makalah inside computer bsi
DESCRIPTION
Sumber untuk slide inside computer, Bahasa Inggris 2 BSITRANSCRIPT
INSIDE COMPUTER
BSI – Computer Engineering
English II Task
Class : 13.2C.11
2015-2016
1ST WORKGROUP MEMBER :WAHYU RAMDANI – 13140301EKA SEFTHA RANA – 13140269SUMANTO – 13140264IVAN GUSTIANDA – 13140286
PREFACE
First of all we’d like to thanks to Allah SWT The Most Beneficent & The Most
Mercifull Who grand us health and time to finish this paper.
And also to our lecturer Mrs. Hadita who gave us this oportunity to complete the
assignment.
Now days computer has spread all around the world, helping people do their task
more faster and more efficient with its ability to calculate aritmathic faster and precisely.
But, did you ever knows what was in it, what is inside computer?
So, in this paper we would like to provide us all about “Inside of Computer” as Mrs.
Hadita assigned this topic to our workgroup. And may this paper usefull to everyone who
read.
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INSIDE COMPUTER
A computer is a general-purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set
of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be
readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a
central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries
out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order
of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be
retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more
capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are
small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small
batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and
are what most people think of as “computers.” However, the embedded computers found in
many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the
most numerous.
If you curious about what are inside the computer, we didn’t recommend you to
open the computer case by your self. Because if you don’t know the knowledge of it you
may break it or it can’t be run at all as it was.
But if you insist to see whats inside it, lets we learn about it little bit. There are three
catagories of what inside computer or what is computer consist of:
1. Prosessing Units – this typicaly known as CPU (Central Prosessing Units), the box that
contend most of computer peripheral such as Motherboard, Microprocessor, Power
Supply, RAM (Random Acces Memory), HDD (Hard Disk Drive), VGA (Video Graphic
Array), Front Panel, Heat Sink Fan, Floppy Disk Drive, Optical Drive etc.
2. Input Units –The componens that use to input instructions, or input controls of the
computer such as Mouse, Keyboard, Floppy Disk Drive, CD/DVD ROM, etc.
3. Output Units – The component where the result of prossesing can be display, for
example Monitors, Printer, PC Speaker etc.
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THE CASE
The computer case is a very important part of the computer. It protects all of the
electronic components inside and provides adequate ventilation to prevent overheating.
The case also should be capable of allowing you to expand your hardware if the need arises.
Some cases only have 5 or 6 expansion bays. This may not be enough if you plan to add
several drives. There also should be plenty of expansion slots on the back for adding AGP,
ISA, PCI, PCIe, or other expansion cards. Cases are designed for different types of
motherboards. All motherboards won't work inside
of all cases. There are several different sizes of cases.
The larger cases have more expansion bays than the
smaller cases have. The smallest case is the "desktop"
type that lies flat. The next size up is the "mini
tower," then the "mid tower," then the "full tower,"
and finally the "server," which is the largest. The
server case is primarily used for server computers in
businesses.
MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is like a big
city with many streets and highways
that connect all of the buildings
together. Instead of streets and
highways, the motherboard uses tiny
electrical paths to connect each
component of the computer together.
These paths are called "buses." The
more buses that connect to a
component, the faster it can operate.
Larger buses are able to operate faster
than smaller buses. Buses work just like
highways. Wider highways and
highways with more lanes are able to
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carry more traffic than smaller highways and highways with less lanes. Many cities have a
freeway. A freeway is designed so that large amounts of traffic can move quickly from one
place to another. The "front side bus," (or FSB), is the freeway of the motherboard. It is the
most important bus on the motherboard, because it connects the processor to the main
memory and the Northbridge chipset. Below is a diagram showing the front side bus in red.
Like a traffic cop, the chipset, (2 chips on this
motherboard), manages and directs the flow of data
between each of the components. The BIOS is where
the computer's settings are stored and changed. In the
first picture of the slot 1 AOpen AX6B motherboard
above, you can see most of the connecting slots, ports,
and connectors. Some are labeled to show what they
are. Motherboards are judged primarily by their
chipsets and their front side bus speed. The type of
BIOS and the type and amount of expansion slots are
also other important things to consider. Below is a picture of the socket 939 Asus A8N-E,
another example of motherboard.
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MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a
computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few
integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that
accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and
provides results as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic, as it has internal
memory. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary
numeral system.
The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips greatly reduced
the cost of processing power. The integrated circuit processor was produced in large
numbers by highly automated processes, so unit cost was low. Single-chip processors
increase reliability as there are many fewer electrical connections to fail. As microprocessor
designs get faster, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller components built on a
semiconductor chip the same size) generally stays the same.
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Before microprocessors, small computers had been implemented using racks of
circuit boards with many medium- and small-scale integrated circuits. Microprocessors
integrated this into one or a few large-scale ICs. Continued increases in microprocessor
capacity have since rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete (see
history of computing hardware), with one or more microprocessors used in everything from
the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to the largest mainframes and
supercomputers.
Below is the example pictures of several microprocessor from Intel and AMD:
POWER SUPPLY
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The power supply supplies the electrical power for a computer. It supplies power to
the motherboard, drives, and certain expansion cards. It normally has at least one fan that
helps cool the power supply and will assist in the task of cooling the computer. Some power
supplies have an additional outlet on the back that can be used to provide power to the
monitor. Power supplies come in a variety of wattages. They range anywhere from around
160 watts to about 700 watts. 350 to 400 watt power supplies are probably the most
common. A higher wattage power supply doesn't hurt anything, but a lower wattage power
supply can cause problems for people with lots of devices connected to their computer.
HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive
or fixed disk[b] is a data storage device used for
storing and retrieving digital information using
rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic
material. An HDD retains its data even when
powered off. Data is read in a random-access
manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be
stored or retrieved in any order rather than
sequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating disks (platters)
with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the
surfaces.
Hard drives are sealed and contain disks that are not removable. For this reason,
they can be hidden inside of the computer, never to be seen. This is why most hard drives
are internal bay drives. The hard drive is where your files and programs are stored for
everyday use. They are always there unless someone or something erases them. Normally,
computers will have one or two external, and two or three internal 3.5-inch drive bays.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
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Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access
memory device allows data items to be read and written in roughly the same amount of
time regardless of the order in which data items are accessed. In contrast, with other direct-
access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum
memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on
their physical locations on the recording medium,
due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation
speeds and arm movement delays.
Today, random-access memory takes the
form of integrated circuits. RAM is normally
associated with volatile types of memory (such as
DRAM memory modules), where stored information
is lost if power is removed, although many efforts have been made to develop non-volatile
RAM chips.[2] Other types of non-volatile memory exist that allow random access for read
operations, but either do not allow write operations or have limitations on them. These
include most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash.
VGA (Video Graphic Array)
Video Graphics Array (VGA) refers specifically to the display hardware first
introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, but through its widespread
adoption has also come to mean either an Amplitude Modulated computer display
standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector or the 640x480 resolution itself.
VGA was the last IBM graphics standard to which the majority of PC clone
manufacturers conformed, making it the lowest common denominator that virtually all
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post-1990 PC graphics hardware can be expected to implement. It was officially followed by
IBM's Extended Graphics Array (XGA) standard, but was effectively superseded by numerous
slightly different extensions to VGA made by clone manufacturers, collectively known as
Super VGA.
Today, the VGA analog interface is used for high definition video, including
resolutions of 1080p and higher. While the transmission bandwidth of VGA is high enough
to support even higher resolution playback, there can be picture quality degradation
depending on cable quality and length. How discernible this degradation is depends on the
individual's eyesight and the display, though it is more noticeable when switching to and
from digital inputs like HDMI or DVI.
Fron Panel
Alternatively referred to as the fpanel or front panel connector, the system panel
connector or system panel header is what controls the computer's power button, reset
button, and LED's found on the front bezel of a computer using the system panel cables. The
System panel cables, as shown in the picture are two wire cables that are color coded to
help identify where they connect to the motherboard system panel connector. The black or
white wire is the ground (GND) wire and the colored wire is the powered wire. The cables,
colors, and connections vary depending on the computer case and motherboard you have,
however, generally include the cables mentioned below.
Types of system panel cables :
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- HDD LED (IDE LED) - The LED activity light for the
hard drive. This is the LED that flashes as
information is being written and read from the
hard drive.
- Power LED (PLED) - The LED power light, which
indicates when the computer is on, off, or in
Standby.
- Power SW (PWRSW) - Controls the power button
that allows you to turn on and off the computer.
- Reset SW - Handles the reset button to restart the computer.
- Speaker - The internal speaker used to sound the beep noises you hear from your
computer when it is booting.
Motherboard Battery
The motherboard battery is used to preserve the computer's time
and BIOS settings while the computer is turned off. Some motherboards
only need the battery in case of a power outage. They draw the needed
electricity from the electrical outlet to power the clock. These
motherboards save their BIOS information to EEPROM. EEPROM stands
for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
BIOS
BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. The photo above shows an example of
what a built in BIOS program looks like. BIOS programs vary from computer to computer,
but every computer has one. Without any disks or even a hard drive, the BIOS program is
always available, written permanently on the BIOS chip. It is used to set up the computer's
hardware. Every time you boot your computer, you have the option of entering "Setup."
Setup is how you access the BIOS program. Only experienced users should alter the BIOS
settings. Improper BIOS settings can cause major problems on a computer. The BIOS chip
contains enough information to operate the computer all by itself. When the computer is
first turned on (or booted), the BIOS program is in charge. After booting and performing a
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few system checks, the BIOS program turns the computer over to your operating system.
Below is a picture of a BIOS chip. This chip is where the BIOS program is stored.
Case Fan
Case fans are relatively inexpensive and are
extremely important. Computer components
generate quite a bit of heat and must be kept as cool
as possible. The case fan is the primary source of
cooling for most computers. Although the importance
of the fan is often overlooked, it is the key to a long
life for a computer. Most computer cases are
designed to allow a person to add one or more
additional case fans.
Chipset PCI/AGP/ISA/IDE Controlers
Why is it called a chipset? Because in the past there were always two or more of
these on a motherboard. Some motherboards now have only one chip that performs all of
the duties of the chipset, but others still use two or more chips. Chipsets are like the
motherboard's traffic cops. They direct the flow of data from one point to another. Each
chip in the chipset has its own particular job.
The Northbridge chip controls the data traffic between the microprocessor and the
rest of the motherboard. It also controls the traffic to and from the AGP card. Both chips
share in the task of controlling the PCI and main memory data flow. In the diagram below
you can see the data flow paths mapped out for the chipset. The paths managed by chip 1,
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(or the Northbridge chip), are shown in red. The paths managed by chip 2, (or the
Southbridge chip), are shown in blue. The duties of the chips may vary slightly depending on
the chipset. For some chipsets, the Northbridge may control the CPU, video, and main
memory traffic, while the "Southbridge" chip may control the other traffic.
The paths between each component are referred to as "buses." Buses are simply the
paths, or wires, that connect one component to another. The chips in the chipset are
referred to as bridges, because they bridge the components together and ensure that the
data flow is directed to the proper place. The better chipsets are those that can handle data
the fastest and most efficiently. Below is a picture of both of the chipsets on the
motherboard.
Expansion Slot
Expansion slot openings are located on the back of the computer. They look like the
ones shown in the picture above. They provide access to the AGP, PCIe, PCI, and ISA
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expansion slots on the motherboard. Expansion cards, like the one shown below, plug into
these slots to add more devices to a computer.
Mouse
In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion
relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a
display, which allows for fine control of a graphical user interface.
Physically, a mouse consists of an object held in one's hand, with one or more
buttons. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and "wheels",
which enable additional control and dimensional input. Below is picture of a wireless mouse.
Keyboard
In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of
buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of
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punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main
input device for computers.
A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press
of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some
symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While
most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or
simultaneous key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.
Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse,
touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition, the keyboard
remains the most commonly used device for direct (human) input of alphanumeric data into
computers.
In normal usage, the keyboard is used as a text
entry interface to type text and numbers into a word
processor, text editor or other programs. In a modern
computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally
left to the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes
each physical key from every other and reports all key
presses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either
with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming features, which can
expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give
commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete
combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine. A command-line
interface is a type of user interface operated entirely through a keyboard, or another device
doing the job of one.
Monitor
A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor
comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. The display device in modern
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monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while
older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size.
Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television
receivers were used for entertainment. From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their
monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment, while televisions
have implemented some computer functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions,
and then computer monitors, has also changed from 4:3 to 16:9.
SOURCE
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- http://en.wikipedia.org
- http://www.kids-online.net
- https://www.google.com
And other various website....
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