nationalism, economic expansion, and westward expansion nationalism, economic expansion, and...
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NATIONALISM, NATIONALISM, ECONOMIC EXPANSION, ECONOMIC EXPANSION,
AND WESTWARD AND WESTWARD EXPANSIONEXPANSION
1815-18501815-1850
Major Debates as the New Nation growsMajor Debates as the New Nation grows
• 1. How do we pay for internal improvements? Should 1. How do we pay for internal improvements? Should the federal government build roads and canals? the federal government build roads and canals?
• 2. Do we need a national banking system? 2. Do we need a national banking system?
• 3. Should tariffs be raised or lowered to promote 3. Should tariffs be raised or lowered to promote economic development? economic development?
• 4. How do we regulate and control westward 4. How do we regulate and control westward settlement? settlement?
• 5. How do we settle disputes and regulate interstate 5. How do we settle disputes and regulate interstate commerce? commerce?
• 6. Who has the authority to deal with the Native 6. Who has the authority to deal with the Native Americans? Americans?
Expansion and MigrationExpansion and Migration
•After the War of 1812 there was a surge of After the War of 1812 there was a surge of American nationalism, pride, and nation American nationalism, pride, and nation building. building.
•American perspective shifted from Europe American perspective shifted from Europe to the American West after 1815 to the American West after 1815
Reasons for Westward Reasons for Westward Expansion, 1812-1840Expansion, 1812-1840
• Population of U.S. almost doubled in 20 years Population of U.S. almost doubled in 20 years and Americans were and Americans were ““pushedpushed”” westward to find westward to find new landnew land
• American economy was growingAmerican economy was growing
• New transportation systems emergedNew transportation systems emerged
• Industrialization increased Industrialization increased
• Crops had depleted the soil along east coast, Crops had depleted the soil along east coast, Americans were seeking new land Americans were seeking new land
• War of 1812 weakened the power and size of War of 1812 weakened the power and size of Native American tribes and Indian removal led to Native American tribes and Indian removal led to relocationrelocation
• Federal government acquired land through treaties Federal government acquired land through treaties with tribeswith tribes
• Forts helped secure the region Forts helped secure the region
• Settlers flooded into the West and the population grew Settlers flooded into the West and the population grew faster than any other region of the nationfaster than any other region of the nation
• Westward movement brought groups into contact and Westward movement brought groups into contact and conflict with each otherconflict with each other
*** *** This rapid movement impacted the nationThis rapid movement impacted the nation’’s s expanding economy, growing regional tensions, and expanding economy, growing regional tensions, and political divisions that eventually led to Civil War political divisions that eventually led to Civil War
North: Early IndustrialismNorth: Early Industrialism
• Rise in manufacturing after 1812Rise in manufacturing after 1812• Traditional methods but innovative financing through Traditional methods but innovative financing through ““putting putting
outout”” system system• ““putting-outputting-out””--merchants deliver raw materials for farm families, --merchants deliver raw materials for farm families,
artisans to complete the product artisans to complete the product
• Textile industry led development of factory system in Lowell, Textile industry led development of factory system in Lowell, Massachusetts and Americans began producing their own Massachusetts and Americans began producing their own cloth cloth
• Northern states wanted high tariffs Northern states wanted high tariffs (taxes on imports) to protect (taxes on imports) to protect American manufacturers. American manufacturers. The Southern states wanted lower The Southern states wanted lower tariffs tariffs to promote international trade and cheap imports. to promote international trade and cheap imports.
A Revolution in TransportationA Revolution in Transportation
• After the War of 1812 political leaders After the War of 1812 political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the recognized the need the need to improve the countrycountry’’s transportation network to achieve s transportation network to achieve their goals:their goals:
national securitynational security economic progress economic progress political unitypolitical unity• Political Debate: Should the federal government Political Debate: Should the federal government
help finance roads and other help finance roads and other ““internal internal improvementsimprovements””? ?
Roads and Turnpikes Roads and Turnpikes
•Federal money used to build a Federal money used to build a National National Road Road from Cumberland, Maryland to from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia improved trade and Wheeling, Virginia improved trade and travel travel
•Private Private turnpikesturnpikes built by entrepreneurs built by entrepreneurs•Roads useful but unprofitableRoads useful but unprofitable
Steamboats Steamboats
• Network of rivers encouraged economic developmentNetwork of rivers encouraged economic development• Flatboats Flatboats transported down river earlytransported down river early• SteamboatsSteamboats transported upriver after 1811 transported upriver after 1811• Upriver capabilities reduced costsUpriver capabilities reduced costs• Steamboats soon carried more cargo on the MS River
than all earlier forms of river transportation combined (flatboats, barges, etc)
• With steamboat traffic Congress to establishes safety With steamboat traffic Congress to establishes safety regulationsregulations
• The first steamships crossed the Atlantic leading to an The first steamships crossed the Atlantic leading to an increase in international exchange of goods and increase in international exchange of goods and people=global economy expands people=global economy expands
River Systems River Systems
Robert Fulton, inventor, demonstrated Robert Fulton, inventor, demonstrated the full potential of the steamboat (1811) the full potential of the steamboat (1811)
The The Clermont Clermont
Steam StatsSteam Stats
•In 1820 there were 31 steamboats In 1820 there were 31 steamboats operating on the MS River, 15 years operating on the MS River, 15 years later there were 361. later there were 361.
•Before steam it cost $5 to move 100 Before steam it cost $5 to move 100 pounds of freight by river from New pounds of freight by river from New Orleans to Louisville. In twenty years Orleans to Louisville. In twenty years the price dropped to 25 cents. the price dropped to 25 cents.
Land Speculation and Land Speculation and Westward Settlement Westward Settlement
• West settled to escape overpopulation, rising West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soilland prices, worn-out soil
• Cooperation, strong community was necessary Cooperation, strong community was necessary for survivalfor survival
• Land values rose rapidly in a few yearsLand values rose rapidly in a few years• Rising prices encouraged settlers to sell out and Rising prices encouraged settlers to sell out and
move on, land speculation drove westward move on, land speculation drove westward settlement settlement
Settlement in the Mississippi Settlement in the Mississippi River Valley: Indian RemovalRiver Valley: Indian Removal
•Indian Removal Indian Removal policy begins after 1815policy begins after 1815 Contain themContain them Civilize themCivilize them Remove themRemove them Exterminate them Exterminate them •Some Indians retained tribal homelandsSome Indians retained tribal homelands
•Former Indian land sold to Former Indian land sold to LAND LAND speculatorsspeculators
Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move InSettlers Move In
By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lived west of the Appalachians lived west of the Appalachians
SpeculatorsSpeculators sold land parcels to sold land parcels to settlers on credit=cycle of debtsettlers on credit=cycle of debt
Settlers immediately engaged in Settlers immediately engaged in commercial farming commercial farming to pay off debtto pay off debt
Access to markets gained by Access to markets gained by network of market towns, regional network of market towns, regional centerscenters
The Beginning of Commercial The Beginning of Commercial AgricultureAgriculture
•Lower transportation costs mean greater Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmerincome for the farmer
•Sale to distant markets involves farmers Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of in a complex system of creditcredit
•Market stimulates Market stimulates specialization in specialization in commercial farming commercial farming • Ohio Valley produces wheatOhio Valley produces wheat• Lower South produces cottonLower South produces cotton
Reasons the South became the Reasons the South became the WorldWorld’’s Leading Producer of s Leading Producer of
CottonCotton• 1. Textile manufacturing in England drove 1. Textile manufacturing in England drove
demand for more cottondemand for more cotton
• 2. In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin 2. In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin =cut labor costs, cheaper product =cut labor costs, cheaper product
• 3. Fertile land was available in the Southwest3. Fertile land was available in the Southwest
• 4. Slavery provided the needed labor force 4. Slavery provided the needed labor force
• 5. River systems provided easy transportation 5. River systems provided easy transportation
Commerce and BankingCommerce and Banking
• Commercial farming stimulated a new system of Commercial farming stimulated a new system of marketing marketing
• Farmers borrowed against future crops Farmers borrowed against future crops • Use of credit stimulated banking Use of credit stimulated banking • State banks increased after 1812State banks increased after 1812• 1816--Second Bank of the United States created 1816--Second Bank of the United States created
to check state banksto check state banks• BankBank’’s easy credit sparked the Panic of s easy credit sparked the Panic of
1819=(Sound like today?) 1819=(Sound like today?)
Port of New Orleans: ExportsPort of New Orleans: Exports
• 1816=37,000 bales1816=37,000 bales
• 1830=428,000 bales1830=428,000 bales
• 1840=923,000 bales 1840=923,000 bales
• In the South production tripled from 1817 to 1840 In the South production tripled from 1817 to 1840 ( 461,000 bales to 1,350,000 bales) ( 461,000 bales to 1,350,000 bales)
The Canal BoomThe Canal Boom
•Erie Canal was Erie Canal was first transportation link first transportation link between East and West, 1825between East and West, 1825
•Canal cut East-West transportation costs Canal cut East-West transportation costs dramatically dramatically
•Canal stimulated commercial growth of Canal stimulated commercial growth of New York City and transformed the New York City and transformed the economy of the northeastern U.S. economy of the northeastern U.S.
Emergence of a Market Emergence of a Market EconomyEconomy
• Canals cut shipping expenses for western Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers and eastern manufacturersfarmers and eastern manufacturers
• Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping costs and stimulated commercial agriculturecosts and stimulated commercial agriculture
• The nation was rapidly developing an integrated The nation was rapidly developing an integrated national economic system national economic system
Erie Canal: 364 miles long, 40 feet wide, 84 locks, Erie Canal: 364 miles long, 40 feet wide, 84 locks, opened in 1825 opened in 1825
Erie Canal: The NationErie Canal: The Nation’’s First s First Super Highway Super Highway
http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/building-the-erie-canal#building-the-erie-canal
Story of Us: Erie Canal Story of Us: Erie Canal