maraj ó island (marajoara) 2) santarem 3) central amazon 4) gavan (western venezuela)

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1) Marajó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan (Western Venezuela) 5) Acre, Brazil 6) Lowland Bolivia ( 7) Upper Xingu River 1 7 6 5 3 2 4 AMAZON

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AMAZON. 4. Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan (Western Venezuela) 5) Acre, Brazil 6) Lowland Bolivia (Baure) 7) Upper Xingu River. 1. 2. 3. 5. 7. 6. Rolling Stone, 10/17/07. The “Great Divide”. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

1) Marajó Island(Marajoara)

2) Santarem

3) Central Amazon

4) Gavan (Western Venezuela)

5) Acre, Brazil

6) Lowland Bolivia (Baure)

7) Upper Xingu River

1

765

3 2

4AMAZON

Page 2: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Rolling Stone, 10/17/07

Page 3: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

The “Great Divide”

• Traditional view: complex societies emerged in the Andean area and any complex societies (chiefdoms) in Amazon must be the result of diffusion or migration from the Andes

Highlands(Andes)

Lowlands(Amazon)

The two major geographic blocks that cover the majority of South Americaare the Andes and Amazonia

Page 4: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Manioc, the major Amazonian staple crop (domesticated by

6,000-8,000 BC, based on genetic evidence)

Page 5: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

• At least 138 crops with some degree of domestication were being cultivated or managed by native Amazonians at the time of European conquest (83 crops native to Amazonia).

• 68% of these Amazonian crops are fruit or nut trees or woody perennials (not surprising in Amazon forest).

Peach Palm

Page 6: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Landscape domestication andmanagement of non-domesticated

plants and animals and incipient or semi-domesticates

Page 7: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Parrots & Macaws

Currasow (like “wild turkey”)

Muscovy Duck

Page 8: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

AustronesianArawak

Bantu

The Tropical Diaspora

Tupi-Guarani

Tupi languages originated in SW Amazonia by 3000-2000 BCProto-Arawak likely began to diverge c. 2000 BC

Page 9: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

The ArawakDiaspora

500 BC

300 BC

BC/AD1

Page 10: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Amazonian Barrancoid

• Shared ceramic tradition across much of Amazonia, often associated with speakers of Arawak languages, generally dates to ca. 500 BC to AD 1000, but varies from region to region

Page 11: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Trants, Caribbeanc. 500 BC-AD 600

Gaván, Western Orinoquia, c. AD 600-1300

Northern Amazonia (Saladoid/Barrancoid)

Page 12: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Distribution of Tupi-Guarani languages

Origin(homeland)

By AD 1

Page 13: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Amazonian Polychrome Tradition

12

3

1. Marajoara2. Santarém

3. Central Amazon

Page 14: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Polychrome Tradition

• The Amazonian Polychrome Tradition represents a transformation, c. 1000 years ago, of the earlier Barrancoid Tradition ceramic industry by widespread trade of fine ceramics (“wealth” goods) between elites up and down the Amazon

Page 15: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

MARAJOARA• Mound-building regional

chiefdoms that developed ca. AD 400 until European contact; early example of Amazonian Polychrome Tradition

Page 16: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Caumtins (Marajoara) mound group

Elite mounds

Page 17: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Marajoaraburial urns

Page 18: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Domestic mounds

Page 19: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

?

Elite Mounds (Camutins) Regional Ceramic Traditions

Page 20: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Amazonian Stonehenge (Amapa), ca. AD 1-500

Page 21: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Macapa burial urns, north of the mouth of the Amazon, ca. AD 1500-1600

Page 22: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

CENTRALAMAZON

Over 150 archaeological siteslocated in area (central Amazon) at

the confluence of the Negro and Solimões rivers.

Page 23: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Açutuba (“big Port”), central Amazon, ca. 300

BC-AD 1600

Major center with central plazathe size of 4 football fields

Page 24: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Ceramics from Açutuba (Central Amazon, Polychrome Tradition)

Page 25: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Amazonian “black earth” sites - “terra preta” (TP), after ca. AD 1000

Area adjacent to Açutuba plaza

Page 26: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Santarém is a large pre-Columbian center, located within the city limits of modern city of the same name. The core area of the

settlement was roughly 100 ha (300 acres) and overall area up to 20 km² (largest Amazonian town). Center of broad network of

smaller, Satellite communities.

Page 27: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Santarém ceramics

“very great quantities of porcelain ware of various makes … the best that has ever been seen in the world” (Carvajal 1542)

Page 28: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

1

3

2

1) Acre, Brazil; 2) lowland Bolivia; 3) Upper Xingu River

Page 29: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Geoglyphs of Western Amazonia(Acre, Brazil)

Page 30: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Acre, Brazil

Page 31: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Mound linked by causeways in domesticated landscapes of lowland Bolivia

Page 32: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Raised Agricultural Fields, Bolivian lowlands

Fish-farming, Baure ofeastern lowland Bolivia

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Page 34: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Galactic settlement clusters: central plaza

settlement, four primary plaza satellites

positioned according to cardinal directions, and other small peripheral

plaza settlements (about the size of

contemporary Upper Xingu villages)

These galactic clusterswere small, territorial

polities (complex societies) in AD 1500

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Page 36: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Core area of one galactic cluster (note

central settlement X13 and four primary

satellites

Page 37: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Ebenezer Howard’s “Garden cities of Tomorrow” (1902)

Garden Cities of Yesterday?

Galactic Urbanism or “Garden Cities”: precisely designed network of five core settlements and smaller peripheral settlements in territorial polities, with mosaic of occupation areas, agricultural countryside, and managed wetlands, interspersed by patches of forest and separated from other clusters by closed forest zones (green belts)

Page 38: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)
Page 39: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

European Contact • Catastrophic effects of

European contact, notably depopulation from Old World diseases, decimated the complex societies of the Amazon floodplains, but also reached throughout the Amazon forest, even though European explorers themselves seldom ventured into many parts of the Amazon until recently

Page 40: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Regional distribution of

galactic clusters (polities) in a peer polity system, in other words each

polity was politically equal (not single capital center)

Note extent of anthropogenic

areas (denoted by large orange and red circles): no “pristine forest”

here

Page 41: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)

Areas of Arawak and related polities in AD

1500: 1) Upper Xingu; 2) Pareci; 3)

Baure (eastern Bolivia)

Page 42: Maraj ó Island (Marajoara) 2) Santarem 3) Central Amazon 4) Gavan  (Western Venezuela)