• PM10

• Ions

• Levoglucosan at urban background

Brugge : urban background access road street canyon

• EC/OC

• Elements

Concentration and composition of PM10 within cities (Chemkar IV)

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Antwerpen Brugge Gent Oostende

EC OM seasalt NO3 NH4 nssSO4 mineral dust other

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-2

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Antwerpen Brugge Gent Oostende

µg/m

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EC OM seasalt NO3 NH4 nssSO4 mineral dust

Local contribution to PM10 within cities (Chemkar IV)

• 7 sites

• Every 4th day (= 92d x 6)

• From Feb 2010 to Feb 2011

• PM10

• EC/OC

• Levoglucosan

Rural Urban Rural (sources) Urban Suburban Rural (sources ?) Rural

Houtem Gent Hamme Borgerhout Mechelen Lier Retie

Contribution of wood burning to PM10 (Chemkar III)

• 4 urban background sites

• Every 4th day (= 92d x 6)

• From June 2011 to July 2012

• PM10

• EC/OC

• Levoglucosan

• Ions

• Elements

Contribution of wood burning to PM10 (Chemkar IV)

Oostende Brugge Gent Antwerpen

PM10 concentrations (Chemkar III)

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HAM GEN HOU MEC LIE BOR RET(H)

Levoglucosan concentrations (Chemkar III)

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EC concentrations (Chemkar III)

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OC concentrations (Chemkar III)

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HAM GEN HOU MEC LIE BOR RET(H)

Contribution of wood burning to organic

matter in PM10 (Chemkar III)

2.06

3.85

3.273.51 3.54

2.99 2.95

0.78

1.35

3.20

1.261.50

1.411.20

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HOU GEN HAM BOR MEC LIE RET(H)

µg

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OM(andere) OM(hout)

OM (non wood burning) OM (wood burning)

Average contribution of wood burning to PM10 in

summer and winter (Chemkar III)

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HOU GEN HAM BOR MEC LIE RET(H) average

µg

/m3

Apr-Sep Oct-Mar

All year Summer Winter Winter/

Summer

All stations 1,8 µg/m3 6,9 % 0,5 µg/m3 2.3 % 3,0 µg/m3 10.6% 5,9

Average contribution of wood burning to

PM10 in summer and winter (Chemkar IV)

0.420.370.30 0.22

2.92 2.88

1.92

2.55

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Antwerpen Brugge Gent Oostende

PM

(µ

g/m

3)

SUM WIN

All year Summer(Apr-Sep) Winter (Oct-March) Winter/

Summer

All stations 1.4 µg/m3 5.4 % 0.3 µg/m3 1.5 % 2.6 µg/m3 8.4 % 7.8

Contribution of wood burning to PM10 on

exceedance days (Chemkar III)

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Houtem Gent Hamme Borgerhout Mechelen Lier Retie

µg/m

3

PM-PMwood PMwood 50 µg/m3

Contribution of wood burning to PM10 on

exceedance days (Chemkar IV)

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Antwerpen Brugge Gent Oostende

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PM-PMwood PMwood 50 µg/m3

27

Conclusions

• Concentrations of EC and BC are highly influenced by traffic

• Average contribution of wood burning to PM10 • 2010-2011 : 1.8 µg/m3

• 2011-2012 : 1.4 µg/m3

• Average contribution of wood burning to PM10 in winter 6 to 8 times higher than in summer • Winter 2010-2011 : 3.0 µg/m3

• Winter 2011-2012 : 2.6 µg/m3

• During exceedance days the contribution can even be more important • 2010-2011 : average contribution of 6 µg/m3

• 2011-2012 : average contribution of 3 µg/m3