Submitted By

MAKWANA AKASH H. (100783106009)

LAD JIGNESH C. (100783106008)

SHAH HARSHIL A. (100783106005)

SHAH MAHESH B. (090780106034)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. YOGESH.B.PATEL.

Prof.

Rural development generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic wellbeing of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas.

It involves extending the benefit of development to the poorest among those who seek a livelihood in rural area.

The nature of the problems and the opportunities in rural areas that requires a multi-dimensional approach be adopted in order to bring about significant increases in income and improvements in living standards and the quality of life.

rural development is intended to reduce poverty.

it must be clearly designed to increase production and raise productivity

Around 65% of the state’s population is living in rural areas.

Development of physical as well as social infrastructure plays an important in the overall advance of the rural economy,

Infrastructure Facilities Consist Of

Construction of rain water harvesting structure.

Construction of public toilets and personal toilets.

Development of roads.

Construction of school, community hall, telecommunication structure.

Construction of domestic water supply structure.

Development of irrigation structure.

The study area is located in the east NAVSARI at a distance of about 2 km.

from the National Highway No. 8. It is bounded by latitude from 18º 53' 00" N to

22º 15' 00" N and longitude from 72º 38' 00" E to 73 º 30' 00" E.

The approximate area of Degam village is about 1530 hector as per records of

gram panchayat of Degam village.

Percentage distribution of residential area and agricultural area respectively

40% and 60%.

Current Population of the village is about 7213 people.

Site Visit

Problem Identification Causes of Problem

Road Culvert Storm water Drain Street Light

Data

Collection

Data

Analysis

-Length

-Section

-Soil

-Available

material

-Length

-Section

-Height

-Soil

-Available

material

-HFL

-Catchment

-length

-soil

-Catchment

-Requirement

of no. Of

street light

Possible Solution

Evaluation and Costing

Selection of Best Alternative

Implementation

infrastructural facilities are elements in the package of basic needs, which a community would like to produce for better living style. Rural infrastructural facilities can be classified into three main types.

Institutional infrastructure.

Development of financial institutions, agricultural research facilities

and social infrastructure are under institutional infrastructure.

Social infrastructure.

Development of Health and educational facilities, community centers,

fire and security services are under social infrastructure.

Physical infrastructure.

Development of Roads, water resources, rural electrification, storage

and processing facilities for the development of rural areas are called

physical infrastructure.

Our team has visit the project site and found number of problems related to infrastructure facilities

Existing bitumen road were constructed about 15 year ago. There were many time maintenance and up gradation work carried out but existing condition of road network is too weak to use.

Due to regular use of Lake Bottom and sides of lake infiltrates rapidly if

stored for a long time.

There is no street light available in the particular area.

Fig shows the existing condition of road surface. There is number of pot holes everywhere and due to settlement of base layer, the surface become uneven

(BITUMIN ROAD)

There is a not enough and proper storm water drainage system.

There is a not proper street light & electric system.

During heavy rainfall pipe culvert across natural storm water

drain overflows as shown in Fig.

There are 5 culvert pipes of 1m. Diameter each. It means only

3.93 sq.m. Area is available to pass

The water from culvert and height of culvert is also very low.

There is a not proper street Drainage system.

Our study aims to build ideal village, for that we need to solve the

problems mentioned above regarding rural development.

The main objective of our study is to change the living standard of

Degam village by providing or constructing infrastructural facilities.

Storm water drains are constructed to either sides of road.

Roads should be constructed using concrete.

Slab culvert (box culvert) should be constructed with enough height and good

drainage capacity.

The seepage of water should be controlled in lake by suitable method.

Solar street lights must be installed.

Construction of Community hall is necessary in rural development.

It is the first integrated village development program ever to be undertaken

the rural development.

Basic facilities for people are not addressed in many Indian villages

.

Kathewadi, a tiny village in back of the beyond the nanded district in

Maharashtra was also facing the same kind of problem until a volunteer took up

the responsibility for improving conditions and inspired a whole community to

join him in working for development.

Road Facilities

•They constructed roads in village to get better transportation facilities with the help of

district administration and government. The villagers have also united and joined their

funds to build a cement road through the village.

• District panchayat funds and panchayat union general fund were also collected for

overall development of village.

Toilet Facilities

• Every family in the village has built a toilet, all without aid from the

government. The effort of the villagers was recognized by the government and

they were given the Nirmal Gram Award by the president of India.

•They also received the Sant Gadgebaba Award. From the two awards, the

villagers received Rs 50,000/- each towards further development of the

community.

Sanitation

•Flood water drainage was constructed across the main road & drainages were

constructed at all the required places in southern part of Kathewadi and central part of

Kathewadi.

•A big storm water drain was formed in Kathewadi along the main road.

•Drainages were constructed at all the streets in Kathewadi.

•Women toilet complex was constructed and maintained well in Kathewadi.

Water Distribution

•RO plant is established to ensure Quality drinking water to all the families in village.

•Three new overhead tanks were constructed in Kathewadi, with the support of

Maharashtra Water supplies Drainages Department. The distribution of water is

going on well in these areas.

New Lamps

• All the streets is provided with street lights using the funds from panchayats and

also from other various government schemes and also lamps are provided for

education, innovation & economy.

Facility Kathewadi Degam

Rain water harvesting structure

Good Poor

Public toilets and personal toilets

Good Poor

Development of road Best Poor

Domestic water supply structure

Best Poor

Irrigation structure Good poor

Road

Innovative Rural Road Construction Techniques

Ground Improvement Techniques

Stabilization with lime

Stabilization with cement

Stabilization with a combination of lime and cement

– In addition to the above. Several methods are being tried with the use of

industrial

– Waster by products in road building. The following are some of the important

materials which have good .

Fly Ash for the construction of the embankments and stabilization of sub

base and base - courses.

Steel and copper slag for the construction of sub – base and base- courses.

Marble dust in sub – grade and sub base.

Flexible-Concrete Pavement Technology

Construction Steps

– An edge restriaint of brick on end edge is provided on either side of

the compacted sub base.

A form work of cells of plastic sheet is laid across the full width of the subbase

so that a grid of square cells with side 150mm x150mm and depth 100mm is

formed.

The form work is kept under tension. A cement concrete of nominal mix by

volume, with a water content of about 6% is filled into the plastic cells

The concrete has zero slump. The 28 day strength is found to be 27 Mpa.

The concrete is rolling with a plate compactor.

The concrete is curing for two weeks by using wet paddy straw, but light

traffic such as motor cycles, bicycles, autoikshaw etc were permitted to ply after

24hours.

Advantages of this method.

The equivalent elastic modulus of the 100 mm compacted flexible concrete is

about 4500 Mpa, thee times the modulus of high strength bituminous concrete

used

in major highways.

Its expected life is 15 to 20 years.

The cost of 250 m long pavement with hard shoulder of laterite boulder is

found to be Rs. 4.00 laks .

T he cost per kilometer is estimated as Rs. 16.00 laks

Box Culvert

Culverts are required to be provided under earth embankment for crossing

of water course like streams, Nalla across the embankment as road

embankment can not be allowed to obstruct the natural water way.

The culverts are also required to balance the flood water on both sides of

earth embankment to reduce flood level .

Culverts can be of different shapes such as arch, slab and box.

These can be constructed with different material such as masonry

(brick, stone etc) or reinforced cement concrete.

The structural design involves consideration of load cases and factors

like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal of load through fill,

impact factor, co-efficient of earth pressure etc.

BOX CULVERT

ARCH CULVERT

SALIENT FEATURES

Clear span 3m concrete grade M25=25Mpa

Clear height 2m Steel grade Fe415

Top slab thickness 0.42m Esc(concrete) 8.33Mpa

Bottom slab thickness 0.42m Est(Steel) 200 Mpa

Side wall thickness 0.42m Modular ratio 10

Unit weight of concrete 24KN/ m^3 n(for dept of neutral axis) 0.294

Unit weight of earth 18KN/m^3 j(for effective depth) 0.902

Unit weight of water 10KN/m^3 k(for moment of resistance) 1.106 Mpa

Co-efficent of earth pressure at rest 0.5 All dimensions are in meter unless

Total cushion on top 0.0 m mentioned otherwise

Thickness o wearing coat 0.065m All moments are in KN. m and shear force

Carriageway 1 lane in KN unless mentioned otherwise

LOAD CALCULATION

Top slab

Dead load

(a) Weight of wearing course

=0.065 x 22 =1.43 KN/m^2

Adopt minimum of 2 KN/m^2 as per MOST

Specification

(b) Self weight of top slab

=0.42 x 24 =10.08 KN/m^2

© Total = 12.08 KN/m^2

Live load

Consider moving load of 70 R(T). The dispersal

Dispersal perpendicular to span

=0.84+2 x 0.065 =0.97m

Dispersal in span direciton

Note:

1) Since the length of wheel is more than total width of box at top that is 3.84 m

further dispersal by 2d shall not be possible, hence not taken. in case where

the length of load is less than the width of box but works out more than 2d is

added the dispersed length shall be restricted to top width of box.

2) As the load of wheel after dispersal does not over lap, both wheel need to be

taken separately.

3) For dispersal refer IRC:21-2000 Clause 305.16.3

4) Impact as per IRC:6-2000 Clause 211 shall be taken.

5) This shall be the load when alfa is zero and live load Is taken to disperse through

wearing coat only. Load per unit are =350/4.7 x 0.97 = 76.77kn/m^2 Impact

factor for 70R (T) shall be 25% as per Clause

(a) of IRC:6-2000

Load including impact = 95.96kn/m^2

Total Load (D.L+L.L)

= 12.08+95.96 = 108.04kn/m^2

Bottom Slab

Dead Load

Load from top slab = 12.08kn/m^2

Load of wall = 2 x 2 x 0.42 x 24/3.84 = 10.5 kn/m^2

Total Load = 22.58 kn/m^2

Live Load

The live load on top of box will disperse through Walls

and when arranged on the carriage way (lengthwise of

the box) the distribution shall be s under:

Taking reduction for simultaneous additional lane

loadings at 20% (refer IRC: 6-2000, Cluase 208),

the load on unit area of bottom slab for two track

loading works out to 20.51 kn/m^2, if on track

without reduction is considered restricting area of

dispersal the load per unit area works out 19.8 kn/m^2

The dispersed live load on bottom slab can be taken

to be 21 kn/m^2.

Total Load (DL+LL)

=22.58 + 21 = 43.58 kn/m^2 adopt 50 kn/m^2

ROAD SIDE DRAINAGE

Types Of Drainage

Subsurface drainage

Surface drainage

Cross drainage

Side Drains can be constructed in three forms

Excavating Side Drains

RAIN FALL DATA

YEAR JUN JUL AUG SEP

2000 94.6 120.7 102.6 143.8

2001 100.8 225.1 108.5 123.5

2002 102.8 220.3 151.6 124.8

2003 128.3 121.9 120.3 128.3

2004 100.3 151.6 145.6 125.5

2005 102.5 130.1 129.4 111.6

2006 117.6 127.2 291.6 141.0

2007 108.2 150.7 136.1 112.4

2008 95.3 155.5 136.2 114.2

2009 106.4 145.2 210.0 170.5

2010 102.3 314.3 210.8 153.0

Street lighting provides a number of benefits such as.

• Reductions in on-street accidents and crime, amenity (a feeling of warmth and security). • Streetscape enhancements, and stimulation of the night-time trade. • Some of these benefits are likely to be largely related to the density of population and the level of traffic.

PROVIDING SOLAR STREET LIGHT

By the study above case it is concluded that the basic infrastructure facilities

like road, drinking water supply, sanitation etc. is the primary requirement for any

undeveloped village.

Construction cost of roads will be reduced by using economical locally available material and by hiring local labours.

As Kathewadi made by compressing mud block. This block contains only 6% cement but still they is stronger than conventional brick. So use of this type of block in construction will give economy as well as more durability.

Use of CFL based street light will also saves two third of electric power.

Flood water drainage was constructed across the main road & drainages were constructed at all the required places in southern part of Kathewadi and central part of Kathewadi.

Web Site:

http://gujaratindia.com /gokulgram.html.

http://bharatnirman.gov.in/

http://planningcommission.nic.in/

http://india.gov.in/sectors/rural/

http://www.NCEAR.org/

Books:

Knowledge Demand Assessment for the Transport and Rural Infrastructure

Services Project-A

Literature Review-annotated bibliography, overseas Development Institute.

Rural Road Economic Appraisal Methodology, J.Lebo and D, Scheduling .2001

Design and appraisal of rural Transport, Lebo, J. and Scheduling, D.