major events 1800 - 1850 vus.6 a 7/6/2010. 2 go west young man! ► economic and strategic...

Major Events Major Events 1800 - 18501800 - 1850

VUS.6 aVUS.6 a

7/6/2010

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Go West Young Man!Go West Young Man!

►Economic and strategic interests, Economic and strategic interests, supported by popular beliefs, led to supported by popular beliefs, led to westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean.westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean.

►Prior to the Civil War U. S. experienced Prior to the Civil War U. S. experienced dramatic territorial expansion, dramatic territorial expansion, immigration, economic growth, and immigration, economic growth, and industrialization.industrialization.

►The ideology of “Manifest Destiny” cause The ideology of “Manifest Destiny” cause people to go to new frontiers.people to go to new frontiers.

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Policy of Indian RemovalPolicy of Indian Removal

►Conflict between American settlers Conflict between American settlers and American Indian nations in the and American Indian nations in the Southeast and the old Northwest Southeast and the old Northwest resulted in the relocation of many resulted in the relocation of many American Indians to reservations. American Indians to reservations.

►Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

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Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency

PresidentWashington

Vice PresidentJohn Adams

Secretaryof State

Thomas Jefferson

Secretaryof War

General Henry Knox

Secretary ofthe Treasury

Alexander Hamilton

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► One made government One made government responsible for all Revolutionary responsible for all Revolutionary War debts, and funded that debt War debts, and funded that debt at its full value. at its full value.

► Second part, adopted over the Second part, adopted over the strong objections of Madison and strong objections of Madison and Jefferson, created a National Bank, Jefferson, created a National Bank, to give the government some to give the government some control of the money system. The control of the money system. The Bank was a private stock Bank was a private stock corporation, but one-fifth of the corporation, but one-fifth of the members of its board of directors members of its board of directors were to be appointed by the were to be appointed by the government. government.

The dispute over the constitutionality of the Bank was a fundamental reason for the beginning of the first political party system.

The new government faced enormous debt. Alexander Hamilton proposed a two part plan for a national economic system including a national bank.

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Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency► The French Revolution The French Revolution

became an important became an important domestic issue when France domestic issue when France declared war against declared war against England in 1793England in 1793

► The French position argued The French position argued that the 1778 treaty that that the 1778 treaty that obligated the U.S. to support obligated the U.S. to support France against her enemies.France against her enemies.

► Hamilton argued that the Hamilton argued that the treaty was with the French treaty was with the French king, and did not apply. king, and did not apply. Jefferson believed the treaty Jefferson believed the treaty was with the French people. was with the French people. Neither wanted war with Neither wanted war with England. England.

► The French ambassador, The French ambassador, Genét, angered possible Genét, angered possible supporters by recruiting supporters by recruiting Americans as privateers. Americans as privateers.

•Washington received Genét coldly, and in the end proclaimed American neutrality.

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Both the British and French were angered by Both the British and French were angered by the Proclamation of Neutrality and policy led the Proclamation of Neutrality and policy led to undeclared war with both. U.S. merchant to undeclared war with both. U.S. merchant ships were attacked by both.ships were attacked by both.U.S. Soldiers were forced into “impressments”.U.S. Soldiers were forced into “impressments”.

John Jay, the first Supreme Court Chief Justice, was sent to England to negotiate what became Jay’s Treaty. Many politicians did not like it because it did not stop attacks on merchant ships and restricted trade. However, It did get the British to leave western forts and stop supplying Indians with weapons. Opposition to Jay’s Treaty helped lead to the formation of the Democratic Republican party.

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Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s PresidencyPart of Hamilton's plan to Part of Hamilton's plan to pay the Revolutionary pay the Revolutionary War debt was to impose War debt was to impose an excise tax on whiskey. an excise tax on whiskey. In 1794 farmers in In 1794 farmers in western Pennsylvania western Pennsylvania resisted tax collectors in resisted tax collectors in the the Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion. .

President Washington led a force of 15,000 men to put down the rebellion but when he got there, there were no rebels to be found! The contrast between this rebellion and Shay’s rebellion is often used to show the effect of the Constitution and a strong central government.

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11stst Political Parties Political Parties

► After George After George Washington’s Washington’s presidency ended in presidency ended in the late 1790s, the the late 1790s, the first political parties first political parties emerged.emerged.

Washington’s home, Mount Vernon

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11stst Political Parties Political Parties

The FederalistsThe Federalists► John Adams and John Adams and

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton► believed in a strong believed in a strong

national governmentnational government► Commercial economyCommercial economy► supported by bankers supported by bankers

and business interests and business interests in the Northeastin the Northeast

DemocraticDemocraticRepublicansRepublicans

► Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson and James Madisonand James Madison

► believed in a weak believed in a weak national government national government

► agricultural economyagricultural economy► supported by supported by

farmers, artisans, farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers and frontier settlers in the South.in the South.

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John Adams’ PresidencyJohn Adams’ Presidency

►XYZ AffairXYZ Affair - John Adams sent three - John Adams sent three ministers, Pinckney, Gerry and John ministers, Pinckney, Gerry and John Marshall, to Paris to try to negotiate an Marshall, to Paris to try to negotiate an end to the Quasi-War with France. The end to the Quasi-War with France. The French minister communicated with them French minister communicated with them through three underlings and demanded through three underlings and demanded an enormous "bribe" from the Americans. an enormous "bribe" from the Americans. The Americans refused to pay the bribe, The Americans refused to pay the bribe, and referred to the agents as "X, Y, and and referred to the agents as "X, Y, and Z" in their report, thus naming the Z" in their report, thus naming the episode.episode.

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John Adams’ PresidencyJohn Adams’ Presidency

► Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts – After the XYZ – After the XYZ Affair, Anti-French feelings grew and many Affair, Anti-French feelings grew and many felt war with France was inevitable. In felt war with France was inevitable. In preparation for war, the Federalists passed preparation for war, the Federalists passed the "Alien and Sedition Acts," providing for the "Alien and Sedition Acts," providing for the deportation of enemy aliens and fining the deportation of enemy aliens and fining persons who criticized the government. persons who criticized the government. Democratic-Republicans believed that the Democratic-Republicans believed that the acts had the political purpose of silencing acts had the political purpose of silencing their party and was against the 1their party and was against the 1stst amendment of Free Speech. amendment of Free Speech.

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The Election of 1800The Election of 1800

► Tie between Aaron Burr Tie between Aaron Burr and Jefferson.and Jefferson.

► Hamilton used Hamilton used influence to help influence to help Jefferson win in Jefferson win in electoral college tie electoral college tie breakerbreaker

► first presidential first presidential election in which power election in which power was peacefully was peacefully transferred from one transferred from one party to another.party to another.

Won by Thomas Jefferson

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Burr kills HamiltonBurr kills Hamilton

Aaron Burr and Alexander Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton dueled on July 11, Hamilton dueled on July 11, 1804. Burr was still Vice 1804. Burr was still Vice President, although Jefferson President, although Jefferson had chosen a new running had chosen a new running mate for that year's mate for that year's presidential election, when his presidential election, when his quarrels with Hamilton quarrels with Hamilton reached a climax in April 1804.reached a climax in April 1804.

Hamilton had played a decisive role in Burr's defeat in the 1804 race for governor of New York. In the duel that resulted, Hamilton was killed, but the duel ended Burr's political career.

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Supreme Court under Chief Supreme Court under Chief Justice John MarshallJustice John Marshall

► Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison established the power of established the power of the federal courts to declare laws the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional (“judicial review”)unconstitutional (“judicial review”)

► McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland prohibited the states prohibited the states from taxing agencies of the federal from taxing agencies of the federal government and established the “implied” government and established the “implied” power of Congress to establish a National Bankpower of Congress to establish a National Bank

► Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden – established a national view – established a national view of the economy by ruling in favor of national of the economy by ruling in favor of national control of interstate tradecontrol of interstate trade

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Jefferson’s PresidencyJefferson’s Presidency

►In 1803 Jefferson In 1803 Jefferson purchased Louisiana purchased Louisiana Territory from FranceTerritory from France

►doubled the size of the doubled the size of the United States.United States.

►He authorized the Lewis He authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition to and Clark expedition to explore the new explore the new territories that lay west territories that lay west of the Mississippi Riverof the Mississippi River

►Sacajawea, an American Sacajawea, an American Indian woman, served Indian woman, served as their guide and as their guide and translator.translator.

Meriwether Lewis William Clark

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James Madison’s PresidencyJames Madison’s Presidency

► James Madison elected James Madison elected President in 1808President in 1808

►Secretary of State Secretary of State under Jeffersonunder Jefferson

►Democratic RepublicanDemocratic Republican►Last “Founding Father” Last “Founding Father”

to become President.to become President.►Declares War on BritainDeclares War on Britain

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War of 1812War of 1812Causes of the War:Causes of the War:► Impressments Impressments (Britain took (Britain took

American sailors off of American American sailors off of American ships and made them serve in ships and made them serve in the British navy.)the British navy.)

► Freedom of the seasFreedom of the seas (The (The United States was being forced United States was being forced by both Britain and France to by both Britain and France to choose sides if the United States choose sides if the United States wanted to trade freely with either wanted to trade freely with either country) country)

► The Embargo of 1807The Embargo of 1807

(Jefferson decided to cut off (Jefferson decided to cut off allall trade.This had a ruinous effect trade.This had a ruinous effect on the American economy.)on the American economy.)

• The Barbary pirates (These were privateers in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of North Africa who were also trying to impede American shipping.)

• The Napoleonic Wars (In this ongoing European struggle between Britain and France, both countries wanted the United States to be on their side.)

"The President's House after the Conflagration of August 24, 1814." In order to cover up the smoke marks above the windows, the mansion was later painted white, which led to its being called the White House

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War of 1812War of 1812

American incursions into the American incursions into the Indian territories in northern Indian territories in northern Ohio and Indiana had forced Ohio and Indiana had forced the Indians in that area to the Indians in that area to form a confederacy under form a confederacy under the brilliant leadership of the brilliant leadership of Tenskwatawa, and his Tenskwatawa, and his brother, Tecumseh. brother, Tecumseh.

The defeat of Tecumseh and his warriors at the Battle of Tippecanoe by the American general William Henry Harrison in November 1811 insured that the Indians would have to ally themselves with the English to survive during the War of 1812. The “War Hawks” in Congress wanted tyo push “on the Canada”

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War of 1812War of 1812► War of 1812 - American War of 1812 - American

victory over the British victory over the British ► Treaty of Ghent ends war in Treaty of Ghent ends war in

Dec. of 1814Dec. of 1814► produced an American claim produced an American claim

to the Oregon Territoryto the Oregon Territory► increased migration of increased migration of

American settlers into Florida, American settlers into Florida, which was later acquired by which was later acquired by treaty from Spain in 1819.treaty from Spain in 1819.

The British had attempted to prevent American merchants from sending supplies to France, and had further angered the Americans by "impressing" seamen from American ships. These led to the War of 1812, in which the Americans again fought off the British, ending the conflict between the two countries. Actually, this battle (the Battle of New Orleans) took place after the U.S.-British negotiators had signed the terms of peace in Ghent.

Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson wins against the British

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War of 1812War of 1812Francis Scott Francis Scott Key described Key described the scene of the the scene of the British British bombardment of bombardment of the Fort in his the Fort in his stirring poem, stirring poem, The Star The Star Spangled Spangled BannerBanner, , published in published in Baltimore and Baltimore and widely widely distributed as a distributed as a song sung to a song sung to a popular drinking popular drinking ballad tune, ballad tune, Anacreon in Anacreon in HeavenHeaven. The . The tune and its tune and its verses were not verses were not adopted as the adopted as the national anthem national anthem until 1931.until 1931.

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James Monroe’s PresidencyJames Monroe’s Presidency

► James Madison become James Madison become President in 1816President in 1816

► Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican► James Madison’s James Madison’s

Secretary of State & Secretary of State & Secretary of WarSecretary of War

► Federalist Party dies outFederalist Party dies out► Starts the “Era of Good Starts the “Era of Good

Feeling”Feeling”

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The Monroe Doctrine (1823)The Monroe Doctrine (1823)► The American continents The American continents

should not be considered should not be considered for future colonization by for future colonization by any European powers.any European powers.

► Nations in the Western Nations in the Western Hemisphere were Hemisphere were inherently different from inherently different from those of Europe, those of Europe, republics by nature republics by nature rather than monarchies.rather than monarchies.

• The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

• The United States would not interfere in European affairs

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► American settlers poured westward from the American settlers poured westward from the coastal states into the Midwest, Southwest, coastal states into the Midwest, Southwest, and Texas, seeking economic opportunity in and Texas, seeking economic opportunity in the form of land to own and farm.the form of land to own and farm.

A 20-star U.S. flag. After the War of 1812, westward expansion brought a new state into the Union each year: Indiana in 1816, Mississippi in 1817, Illinois in 1818, and Alabama in 1819, with new admissions alternating between states in the old Northwest territory where slavery was forbidden, and the Old Southwest where slavery flourished.

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► The growth of railroads The growth of railroads and canals helped the and canals helped the growth of an industrial growth of an industrial economy and supported economy and supported the westward the westward movement of settlers. movement of settlers.

► Eli Whitney’s invention Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin led to of the cotton gin led to the spread of the the spread of the slavery-based “cotton slavery-based “cotton kingdom” in the Deep kingdom” in the Deep South.South.

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Don’t Mess with Texas!Don’t Mess with Texas!

► American migration American migration into Texas led to an into Texas led to an armed revolt against armed revolt against Mexican rule and a Mexican rule and a famous battle at the famous battle at the Alamo.Alamo.

► The Texans’ eventual The Texans’ eventual victory over Mexican victory over Mexican forces subsequently forces subsequently brought Texas into the brought Texas into the Union.Union.

On March 1, 1836, Texas declared itself independent. Mexican President Santa Anna arrived in San Antonio in March 1836 with an inexperienced and poorly equipped army. He called for the surrender of the Alamo, but its defenders, none of whom was Texas-born, refused and were martyred.

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Don’t Mess with Texas!Don’t Mess with Texas!

► The American victory in The American victory in the Mexican War the Mexican War during the 1840s led to during the 1840s led to the acquisition of an the acquisition of an enormous territory that enormous territory that included the present-included the present-day states of California, day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and parts of Colorado and New Mexico.and New Mexico.

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► The belief that it The belief that it was America’s was America’s “Manifest “Manifest Destiny” to Destiny” to stretch from stretch from Atlantic to Pacific Atlantic to Pacific provided political provided political support for support for territorial territorial expansion.expansion.

The phrase that was coined to justify American expansion was first used in 1844 by John L. O'Sullivan, in the U.S. Magazine and Democratic Review: it was America's "Manifest Destiny to overspread the continent."

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►During this period of westward migration, During this period of westward migration, the American Indians were repeatedly the American Indians were repeatedly defeated in violent conflicts with settlers defeated in violent conflicts with settlers and soldiers and forcibly removed from and soldiers and forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands. They were their ancestral homelands. They were either forced to march far away from either forced to march far away from their homes (the “Trail of Tears,” when their homes (the “Trail of Tears,” when several tribes were relocated from several tribes were relocated from Atlantic Coast states to Oklahoma) or Atlantic Coast states to Oklahoma) or confined to reservations.confined to reservations.

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The forcible removal of the American Indians (First Americans) from their lands would continue throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century as settlers continued to move west following the Civil War.

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