Food Security and Fisheries: Major issues

For the Diplomatic Education and training center Mid career course

Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, Rome, Italy Thursday, 2 March 2017

Presentation by Árni M. Mathiesen Assistant Director-General

Fisheries and Aquaculture DepartmentFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

795 million people estimated to be undernourished in 2014–16, down 100 million in the last decade.

The vast majority, 780 million, live in developing countries.

Hunger

Share of fish in animal protein

• >20% for more than 3 billion people

• >50% in many developing countries:

Cambodia (69%)Maldives (67%)Sierra Leone (65%)Gambia (57%) Bangladesh (56%)Indonesia (55%0Sri Lanka(54%),Ghana (50%)

A source of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Important for optimal brain and neural system development in children (1000 day window!)

Lowers the risk of coronary heart disease related (CHD) mortality.

A daily intake of 250 mg of EPA and DHA per adult gives optimal protection against CHD.

At least two meals of fish a week!

Fish and Nutrition

56 million people are engaged in capture fisheries and aquaculture production,

however the whole supply chain…

Employment and Livelihoods

• .

OECD-FAO Fish Model Projections (2025)

Source: OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016-2025Countries/regions ranked by per capita fish consumption in 2013-15 average.Countries/regions with declined per capita fish consumption highlighted in red.

WB-FAO-IFPRI Fish to 2030 Projections

Source: World Bank Report on Fish to 2030 (Table 3.7). Countries/regions ranked by per capita fish consumption in 2006. Countries/regions with declined per capita fish consumption highlighted in red

Country/

region

Fish Demand (2030) Total

fish prod. (2012,

mil. tonne)

S-D gap2030

(col. 4 minus col. 3)

kg/cap.Total (mil. tonne

)

WORLD

29.1 261.2

156.5 -104.7

S.S. Africa

10.8 15.1

6.9 -8.2

L.A. & C.

12.2 18.3

14.8 -3.4

N. Africa

12.9 3.7

2.8 -0.8

Europe

27.3 23.4

16.0 -7.4

N. America

29.8 12.9

6.7 -6.1

Oceania

31.9 1.8

1.4 -0.3

Asia

37.0 186.3

107.8 -78.5

Future fish supply and demand projections

FAO/FI Fish Supply-Demand Gap Projections

Source: Estimation of FI/FAO (preliminary results)Main assumptions: 1) Per capita fish demand affected by income growth. 2) Fish price unchanged. 3) Preference over fish unchanged

JapanChina

Australia and New ZealandNorth America

Asia and Oceania dev.ingEurope

Northern AfricaLatin America & Caribbean

Sub-Saharan AfricaIndia

WORLD

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

49.147.2

31.724.3

26.422.2

16.712.2

9.16.7

21.8

2025Average 2013-15

Fish production and utilizationFish production

(million tonnes live weight) Per capita fish supply (kg)

Excluding aquatic plants. 2014/2015: estimates/forecast

19501953

19561959

19621965

19681971

19741977

19801983

19861989

19921995

19982001

20042007

20102013

20160

30

60

90

120

150

180

0

4

8

12

16

20

24Non-food uses

Capture for human consumption

Aquaculture for human consumption

Per capita food fish supply

Excluding aquatic plants. 2015: estimate; 2016 forecast

Capture fisheries production

million tonnes live weight 2014

Including aquatic plants

0

20000000

40000000

60000000

80000000

100000000Inland watersMarine areas

Freshwater fishes11%

Diadromous fishes

2%

Marine fishes70%

Crustaceans7%

Molluscs8%

Miscellaneous aquatic animals

1%Aquatic plants

1%

State of World Marine Fish Stocks

Effects of Climate Change

million tonnes live weight

Including aquatic plants

Aquaculture production

2014

Freshwater fishes42%

Diadromous fishes

5%Marine fishes

2%Crustaceans

7%

Molluscs16%

Miscellaneous aquatic animals

1%

Aquatic plants27%

0

20000000

40000000

60000000

80000000

100000000

120000000

Brackishwater

Freshwater

Marine

19761978

19801982

19841986

19881990

19921994

19961998

20002002

20042006

20082010

20122014

0

20000000

40000000

60000000

80000000

100000000

120000000

140000000

160000000

0

5

10

15

20

25

World seafood exports Linear (World seafood exports)World seafood consumption Linear (World seafood consumption)

Kg p

er c

apita

per

yea

r

Globalization in a graph: world seafood exports vs world average seafood consumption 1976 to 2014

International instruments for fisheries conservation,management and governance

UNCLOS (1982)

UN Fish Stocks Agreement (1995) FAO Port State MeasuresAgreement (2009)

FAO Compliance Agreement (1993)

FAO Code of Conduct forResponsible Fisheries (1995)

International Plans of ActionSharks, Seabirds, Capacity, IUU

(1999-2001)

Strategies on informationSTF, STA

(2003-2008)

International GuidelinesFSP, SSF, BC/DC, DSF

(2009-2014)

Blue Growth - definition

• Sustainable growth and development from economic activities in oceans and other aquatic systems

• Minimizes environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of resources

• Maximizes economic and social benefits

AIM - Promote sustainable use and conservation of aquatic renewable resources

How the Blue Growth

Initiative works

The SSF Guidelines addresses both fisheries and sustainable development

Sustainable resource utilization/stewardship and secure rights to fishery resources and land and the ability to benefit from them for SSF communities

Social development dimension of SSF livelihoods (e.g. access to social services, need for equality and equity), employment and incomes, and fair and

decent working conditions

The postharvest sector and trade and consideration of the whole value chain

Importance of gender and the need to promote equality and equity

Vulnerabilities of small-scale fishing communities in the context of disaster risks

and climate change

17

Small Scale Fisheries in Developing Countries

> 50% of the total catch> 90% of the workers

Almost always marginalized and in many cases the poorest of the poorest in their countries.

What possibilities do they have to improve their fisheries management? With help they can?

- What happens when you attempt to improve a fishery?

- Fishing effort is reduced. Fishermen are left on the beach.

- Total community income is reduced. The population suffers.

BLUE COMMUNITIES –

A blue print for action

Sustainable fisheries

management (e.g. reduction of

overcapacity)Increased value of the

product (e.g. value addition,

reduced losses, value chain income internalization for

communities )

Diversified livelihoods

(e.g. aquaculture, payments for

environmental services)Investment in SSF (e.g. small-medium

enterprise development)

Secure tenure rights for land and fisheries

resources

Social protection for the

transition period

ALL

of these elements

have to be addressed to ensure fair

benefit sharing for small-scale

fisheries and their full

contribution to food

security and poverty

eradication

2009 FAO Agreement on Port State Measures (PSMA)+ Global Record of Fishing Vessel, Refrigerated

Transport Vessels and Supply Vessels

PSMAWho: 42 Parties (including EU) at 13/02/2017When: entered into force 5 June 2016What: minimum set of standard procedures, measures and actions to be applied by Port StatesHow: prevents foreign IUU fishing vessels from using ports and landing catches

reduces incentives to continue to operate blocks IUU fishery products from reaching national, international markets

With support fromGlobal Record: provides information on vessels used for fishing and fishing-related activitiesBut

PSMA Parties need:• implementation strategies with policy, legal and institutional frameworks• operational mechanisms with sufficient human & financial resources.

PSMA Article 21 & funding mechanisms:• developing States will be better placed to combat IUU fishing

Global Record

PSMA: Requirements & OperationsGlobal Record

Nilsson, M., Griggs, D., Visbeck, M. 2016. Map the interactions between SDG’s, Nature, 534.

SDG14

AMONGST OTHER SDGS

Nilsson, M., Griggs, D., Visbeck, M. 2016. Map the interactions between SDG’s, Nature, 534.

Nilsson, M., Griggs, D., Visbeck, M. 2016. Map the interactions between SDG’s, Nature, 534.

Policy and Management

FisheryStructure

Market Structure Consumption

Regulation Fishing Effort

StockStatus (EAFM) Prices Livelihoods

Fisher(y) Monitoring

Stock Monitoring

Stock Statistics

Market Monitoring

GOVERNANCE FISHER(Y) STOCKS MARKETS SOCIO-CULTURAL$

Compliance Community Awareness

FISHERY FRAMEWORK

Policy and Management

FisheryStructure

Market Structure Consumption

Regulation Fishing Effort

StockStatus (EAFM) Prices Livelihoods

Fisher(y) Monitoring

Stock Monitoring

Stock Statistics

Market Monitoring

GOVERNANCE FISHER(Y) STOCKS MARKETS SOCIO-CULTURAL$

Compliance Community Awareness

FISHERY FRAMEWORK

14 . 4RESTORE STOCKS

14 . 3C L I M A T E C H A N G E

14 . aT E C H.

T R A N S F E R

14 . cI N T.

L A W

14 . 5PROTECTAREAS14 . 6I. U. U .

S U B S I D I ES

14 . 2C O A S TA L SYS T E M S

14. . 1M A R I NE

P O L L U T I O N

14 . 7S I D S

B E N E F I T S

14 . bS . S . F.

A C C E S S

Presentation by Mr Árni M. Mathiesen Assistant Director-General

Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

TERIMA KASIHTAKK

THANK YOU