Manifest Destiny• 1840s movement – Americans believed that t

heir movement westward & southward was destined (ordained by God)

• “the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.

John L. O’Sullivan

The Closing of the American Frontier

Frederick Jackson Turner’s Thesis

• Wrote a thesis saying that the American frontier was what made Americans different from Europeans.

• The frontier = the American Dream to many.

• 1812-1852 U.S. growth – 7.25 million to more than 25 million – Land in the West increased by more than

the size of Europe.• America History during this period defined by

the amount of land available, and the political arguments over it.

• After wilderness masters the colonist finds him a European in dress, industries, tools, modes of travel, and thought. It takes him from the railroad car and puts him in the birch canoe. It strips off the garments of civilization and arrays him in the hunting shirt and the moccasin. It puts him in the log cabin of the Cherokee and Iroquois and runs an Indian palisade around him. Before long he has gone to planting Indian corn and plowing with a sharp stick; he shouts the war cry and takes the scalp in orthodox Indian fashion. In short, at the frontier the environment is at first too strong for the man. He must accept the conditions which it furnishes, or perish, and so he fits himself into the Indian clearings and follows the Indian trails. Little by little he transforms the wilderness, but the outcome is not the old Europe… The fact is that here is a new product that is American.

» Frederick Jackson Turner » THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY

.Dallas

.Austin .Houston

North R

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The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

Oregon Country

U.S. & British Joint Occupation John Jacob AstorJames K. Polk“Fifty-four Forty or Fight”Treaty of 184649th Parallel

• Great Britain and the United States both

have claims to Oregon. 42nd – 54th parallel.

• Polk says “Fifty-four Forty or Fight”. We

want it all.

• Polk compromises agrees on the 49th

Parallel. (Oregon Treaty of 1846)

Oregon

Treaty of 1846

John Jacob Astor

• Founded the American Fur Company in 1808. Sold it to the British 1812. And later established the Pacific Fur Companies and Southwest Fur Company

Gold RushGold Discovery in California 1848

In 1849 30,000 would be miners set out overland from Missouri to CA.

Another 25,000 made it by sea.

Few became rich, but the hundreds of thousands arriving lead to California statehood

The Missions

of California

Missions of California

• Mexico gains independence from Spain in 1823.• Offered land grants to Americans if they would…

– 1. Convert to Catholicism– 2. Swear Allegiance to Mexico

• Mexico banned slavery in 1824. The Anglos ignored it.• Mexico closed it’s borders in 1830, didn’t work.• General Santa Ana overthrew the Mexican Gov’t, sent

troops to Texas.• Led to the Texas Revolution• 1835- 187 die at the Alamo, 300 executed at Goliad.• 1836- General Sam Houston captured Santa Ana at San

Jacinto. Texas is Independent!!!•

The BACK STORY On Texas

Stephen Austin

Republic of Texas 1836

Santa Anna

Sam Houston

Davy Crockett

Republic of Texas 1836-1845

• Santa Anna forced to sign a treaty

• President: Sam Houston

• Border Disputes (Rio Grande or Nueces)

• Desire to be annexed by the U.S.

Republic of Texas 1836

• Polk becomes President in 1844

• Texas is annexed in 1845-border?

• Slidell’s Mission

– Sent by Polk to

• Solve boundary dispute

• Buy California and New Mexico

• He gets REJECTED!!!

• Polk sends General Taylor to the Rio Grande

• Mexico Attacked!!!

War with Mexico

Before the War

DURING

Mexican American War 1846-1848From the Halls of Montezuma To the shores of Tripoli We fight our country's battles In the air, on land and sea. First to fight for right and freedom And to keep our honor clean; We are proud to claim the title of United States Marine.

First to fight for right and freedom And to keep our honor clean; We are proud to claim the title of United States Marine.

And after

The Treaty of Gaudalupe-Hidalgo

• Ends the WarMexico loses 50% of it’s territory.

• The U.S. paid $15 million for lands they got from Mexico

• U.S. agreed to pay claims made against Mexico by U.S. Citizens

• 1854- $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase.

• Whigs opposed – “If I were Mexico, I Would tell you ‘Have you no room in yourOwn country to bury your dead?’”

Why Pay?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago – Mexican Cession

Zachary Taylor

47

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

• 1776

• Great Britain

• US declared independence from Great Britain

A - 13 Original Colonies

48

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

• 1776

• Great Britain

• US declared independence from Great Britain

A - 13 Original Colonies

49

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

• 1

• Great Britain

• Part of results of Treaty of Paris (ended Revolutionary War)

B

B - Western Lands

50

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

• 1803

• France

• Napoleon needed $

• Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans

• He got all of this instead!

B

C - Louisiana Purchase

C

51

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

• 1819

• Spain

• Andrew Jackson invaded

• Spain then sold it to us for $5 million

B

D - Florida

D

C

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

• 1845

• Republic of Texas • (Independent

Country)

• Texas independent from Mexico in 1836

• Northerners feared it would become a slave state

• Fears finally overcome in 1944 Presidential election

B

E - Texas

D

C

E

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

• 1846

• Great Britain

• Claimed by four countries (G. Britain, Russia, Spain, & US)

• Americans demanded “54° 40’ or fight!”

• Britain compromised 49° & US accepted

B

F - Oregon Territory

D

C

E

F

54

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

• 1848

• Mexico

• Polk offers to buy G from Mexico & they refuse

• War!• US wins• Treaty of

Guadalupe Hidalgo

B

G - Mexican Cession

D

C

E

F

G

• The Wilmot Proviso 1846 • Proposed by Congressman David Wilmot – PA• “Provided, That, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any

territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.”

• This would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the area later known as the Mexican Cession

• Initially was passed by Congress, but in different forms, then rejected.

Sectionalism Revisited

• Defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848).

• The compromise, drafted by Whig Henry Clay and brokered by Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas, avoided secession or civil war and reduced sectional conflict for four years.

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay’s – Compromise of 1850 -

• 1. California as a free state. Yes• 2. Separate Utah and New Mexico, and give each the • right to decide whether or not to allow slavery. Yes• (Popular Sovereignty –originally Lewis Cass’s idea, now pushed

by U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas (D-IL))• 3. Award to New Mexico the land disputed between• Texas and New Mexico. Yes• 4. Have United States pay debts assigned to Texas• before it was annexed to the Union. Yes• 5. Abolish slavery in District of Columbia only if• residents agree and if slave owners are paid. – No• 6. Outlaw slave trading in District of Columbia. Yes• 7. Adopt a stricter fugitive slave law for punishing • runaway slaves. Yes

John Calhoun’s

Reply. -

Let some states secede to protect interests of the South.

Daniel Webster’s

Speech

Preserve the Union at all costs. North should give up something.

Role of Stephen DouglasSenator Douglas takes charge when Clay becomes ill. He separates the compromise into several bills to be voted upon individually.

Great Compromise adopted in 1850 after Congress passes individual bills.

The Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

Wait for it, this is an animated map. Or it should be