madusnuhi vrana#dg06 mdb

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SANDHYA RAGA(MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN) IN COMPARISON WITH

MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA .LINN) WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY ’

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARDING THE DEGREE

OF

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI [M.D (Ay)]IN

Dravyaguna Vijnana

BY

SHEHNA.S.R.

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Department of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna VijnanaAlva’s Ayurveda Medical College

Moodbidri, Karnataka - 574 227

2008

Prof.Dr.N.Viswanathan M.D. (Ay)

Guide & H.O.D

Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,

Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,

Moodbidri,

Karnataka.

Dr.Subrahmanya P. M.D.(Ay)

Co-Guide & Assistant Professor



Moodbidri,

Karnataka.

Ayurmitra

TAyComprehended

ALVA’S AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGEDEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA VIJNANA

MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘EXPERIMENTALSTUDY OF SANDHYA RAGA (MIRABILIS JALAPA.LINN) INCOMPARISON WITH MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA.LINN) WITHSPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY’” is a

bonafide research work done by SHEHNA S.R., in partial fulfilment of

the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati - M.D. (Ay) in

Dravyaguna Vijnana of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Bangalore, Karnataka.


H.O.D.,



Moodbidri Moodbidri

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SANDHYA RAGA(MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN) IN COMPARISON WITH

MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA .LINN) WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARDING THE DEGREE

OF

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI [M.D (Ay)]IN

Dravyaguna Vijnana

BY

SHEHNA S.R.

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Department of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna VijnanaAlva’s Ayurveda Medical College

Moodbidri, Karnataka - 574 227

2009


Guide & H.O.DDept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,


Moodbidri

Dr.Subrahmanya P. M.D.(Ay)

Co-Guide & Assistant ProfessorDept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,


Moodbidri



CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation titled ‘EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ofSANDHYA RAGA (MIRABILIS JALAPA.LINN) IN COMPARISONWITH MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA.LINN) WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY’ submitted by

SHEHNA.S.R., in partial fulfillment for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati - M.D. (Ay)

in Dravyaguna Vijnana, of the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore,

is a record of research work done by her during the period of her study in this institute,

under our guidance and supervision and the dissertation has not previously formed

basis to the award of any degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar titles.

We recommend this dissertation for the above degree to the University for

approval.

Prof.Dr.N.Viswanathan M.D. (Ay)H.O.D.,



Moodbidri

Dr.Subrahmanya P. M.D.(Ay)Assistant Professor,



Moodbidri

Moodbidri



DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissertation titled ‘EXPERIMENTALSTUDY OF SANDHYA RAGA (MIRABILIS JALAPA.LINN) INCOMPARISON WITH MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA.LINN) WITHSPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY’ is a

bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the

guidance of Prof.Dr.N.Viswanathan M.D. (Ay) and Dr.Subrahmanya P.

M.D.(Ay), Dept. of P.G. Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, Alva’s Āyurveda

Medical College, Moodbidri, Karnataka.

Moodbidri SHEHNA.S.R.P.G.ScholarDept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,Moodbidri.



ENDORSEMENT

This is to certify that the dissertation titled ‘EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OFSANDHYA RAGA (MIRABILIS JALAPA.LINN) IN COMPARISON WITHMADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA.LINN) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCETO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY’ is a bonafide research work done by

SHEHNA S.R. under the guidance of Prof.Dr.N.Viswanathan M.D. (Ay) and

Dr.Subrahmanya P. M.D.(Ay), Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,

Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College, Moodbidri, Karnataka.

Prof. Suresh Negalaguli M.D. (Ay.)

Dean

Post Graduate.Studies


Moodbidri.

Prof.Lakshmeesh Upadhya M.D.(Ay.)

Principal,


Moodbidri.

Moodbidri

COPYRIGHT

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health

Sciences, Karnataka shall have all rights to preserve, use and

disseminate this dissertation in print or electronic format for academic

/ research purposes.

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,Karnataka

Moodbidri SHEHNA.S.RP.G.ScholarDept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College,Moodbidri,Karnataka – 574 227

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I solicit my deep and profound sense of respect to my rewarded guide

Prof. Dr.N.Viswanathan,M.D(Ay), H.O.D, Department of P.G.Studies in Dravya

guna Vjnana for his advise, motivational inspiration and ever encouraging constant

indefeasible guidance extended towards me through out this dissertation work

I sincerely express my deep sense of gratitude to my teacher and co-guide,

Dr.Subrahmanya P. M.D(Ay), Asst. Professor, Department of P.G.Studies in

Dravya guna for the magnitude of his dynamic and untiresome guidance

throughout the study.

I express my sincere gratitude to Prof.Dr. A.P.Haridasan., Dept. of

P.G.studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana , for his constructive suggestions and

meticulous guidance given from time to time while carrying out dissertation work

I offer my special thanks to Dr.Mohan Alva, Chairman, Alvas Education

Foundation for providing me an opportunity in his esteemed institution for Post

Graduation studies.

I wish to offer my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Suresh Negalaguli, Dean of

Post Graduation studies , and Prof. Dr. Lakshmeeesh Upadhya, , Principal ,Alvas

Ayuveda Medical College ,for their encouragement and support.

I acknowledge with sincere thanks for the valuable guidance and kind co–

operation of Prof. Dr.Sethumadhava Murthy H.O.D, and Dr.Srikanth, Lecturer

Department of P.G.Studies in Dravya guna Vijnana , and authorities of S.D.M.

Educational Society for providing me all the requisite facilities to carry out the

animal experimentation work.

I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Radhakrishna Rao MSc. PhD.

Visiting Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna for his valuable guidance in the

pharmacognostical aspect and drug authentication of this work.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr.T.S.Mahesh, Dr. Ravi Rao,

Dr.Vinod Joshi, and Dr.Sridevi, teaching staff , Dept. of Dravyaguna, for their

constructive suggestions and guidance given from time to time while carrying out

dissertation work.

I here acknowledge the valuble help and suggestions I have had discussing

my dissertation with Dr.Krishna Murthy and Dr.Prashanth.B.K Lecturers ,

Department of Bhaishajya kalpana.

I offer my special thanks to Mrs.Reshma, Statistician, Managalore, for her

valuable assistance during statistical analysis of result.

It is beyond the reach of my language as it is very difficult to find

appropriate words to express my sincere and hearty gratitude to my husband,

batch mate Dr.Suchith.M.S and my friend, classmate Dr.Subhasree.G.H for

being with me any time I needed help, moral support, during the miseries I faced

during the work and suggestions which helped me to pull through.

I am indebted to my other batch mates and my juniors and every one who

have helped me directly and indirectly during my dissertation work.

I am thankful to my parents, in laws and my brother for their love, blessings

and never ending support through out the span of my work and for being there for

me.

I am ever indebted to the God almighty for showering his blessings upon me

and for making my hurdles lighter so that I could complete my work satisfactorily.

Moodbidri Shehna.S.R.

CONTENTS

ABBREVATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

LIST OF GRAPHS

LIST OF IMAGES

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER. 1 INTRODUCTION 1-5

CHAPTER. 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

DRUG REVIEW- Madhusnuhi

Sandhyaraga

DISEASE REVIEW

Vrana

6-81

CHAPTER. 3 DRUG ANALYSIS 82-93

CHAPTER.4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Materials

Methods

Grouping

94-98

CHAPTER.5 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS 99-148

CHAPTER.6 DISCUSSION 149-159

CHAPTER.7 CONCLUSION 160-161

CHAPTER.8 SUMMARY 162-163

LIST OF REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXURE

ABBREVATIONS

A.H -Astanga Hridaya

A.P.I -Ayurvedic Pharmacopia of India.

A.S -Astanga Sangraha.

B.P.N -Bhavaprakasha Nighantu.

C -Control group.

C&C - Conservation and consumption, A study on crude drug trade

in threatened medicinal plants in Trivandrum district

Ch. -Charaka Samhita

Chi - Chikitsa sthana.

D.G.V -Dravya Guna Vinjana.

Eg/eg -Example.

EM -External MadhusnuhiES - External Sandhyaragagms -Grams.

i.e -That is.

I.M.P.K&B-Indian Medicinal Plants by Keerthikar and Basu

I.M.P.O.L - Indian Medicinal Plants, Published by Orient Longman

IEM -Internal external madhusnuhiIES -Internal External sandhyaragaIM -Internal MadhusnuhiIS -Internal SandhyaragaM.M.P - Materia Medica of Local Health Traditions of Payyannur

M.Ni -Madhava Nidana.

mg -MilliGrams

ml -milli litre.

mm2 -Millimeter Square.

Ni. -Nidana Sthana.

Pg -Page

R -Rat

S.D -Standard Deviation.

S.E -Standard Error.

S.Y -Sahasra Yogam

Sa.Ka.Dru -Shabda kalpa druma.

Sam. -Samhita.

Sl.No. -Serial Number.

Su .Chi -Susrutha samhitha .Chikitsasthana

Su -SuthrasthanaSu.Sam - Susrutha samhitha

U -Uttarathantraviz. - Namely

Vol -Volume

Y..R -Yoga Ratnakara.

% -Percentage.

& -And

LIST OF TABLES

Table

No.

Topic Page

No.

2.B.1 Classifications of NijaVrana 38

2.B.2 Classification of Vrana based on prognosis and treatment 41

2.B.3 Types of Agantuja Vrana 42

2.B.4 Vrana Adhishtanas 46

2.B.5 Vrana Lakshanas as per Susrutha Samhita 47

2.B.6 Vrana Lakshanas as per Charaka Samhita 49

3.1 Results of phytochemical analysis 89

4.1 Physical attributes 96

4.2. Group, Drug and Mode of Administration 98

5.1 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on

4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)

99

5.2 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage

of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A

(Madhusnuhi) groups on 4th post wounding day

100



100



(Madhusnuhi)groupson 8th post wounding day

101



101



(Madhusnuhi)groups on 12th post wounding day

102



102



(Madhusnuhi)groups on 16th post wounding day.

103


4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)

103


of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B

(Sandhyaraga) groups on 4th post wounding day

104


8th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)

104




105


12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)

105




106

5.15 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)

on16th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B

(Sandhyaraga)

106



(Sandhyaraga) groups on 16th post wounding d

107


4th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groups

of both Trial drug

107


of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internal

administration groups of both Trial drugs on 4th post wounding day

108

5.19 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on8th

post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groups of

both Trial drugs

108



administration groups of both Trial drugs on 8th post wounding day.

108


12th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration

groups of both Trial drugs:

109



administration groups of both Trial drugs on 12th post wounding

day

109


16th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration

groups of both Trial drugs

109



administration groups of both Trial drugs on 16th post wounding

day

110


4th post wounding day of Control and External administration


110


of closure in excision wound area of Control and External

administration groups of both Trial drugs 4th post wounding day

111




111



administration groups of both Trial drugs 8th post wounding day

112




112



administration groups of both Trial drugs 12th post wounding day.

112




113



administration groups of both Trial drugs 16th post wounding day.

113


4th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and

External administration groups of both Trial drugs

114


of closure in excision wound area of Control and Combined

Internal and External administration groups of both Trial drugs 4th

post wounding day

114




115




post wounding day

115




116

5.38 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the percentage of closure in

excision wound area of Control and Combined Internal and

External administration groups of both Trial drugs 12th post

wounding day

116


on16th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and


117




post wounding day

117


4th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs

118


excision wound area of Control and all groups of Trial drugs on on


118

5.43 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on8th

post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs

119


excision wound area of Control and all groups of Trial drugs on 8th

post wounding day

120


on12th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs

121


of closure in excision wound area of Control and all groups of

Trial drugs on 12th post wounding day

121



123

5.48 interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage

of closure in excision wound area of Control and all groups of

Trial drugs on 16th post wounding day

123

5.49 Comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between

Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)

125

5.50 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative period of

epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drug A

(Madhusnuhi)

125

5.51 Comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between o

Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)

126


epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drug B

(Sandhyaraga)

126


Control and Trial drugs internal administration groups

127


epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs internal

administration groups :

127


Control and Trial drugs external administration groups

128


epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs External

administration groups:

128


Control and Trial drugs combined internal and external mode of

administration groups

129


epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs

combined internal and external mode of administration groups

129

5.59 Comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between o

Control and all groups of both Trial drugs

130


epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and all groups of both

Trial drugs

130

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

No. Topic Page No.

List of Graphs

5.1 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area

(sq.mm) on 4h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A

(Madhusnuhi)

132


(sq.mm) on 8h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A

(Madhusnuhi)

132


(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug

A (Madhusnuhi)

133


(sq.mm) on 16h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug

A (Madhusnuhi)

133



B ( Sandhyaraga)

134

5.6 Mean percentage closure of original excision wound area


B ( Sandhyaraga)

134



B ( Sandhyaraga)

135



B ( Sandhyaraga)

135


(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and Internal

administration groups of both Trial drugs

136




136




137

5.12 Mean percentage wounding day of Control and Internal


137


(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and External


138


(sq.mm) on 8h post wounding day of Control and External

administration groups of both Trial drugs:

138




139




139


(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and Combined

Internal and External administration groups of both Trial

drugs

140




drugs

140


(sq.mm) on12th post wounding day of Control and Combined


drugs

141




drugs

141


(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and all groups

of Trial drug A and B

142




142




143



ofTrial drug A and B

143


(sq.mm) on every fourth day of Control and all groups of

Trial drug A and B

144

5.26 Mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control

and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)

144


and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)

145


and Trial drugs internal administration groups

145


and Trial drugs external administration groups

146


and Trial drugs combined internal and external mode of

administration groups

146


and all groups of both Trial drugs

147

List of Images

2.1 Madhusnuhi. 35

2.2 Madhusnuhi-Inflorescence 35

2.3 Sandhyaraga 35

2.4 Sandhyaraga Inflorscence and fruit 35

2.5 Dry specimen of Madhusnuhi tuber 35

2.6 Dry specimen of Sandhyaraga tuber 35

3.1 Tuber of Sandhyaraga 84

3.2 T.S of Sandhyaraga tuber 84

3.3 Outer cork cells of Sandhyaraga tuber 84

3.4 Xylem bundles of Sandhyaraga tuber 84

4.1 Madhusnuhi Churna 97

4.2 Sandhyaraga Churna 97

5.1 Stages of Excision Wound Healing 148

ABSTRACT

Title:‘Experimental study of Sandhyaraga (Mirabilis jalapa.Linn) in

comparison with Madhusnuhi (Smilax china.Linn) with special reference to its

Vranaropana property’

Sandhyaraga, (Mirabilis jalapa Linn) is a common herb, tubers of which

have been sold in the market as an adulterant of Madhusnuhi (Smilax china

Linn.). On literary review it is seen that both drugs possess wound healing

property. So an investigation to bring out the wound healing property of the

plant Sandhyaraga and to compare its efficacy with that of Madhusnuhi is

sought.

The objectives of the study are to conduct scientific investigations on

Sandhyaraga viz; Pharmacognostical study ,Phytochemical studies ,study on

Pharmacological property (Rasa estimation) amd to evaluate the Vranaropana

(wound healing) property of Sandhyaraga in comparison with Madhusnuhi in

experimental animals(Morton and Malone -1972 methodology) and thus to find

out the most effective route of administration of both trial drugs .Albino rats

were the experimental model. 42 albino rats were selected and divided into 7

groups of 6 rats each. 3 groups were used for trial drug A and 3 for trial drug B

where one group being served as the control. Trial drug groups were

administered by the respective drugs internally, externally and in combined

internal and external form. Albino rats were wounded under aseptic conditions

using wound techniques suggested by Marton and Malone [1972]. Wound area

was measured by planimetry contraction percentage calculated and day of falling

of eschar was noted.The statistical values of three groups of both trial drugs were

compared with Control group.

The results conclude that the trial drugs Sandhyaraga and Madhusnuhi are

effective, safe and well tolerated in the treatment of excision wound and the

drugs can be used for human trial.

Key words: Madhusnuhi, Sandhyaraga, Adulteration, Comparison, Albino rats,

Excision wound, Planimetry, Wound healing.

Chapter-1 Introduction

Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 1

INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda originated long back in pre-vedic period. Rigveda and Atharva-veda

(5000 years B.C.), the earliest documented knowledge have references on health and

diseases. Ayurveda is the science based up on principles like Panchamahabhuta,

Tridosha and Trisutras. Ayurveda considers every Dravya in the nature as Aushadhi.

Dravyaguna vijnana is a branch of Ayurveda, in which numerous herbal drugs

have been discussed in detail regarding their pharmacological & therapeutic aspects.

As the tradition of it spreads through out the country, various plants have been

mentioned for maintaining health and curing ailments.

Medicinal plants constitute a source of raw materials for both traditional

systems of medicine (e.g. Ayurveda, Chinese, Unani and Siddha) and modern

medicine. Most rural populations, especially in the under developed and developing

countries, depend on medicinal herbs as their main source of primary healthcare. Most

medicinal herbs are not fit for administration as such. Hence, preparations suitable for

administration are made according to the pharmacopeial directions known as

Kalpanas.

Some factors, which have led to the increased usage of plant materials as a

source of medicines for a wide variety of human ailments are – increased population,

inadequate supply of drugs, prohibitive cost of treatments, side effects and

development of resistance to isolated principles and their synthetic versions.

In Ayurvedic system, the crude plants are used in the preparation of medicines

by which the undesired side effects and resistance are not developed. But the isolation

and identification of the active principles and elucidation of the mechanism of action



of a drug is of paramount importance as far as the standardization point of view of

Ayurvedic drugs is concerned.

A drug is said to be adulterated if it does not meet the quality and purity

characteristics it is represented to possess or if sold under the name, which pertains to

another drug, or if it is imitation or a substitute for the other drug or resembling

another drug in a manner likely to deceive.

Different methods adopted for adulteration may be grouped as follows:

Substitution with inferior commercial varieties adulteration by artificially

manufactured substitutes, substitution by exhausted drugs, substitution by

superficially similar but cheaper natural substances, adulteration by addition of

worthless heavy materials, addition of synthetic principles and usage of vegetative

matter from the same plant.

Sandhyaraga, (Mirabilis jalapa Linn) is a common herb seen in western ghats and

coastal areas of Karnataka and Kerala. It has been noted that the tubers of the plant

have been sold in the crude drug market as an adulterant of Madhusnuhi (Smilax

china Linn.). The drug Madhusnuhi (Dweepantharavacha) has been mentioned in

Bhavaprakasa nighantu by Bhavamisra in Hareethakyadi varga as beneficial in

Phiranga roga . 1

Being a non classical drug Sandhyaraga is not found in ancient classical texts of

Ayurveda. References regarding Mirabilis jalapa Linn. as adulterant is obtained from

the research work viz‘Materia Medica of Local Health Traditions of Payyannur’ by E.

Unnikrishnan2 and ‘Conservation and consumption, A study on crude drug trade in

threatened medicinal plants in Trivandrum district’ by Parvathi Menon3. Several



references regarding ethnomedical practices of Sandhyaaga is mentioned in websites

which shows its medical importance.

So an investigation to bring out the medicinal property of the plant Sandhyaraga

if any, and to compare its efficacy with that of Madhusnuhi has become the need of

the day. References regarding medicinal property of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. especially

its wound healing property is mentioned in the text books – ‘Indian Materia Medica’

by K.M.Nadkarni and ‘Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. – III’ by Kirthikar.K.R. and

Basu.B.D. The references regarding its ethno medical practice in the disease Syphilis

and as a remedy for wound is also available.

The common property which was found to be claimed in both the drugs is

Vranaropana. In Ayurveda classical use of Madhusnuhi is mentioned in

Phirangaroga where Vrana is a symptom. Hence Vranaropana is the criteria selected

to compare the medicinal property of trial drugs.

Aims and objectives of the study are:

1. To conduct scientific studies on Sandhyaraga viz

a) Pharmacognostical study(.Both macroscopically and microscopically)

b) Phytochemical studies (test for alkaloids, tannins, saponins etc)

c) Study on Pharmacological property (Rasa estimation)

2. To evaluate the Vranaropana (wound healing) property of Sandhyaraga in

comparison with Madhusnuhi in experimental animals(Morton and Malone

[1972]methodology).

3. To find out the most effective mode of administration of both trial drugs .



Susuruta Samhita has explained Vrana, its complications and management in

detail. In the Vranitopasaneeya adhyaya4, he has explained that, “If the Raksha

Karma of Vrana is proper then the Nishachara’s leave the patient, same as the

Mrugaas (deer) run away from the jungle terrified by a lion.”

Sandhyaraga is a drug which was not described in Ayurvedic classics. Hence

it is a need to postulate Rasadi Gunas of the drug. So an attempt is made in the

present study to evaluate the Rasa of the drug Sandhyaraga.

A vast scope of research exists in the field of Ayurveda for the benefit of the

science and humanity at large. Hopefully, a number of scientists and experts working

in this field may help in achieving this goal.

Plan of the study

Chapter 1. Introduction part gives a general view on, Ayurveda Dravyaguna

Vijnana, need of the study and a brief outline of trial drugs , disease , and

experimental study

Chapter 2. Review of literature:An extensive collection regarding trial drugs and

disease is mentioned in this chapter

Chapter 3. Drug analysis part is where the pharmacognostical, phytochemical and

pharmacological analysis (regarding Rasa estimation)of drug Sandhyaraga

is explained.



Chapter 4. Experimental study is the chapter where materials and methods,

experimental procedure, grouping of experimental animals are explained

Chapter 5. Result: This section deals with the analysis of observation and

interpretations of statistical analysis.

Chapter 6. Discussion: Major findings and probable mode of action of drugs are

discussed here.

Chapter 7. Conclusion: The dissertation concludes with highlighting important

findings, further scope, limitations and recommendations of the study.

Chapter 8. Summary part summarises the study in a nutshell

Chapter-2 Review of Literature


REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In Ayurveda, Dravya is one among the Padachatustaya. Dravya is

very important as the instrument for Chikitsa Siddhi. It has been told by Acharyas that

there is no Dravya which cannot be used as medicine because of its

Panchabhoutikatva. But in classical texts of Ayurveda only a limited number of plants

are considerd for the management of diseases. Even though plants possessing

medicinal properties are abundantly seen around us they are not being used as

medicine because they are not recommended by classical texts.

The present trial drugs are Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga.

Madhusnuhi is a drug mentioned in Bhavaprakasa samhita by Acharya Bhava Misra

around 15th century A.D. It is used effectively by the practitioners of Ayurveda for the

treatment of Phiranga, the outstanding symptom of which is Vrana. Hence it has been

decided to study for its Vranaropana (wound healing) property.

Sandhyaraga is a plant which is not mentioned in any Ayurvedic

classical texts.It is commonly found all over India especially in the valleys of Western

Ghats. Many crude drug sellers are using the tuber of this plant as an adulterant of

Madhusnuhi because of similar therapeutic property. It also possesses enormous

ethnomedical importance in the treatment of skin ailments and wound. The

informations received from traditional physicians this plant is having good curative

effect on ulcers, wounds, skin disease etc. Hence to verify the claims of traditional



physicians and drug sellers and with the informations received from world wide

ethnomedical uses of the plant5, this study has been undertaken to evaluate the

comparative efficacy of Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga for their Vranaropana

property in experimental animals and analyze it statistically.

PART-A

DRUG REVIEW

MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA.LINN)

Ayurvedic Review of the Plant

The drug Madhusnuhi is commonly known as Chopacini. It is grown in China and

Japan. Probably this plant might have been brought to India during 15th century A.D

in order to treat syphilis (Phiranga). Hence there is no much reference about the drug

in the ancient classical texts. This drug is first found mentioned and explained in

Bhavaprakshanighantu. It is not found in earlier nighantus like Astanga nighantu,

Dhanvanthari nighantu, Raja nighanu etc. But it is found explained extensively in

text books of later period.

SYNONYMS 6,7,8

The description about medicinal plants in Ayurvedic texts is in a simple and

informative pattern, i.e. through the synonyms. The ancient Taxonomy is designed for

communicating about the plant both morphologically and pharmacologically.



Madhusnuhi- Snuhivat thekshnasodhanadigunayukthamapi madhuram. (It

possess aall the pharmacological properties of snuhi,but it is madhura rasa) 9

Dveepantharavaca- Dweepantharath aagatham idam vacha sadrusham

kandham. (The rhizome was first brought from Java nd Sumatra islands to india)

Susnuhi

Subhachini

Chopachini

Sumuulika

Dwipautra

Vaca

ROOPA VIJNANA10

It is a tuber possessing nodes on them yellowish white colored, taut, possessing

Madhura rasa and leaves like Aswagandha.

GANA /VARGA

Bhavaprakasa nighantu - Haritakyadi varga

Nighantu Adarsa - Lashunadi varga

Saligrama nighantu - Haritakyadi varga

Priya nighantu - Satapushpadi varga



GUNA-KARMA11,12,13

Rasa : Tiktha

Guna : Laghu,Ruksha

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Katu

Doshaghnatha : Vataharam ,Tridosahara

Karma : Sothahara,Sukrasodhaka, Deepana, Mutrala,Raktasodhaka,Rasayana

Tridosahara, Varnya, Vedanasthapana, ,Nadeebalya, Anulomana,

Svedajanana. Tarunyatha, Poushtiki, Garbhaprada

Vyadhighnatha:Angagraha,Upadamsha, Kateegraha, Urustambha, Rajayaksma,

Vrana, Gandamaala,Netraroga,SarvangavaataKampavaata,

Kubjavaata, Rakta vikara,Rakta dushti, Phiranga, Shodha, Klaibya,

Sukra vikara, Agni mandya, Adhmana, Udarashoola, Krimiroga,

Mootravikara,Pooyamootra, Sandhivikara, Sandhishodha, Jadya,

Kushta, Dourbalya, Unmaada, Apasmara,VaatavyadhiPakshaghatha,

Amavaata

PRAYOGA

In Upadamshaja sandhigatavaata, decoction of Ushava and Copacini is mixed

with honey and taken internally.14

In Phiranga, powder of Copacini with honey shall be taken while keeping on salt

free diet.15

Decoction of fresh roots is used in veneral complaints and sores.



It is used in India like sarsaparilla as a depurative, alterative, antisyphilitic and

aphrodisiac in the form of decoction which is prepared by boiling 2 ounces of root in

one pint of water till the water is reduced to ten ounce. It is useful in rheumatism,

epilepsy, insanity and syphilis.16

MATHRA (DOSE): 17

Dose of a drug is an important factor for achieving desired therapeutic effect. The

dose is decided or fixed according to the condition of the disease with respect to its

stage, the age of the patient, the structure of the patient, the body weight, etc. It also

depends on the potency of the drug, mode of action and also the form of application

like Churna, Kwatha, etc. The usual dose of this drug is 3-6 gms of Churna as per

Ayurvedic Pharmacopeae of India.

VISISHTA YOGAS

Chukkuthippalyadi Kashayam18

Pavukashayam18

Madhusnuhi rasayana18

Chopachini paka19

FORMULATIONS IN OTHER SYSTEMS20

Parangi pattai choornam

Parangi rasayanam

Parangipattai pathangam



NISHEDHA

One should abstain from Madya, Taila, Kanjika, Shaaka, Kshara, Amla,

Lavana and Tikta Bhojana.21

REVIEW OF MODERN LITERATURE OF SMILAX CHINA.LINN

History 22

The drug Smilax china was introduced into Goa from China about

A.D.1535.Previous to this date it was not noticed by any of the Mahometan

physicians. The Portugese, how ever, appear to have lost no time in carrying it to their

factories in Persia, as it was mentioned, a few years after its introduction into Goa, by

Mir –Immad_ed-din Mahmud of Shiraz, Mirza Kazi of Yezd, andMir MuhMMead

Hashim of Teheran. In 1669 it was described as a well known drug in the Tuhfat-el-

muminin under the name of Chub-chini (Chinese wood) in Arabic Khasab -es –

sini.The author of theMahzan el Adwiya has a long article upon its medicinal

virtues. He also notices particularly the variable appearances of different samples of

the drug, and directs that what is heavy, of a rosy colour, free from knots is to be

selected. He tells us that fresh root is some times brought to India; some of this he

planted at Moorshedabad (A.H.1178); it produced a climbing stem with small

elongated leaves, not unlike bamboo; after a years time he dug it up , but found that

the roots degenerated and did not retain the qualities of the China article. Chubchini is

considered by these writers to be anti-rheumatic anti-syphilitic, aphrodisiacal, and

demulcent. Loureiro says of it, “valet in quibusquunque doloribus vagis, veneris, aut

rheumaticis”



Ainslie (Mat.Ind.,i.,70)notices its use in southern India as an anti-syphilitic and as

a remedy of much repute in a disease called maygum vaivoo, in which the limbs are

stiff and contracted. He also states on the authority of the AbbeRochon (voyage to

Madagascar and East indies, London, 1792) that “the Chinese often eat the root

instead of rice, and that it contributes to make them lusty.” Roxburgh states that the

Smilax glabra ,a native of Sylhet and of the adjacent Garrow country, where it is

called Hurina -shook- China , has large tuberous roots, not to be distinguished by the

eye from the China root and that the natives of the country use a decoction of the

fresh root for the cure of sores and venereal complaints(Flora Indica). This plant also

grows in China and affords some of the china-root of commerce. (Trimen’s Journ.of

Bot.,i.,102)

The reported good effects of China root on the Emperor Charles.V. who was

suffering from gout acquired for the drug a great celebrity in Europe, and several

works were written in praise of its virtues. But though its powers were soon found to

be over-rated, it still retained some reputation as a sudorific and alternative, and was

much used at the end of the 17th century in the same way as sarsaparilla. It still retains

its place in some pharmacopoeias. (Pharmacographia).In the East the Chub-chini is

still as highly esteemed as it ever was , and the China trade Returns show a steady

yealy increase in the quantity shipped from Southern China

Taxonomy

Kingdom - Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom - Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision - Spermatophyta – Seed plants



Division - Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class - Liliopsida – Monocotyledons

Subclass - Liliidae

Order - Liliales

Family - Smilacaceae – Catbrier family

Genus - Smilax L. – greenbrier

Species - china L. – China root

Vernacular names 23

Arab -Kasbussini,Kashabchinae, Aslussini

Bengali -Thopchini, Kumarika, Harna shukhochina

Chinese -Too-fup,

English -China-root,Bamboo Briar root

Gujarathi -Chopchini

Hindi -Chobchini,Thopchini

Japanese -Too-Puf

Kannada -Chinipavu,Neerubetta balli

Malayalam -Chenapavu,Cheenapairu,

Marathi -Chobchini

Persian -Chob-chinae

Punjabi -Chobchini

Sanskrit -Dveepantharavaca,Chopchini,Madhusnuhi

Sinhala -China alla



Tamil -Parankichekkai, Parankipatte, Shukchina, Paringay

Telugu -Pirangichekka,Gali-chekka

FAMILY CHARACTER23

LILIACEAE

Herbs (very rarely shrubs or small trees) with fibrous roots, or a creeping root

stock, or a bulb or corm. Leaves various. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, axillary or

terminal, solitary, or twin, or umbellate, spicate, racemose, paniculate, or fasciculate ;

bracts usually small, scarious, sometimes, whwn the flowersa are umbellate, spathe

like. Perianth herbaceous or petaloid, usually 6-merous in two series, imbricate (rarely

valvate) in bud. Stamens 6 (rarely 3 or fewer), hypogynous or adnate to the perianth ;

filaments free or connate ; anthers oblong or linear, often dorsifixed, usually dehiscing

longitudinally. Ovary 3 celled ; ovules 2 or more from the inner angles of the cells,

anatropous (rarely orthotropus) ; style usually simple, often long (rarely short or 0), or

styles 3. Fruit a capsule or berry, usually 3 – (rarely 1- ) celled. Seeds 1 or more,

globose or flattened ; albumin horny or fleshy ; embryo small, terete. Genera 250.

Species 2,700. Cosmopolitan.

GENUS CHARACTER

SMILAX.Linn

Climbing shrubs (rarely erect herbs). Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), persistent,

3-7 nerved, reticulately veined ; petiole usually with 2 tendrils above its base. Flower

small, umbellate, dioecious. Perianth of 6 free, usually incurved or recurved, subequal

segments. Male flowers : stamens 6 or more, inserted at the base of the perianth ;



filaments erect, free long or short ; anthers oblong, 2 celled, didymous, with

contiguous cells or with cells discrete by a forking of the connective. Pistillode 0.

Female flowers: staminodes 3 or 6, filiform. Ovary 3 celled, 3-gonous ; ovules 1-3 in

each cell;, orthotropous, pendulous ; style short or 0 ; stigmas 3, stout, recurved. Fruit

a globose berry. Seed solitary, or more often 2. , hemispheric, rarely 3; albumen

horny; embryo small, Species 210, Tropics and subtropics.

HABIT , HABITAT and DISTRIBUTION

Habit

It is a thorny climbing shrub with good vegetation with tendrils. It ia having

smallwhite flowers whichIt is in flowers in May, and the seeds ripen in October. The

plant is not self-fertile.

Habitat

Forests, thickets, hillsides, grassy slopes, shaded places along valleys or streams

from near sea level to 2000 metres. The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy)

and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can

grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil.

Distribution

Assam, Khasi and Garo hills, Japan,China

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SMILAX CHINA.LINN

Root : The tubers which are formed on the fibrous root of the plant, are of shape and

size of an elongated kidney potato, some what flattened, knotty, covered with a rusty



coloured bark, some times smooth and shining, sometimes rough, internally their

substance is of a pinkish white colour ,hard and farinaceous, insipid, mucilaginous

and inodorous

Stem: It is a climbing shrub with slender branchlets,

Leaf: Terete smooth unarmed leaves rather than 7.5 to 15cm by3.2 to 5.7cm ,elliptic

or ovate lanceolate, acuminate,3 costate to the rounded or cuneate base ,petiole 13.5

to17mm,narrowly sheathing, unarmed sheath 8 to17mm.longaxillary;cirrhi very

slender.

FlowersUmbels subsessile,many flowerd;peduncle ebractat;pedcels t8 mm;bracteoles

subulat;flowrs very small, white,buds depressed globose,deeply 6lobed from the

goove on the back othe obovate cucullate cornaceous sepals;minute petalsstamens

very short;staminoids in female flowers.

MICROSCOPIC CHARACTER OF TUBERS OF SMILAX CHINA.LINN24

The bark consists of thick walled dark brown brick shaped cells, which contains

bundles of crystalline needles and resinous matter. The bulk of the tuber is made up of

a parenchyma, the cells of which are large and have a radiate hilum .The vascular

system is scalariform and is associated with porous wood cells.

CULTIVATION & PROPAGATION25

Seed – sown on March in a warm greenhouse. This method probably refers to the

tropical members of the genus, seeds of plants from cooler areas seem to require a

period of cold stratification, some species taking 2 or more years to germinate. Seeds

of temperate species are sown in a cold frame as soon as they are received . Seeds are



obtained as soon as they are ripe .When the seedlings eventually germinate, they are

pricked out into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them

on in the greenhouse for at least their first year, though normally in pots for 2 years.

They shall be planted out into their permanent positions in early summer. Division in

early spring as new growth begins. Larger divisions can be planted out direct into

their permanent positions. It is found out best to pot up the smaller divisions and

grow them on in a lightly shaded position in a cold frame, planting them out once they

are well established in the summer. The flowers are dioeciou, so both male and female

plants must be grown if seed is required

PHYTOCHEMISTRY26

Root contain fat ,sugar glucoside, colouring matter, saponin, gum and starch.

Aproximate analysis the air dried drug afforded :

Ether extract (fat) …………………… 0.33

Alchoholic extract(sugar, glucoside)……… 1.72

Aqueous extract (sugar, gum )……..… 6.79

Crude fibre……………………………… 13.79

Ash………………………………………….1.47

Moisture……………………………………. 6.10

Starch (by difference)…………………… 69.80

100.00

The root contained no alkaloid, but the alcoholic extract contained a glucoside and

a colouring matter which gave an olive-green tint with ferric chloride, but no

precipitate with gelatine. With soda it afforded a deep red colour, and was precipitated

from the solution by neutral plumbic acetate. The sugar present abundantly reduced

Fehling’s test without previous inversion. The amount of ash, consisting of all

alkaline salts is very small.



IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH27

Foreign matter -Not more than 2 per cent,.

Total Ash -Not more than 0.6 per cent.

Acid-insoluble ash -Not more than 0.006per cent

Alcohol-soluble extractive -Not less than 0.8 per cent

Water-soluble extractive -Not less than 5 per cent

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (T.L.C.)

T.L.C. of the alcoholic extract on precoated Silica gel 'G' plate (0.2 mm thick)

using Toluene : Ethyl acetate : Methanol (10 : 10 : 4) as mobile phase and on spraying

with Anisaldehyde-Sulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate at 1050C for ten

minutes ten spots appear at Rf. 0.09 (dark green), 0.17 (violet), 0.21 (dirty yellow),

0.26 (grey), 0.32 (yellow), 0.48, 0.55 and 0.58 (all violet), 0.73 (greenish blue) and

0.77 (violet).

THERAPEUTIC USES28

Apart from the classical texts the other valuable sources for Dravya Guna

Vignana like Indian medicinal plants ,The Indian Materia Medica, etc have given the

elaborate usage of Smilax china as follows

Aphrodisiac in the form of decoction (1 in 10 or 2 ounces in a pinch of water and

boiled down and reduced to 5) dose- 1 ounce thrice daily.

It is boiled with milk to which Mastaki, cardamoms and cinnamons are added and

taken internally, in Rheumatism, gout, epilepsy, Chronic nervous disease, Cachexia,

Seminal weakness and Constitutional Syphilis.



It is used along with Anathamool, and other drugs of reputed efficacy in syphilis

and rheumatism.

In Unani system it is indicated in syphilis, leprosy, kidney and bladder diseases,

paralysis, headache, convulsions etc

ADULTERATION

China root is used in India to some extent like sarasaparilla.28

Tubers of Mirabilis jalapa, (naalumani) are used as an adulterant of

Smilax china ( Cheenappavu).29,30

Smilax china is adulterated with Smilax pseudochina and Pachyma cocos. 31

SANDHYARAGA(MIRABILIS JALAPA.LINN)

Traditional use of medicinal plant is very important to researchers. If a plant has

been used in a specific way for a specific purpose for many years and in many

different geographical areas, there is probably a reason for it. Science that deals with

the study of such traditionally used plants is called Ethnobotany. This branch of

science help scientist to do research and study them scientifically. All indigenous

systems have originally discovered the medicinal uses of plant derived drugs from

such traditional practice and experience. Sandhyaraga is such a drug which has very

much ethnobotanical relevance.

AYURVEDIC REVIEW OF THE PLANT

Sandhyaraga is a drug which is not mentioned in classical texts of ayurveda.

According to some authors a reference is seen in Rajanighantu32 in Karaveeradi



varga about a plant called Trisandhya33 Gosh (probably the name is due to the reason

that it flowers in the evening). But in later text books such references are not seen. In

Bhavaprakasha Nighantu the plant Trisandhya has been equated to Japapushpa34.

PARYAYA

Krishnakeli35

Sandhyaraga 36 (Sandhyaya iva rago asya)

Sandhyakali

Trisondi 37

Krishnakali ‘Swanaama khyate pushpa pradhane vrukshe’38

REVIEW OF MODERN LITERATURE OF MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN

HISTORY39

Five varieties of the plant , Mirabilis jalapa, with white red ,yellow ,red& white

,red and yellow flowers were introduced from West Indies in 1596 and must have

been carried by the Portuguese to the east shortly afterwards , as the plant is said to

have been introduced into Persia in the reign of Shah Abbas the first , and was

established on the Malabar coast Van Rheede.It was at time supposed to produce the

Jalap of commerce. M.Jalapa has been given the Sanskrit name Sandhyakali,or

“evening flower “ but is best known by its Persian name Gul A’bbas or “flower of

Abbas”; it is a favorite flower or Persians, who cultivate it in ornamental flower pots.

The Arabs call it Shab-el-leili which is evidently a translation of the French “belle de

nuit”; it is the “Fula quodrahoras” or “four o’clock” flower of the Portuguese as its

flower open at the hour in the after noon.



BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH40

The plant and root have demonstrated other biological activities in addition to the

antiviral actions of the Mirabilis Anti-viral Protiens. In 2001, researchers found new

phenolic compounds in clavillia which demonstrated in vitro action against the yeast

Candida albicans. A hot water extract of the flower, leaf, and root of clavillia has

shown antifungal activity in another in vitro study. Other research on the leaf and

branches of clavillia did not confirm any antimicrobial actions; therefore, these

properties are probably attributed only to the root of the plant. In early research, the

root of the plant (in water and ethanol extracts) also demonstrated mild uterine

stimulant actions in rats, and antispasmodic actions in guinea pigs.

TAXONOMY

Kingdom - Plantae -- Planta, plantes, plants, Vegetal

Subkingdom - Tracheobionta -- vascular plant

Division - Magnoliophyta , Angiospermes, angiosperms, flowering plants,

phanérogames, plantes à fleurs, plantes à fruits

Class - Magnoliopsida -- dicots, dicotylédones, dicotyledons

Subclass - Caryophyllidae

Order - Caryophyllales

Family - Nyctaginaceae (four o'clocks, nyctaginacées)

Genus - Mirabilis L. ( four o'clock, four-o'clock

Species - Mirabilis jalapa L. -- common four o'clock, common four-o'clock,

marvel of Peru, marvel-of-Peru



COMMON NAMES:40

Clavillia,

Four-o’clocks

Marvel of peru

VERNACULAR NAMES 40,41,42,43.

Africans -Vieruurbom

Arabic -Shahelleilli, Zahrulajl

Assamese -Godhuligopal

Bengal -Gulabas, Krishnakeli, Krishnokeli

Bombay -Gubhaji, Gulabbas

Burma -Mizubin, Myoezu

Canarese -Chandramallige, Gulamaji, Madhyahnamallige,Sanjamallige,

Sanjimallige

Catalan -Diego de noche, Don Diego de noche, Juan de noche,

Don Juan de noche

Chinese -Tche Kia Hoa

Deccan -Gulabash

English -Four o’clock flower, Marvel of peru, Clavillia

Fanti -Guaamboroba,Sankani

French -Belle de nuit, Fleur admirable, Herbe triste, Faux jalap, Jasmin

rouge, Merveille du Perou, Nyctage, Nyctage fauxjalap,

French Guiana -Belle de nuit, Herbe de quatre heures



Ga -Dmaidzi edzwai forfori

German -Abendblume

Gujarathi -Gubbaji

Hindi -Gulabbas, Gulabash, Guleaabbas

Hova -Vanimpolera, Voampoleri, Vonimpolera

Konkani -Akasamugri

Lareunion -Belle de nuit

Malayalam -Anthimalari, Anthimantharam

Northwestern provinces -Gulbansa

Oriya -Rangai

Persian -Guleabbas, Guliaabbas

Philippines -Diego de noche, Maravillas, Oricion, Suspiros

Punjab -Abasi , Gulabbas

Sanskrit -Krishnakeli, Sandhyakali

Sinhalese -Sendrikka, Sindrikagaha

Spanish -Don diego de noche, Don juan de noche, Maravilla de noche,

Trompetilla

Synd -Abhasie

Tagalog -Gilalas, Guilalas

Tamil -Andhimalligai, Pattarachi,Pattarashu

Telugu -Batharachi, Bhadrakshi, Chandrakantha, Chandramallige,

Twi -Nnonnannhwiran

Urudu -Guleabbas



FAMILY CHARACTER44

NYCTAGINACEAE

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves usually opposite, entire; stipules 0. Flowers

hermaphrodite (rarely unisexual), regular, sometimes dimorphous ; inflorescence

various; bracts often involucrate, free or connate. Perianth monosepalous, usually

small, petaloid; tube persistent, enveloping the fruit ; limb 3-5 lobed, persistent or

decidous, the lobes plicate in bud. Stamens 1-30, hypogynous, sometimes unilateral ;

filaments small, unequal, inflexed in bud ; anthers included or exserted, dorsifixed,

didymous. Ovary one celled, free, ovule solitary, basal, erect; style filiform, involute

in bud,; stigma small; simple or multifid. Fruit membranous, indehiscent,, enclosed in

a coriacceous perianth tube . seed erect; testa adherent; albumin soft or foury; embryo

straight with convolute cotyledons or incurved; radicle inferior. Genera-20. Species-

160. Mostly tropical and especially in America.

GENUS CHARACTER

MIRABILIS .Linn

Herbs often with tuberous roots and medium sized or somewhat large flowers

clustered on the branches of large leafy panicles, each or clusters of 2-10 surrounded

by a calyx like involucre of 4-5 connate bracts. Perianth brightly colored, salver –

shaped to campanulate. Stamens 3-5, rarely 6 somewhat exserted. Nut ellipsoid or

obpyramidal, often ribbed or rugose. Cotyledons large sub orbicular on germination.

Species 25. tropical American. Mirabilis jalapa Linn. Is used medicinally in

Philippine islands, La Reunion, Guiana ; Mirabilis dichotoma Linn. in Brazil ;

Mirabilis dichotoma Linn. and Mirabilis longiflora Linn in tropical America.



HABIT, HABITAT and DISTRIBUTION OF MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN45

HABIT

It is a perennial herb growing upto 0.6m. It flowers from July to Oct, and the fruits

ripen from August to October. The scented flowers are hermaphrodites. Four o’

clocks are grown as annuals in cool regions.

HABITAT

Culture – Fast growing four o’ clocks are easy to grow and essentially trouble free,

thriving mostly in any soil.

Light - four o’ clocks do best in full sun but also perform well in partial shade.

Moisture - regular garden moisture, reduced watering in winter. It is planted for

ornamental purposes in gardens, houses, and along railway lines, exotic, cultivated for

beautiful flowers of variegated colors.

DISTRIBUTION46

It was officially botanically recorded in 1753 although it already had been

distributed as an ornamental plant throughout the tropics of the world. There is some

disagreement about where it came from originally: Mexico, Chile, or India. Today,

clavillia is naturalized throughout the tropics of South America, Latin America,

France, and India. In Brazil the plant is known as clavillia, maravilha, or bonina; in

Peru it is known as jalapa or maravilla. Hybrids of clavillia can be found in nurseries

throughout the U.S. where they are sold as ornamental landscape plants.



MORPHOLOGICAL CHARECTERS OF MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN

A well known herbaceous dichotomous plant 1 metre high with large

perennial tuberous roots, rather fleshy stems and cordate leaves.

Root of young plants is cylindrical above and tapering below, but in old plants, it

becomes napiform or subrotund. The external surface is dark brown and marked with

numerous circular rings. Internally it is dirtywhite or grayish in transverse section

presenting concentrate rings of a darker color, it shows numerous acicular crystals

when magnified. When dry, very old roots become hard, compact and heavy and

deepen in color, but younger roots are of a leathery consistence.47

Stem: dichotomous branching,Fleshy stems,purplish coloured,which thickens at the

node48

Leaves -Simple,opposite, reticulate venation, entire margin,acute and cordate, ovate

with acuminate tip, smooth and of dark green color leaf blade 5.1-6.3cm long

petiolate, petiole 2.5-3.8cm long and exstipulate.

Flowers usually purple but very numerous colors (white, yellow to crimson, often

striped or blotched )are found and the perianth is sometimes variegated. There is only

one flower (Solitary)to the involucre in this species, which latter therefore is apt to be

mistaken for a calyx.49 Flowers brilliant, elongate, fragrant, long tubular flowers

opening in the evening borne in clusters among the leaves at the end of branches.

Slender tube 4 to 5 cm, widening abruptly to a wide limit with rounded petal like

lobes spreading 3-4cm across, perianth –undivided terminally incised.

Fruits –Achenes, black, muricated rough resembling black pepper.



CULTIVATION & PROPAGATION

They succeed in almost any ordinary garden soil, prefers a fertile well-drained soil

in full sun or part day shade. Plant seeds in early spring or divide tubers any time. If

large black seeds are soaked in water overnight before planting they will germinate

quicker. tuber can also be dug up at the end of the season and replant it next spring.

Four o'clocks will self seed.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY50,51,52

This plant contains alanine, alpha amyrins, arabinose, beta amyrines, campesterol,

daucosterol and dopamine. (ref. from – Antibacterial activity of some selected Indian

medicinal flora)

The roots are collected in July, cut into slices, exposed to warm air, and then

reduced to powder and desiccation completed at 100o C. the fresh roots dried over

sulphuric acid lost 81.136 % in wweight ; the ash amounted to 6.135% and was free

from manganese.

The proximate analysis was made with the powdered roots dried at 1000 C and

was conducted according to Dragendroff’s plan with the following results.

Light petroleum ether extract - 0.580%

Ether extract, soluble in water - 0.09%

Ether extract, soluble in alcohol - 0.222%

Residue insoluble in water or alcohol - 0.02% - 0.340%

Absolute alcohol extract - 3.040%

Aqueous extract containing glucose - 1.6%

Saccharose or allied carbohydrate - 7.97%....30.62%



The petroleum ether extract was soft and pale yellowish in color, not crystalline

and without any special odour. It consisted of wax and pale yellow oil soluble in

absolute alcohol with neutral reaction.

The ethereal extract was soft and yellowish. The portion soluble in water had an

acid reaction but gave no coloration with ferric chloride. Acidulated with sulphuric

acid, a slight precipitate was afforded with Mayer’s reagent. The residue of the

ethereal extract soluble in alcohol was also yellowish, soft and on standing became

indistinctly crystalline. Treated with water acidulated with Sulphuric acid, it gave no

alkaloidal reactions; with alkalies on gently warming, it was slightly soluble with

pale yellow coloration, the color being destroyed by acids and whitish flocks

precipitated.

The alcoholic tincture of the roots was of a port wine color and the extract of a

deep orange tint. In water part was soluble with acid reaction and afforded a

precipitate with alkaloidal reagents. The extract was treated with ammonia in which

the greater part dissolved affording a dirty brownish red solution and the solution

agitated with ether- the ethereal extract amounted to 0.384% and contained a small

amount of alkaloid with much coloring matter. An attempt was made to purify the

alkaloid by reagitating this extract from an acid solution with ether, and then

neutralizing and again agitating with ether; an unweighable amount of alkaloid was,

however obtained. No special color reactions of the alkaloid were observed. An

alkaline solution of the alcoholic extract was only slightly precipitated by acids,

solution remaining dark colored. The aqueous extract contained 1.6% of glucose

calculated on the roots dried at 1000 C. after boiling with dilute sulphuric acid, a



second determination with Fehling’s solution was made, and the result calculated as

Saccharose which was equivalent to 7.97%.

In order to determine whether the plant had any injurious properties, the alcoholic

extract from 10gms of the dried and pounded roots was mixed with a few drops of

ammonia and water and injected into a cat’s stomach; the cat vomited once but was

not otherwise inconvenienced.

Four new miraxanthins- I,II,III and IV isolated from flowers and charectarised;

Indica xanthin and Vulga xanthin – I also isolated.

As recorded in Rainforest Database chemical analysis of clavillia shows that it is

rich in many active compounds including triterpenes, proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids,

and steroids. Of particular interest to researchers is a group of amino acid-based

proteins, called mirabilis antiviral proteins (MAPs). These chemicals have shown

specific antiviral and antifungal actions. They are produced in the seeds, roots, and

young shoots, and help the plant protect against various plant viruses and soil-borne

fungi. In 1994, a Japanese tobacco company was awarded a U.S. patent on the MAPs

in clavillia as being effective in protecting economically-important crops (such as

tobacco, corn, and potatoes) from a large variety of plant viruses (such as tobacco

mosaic virus, spotted leaf virus and root rot virus). Researchers in Hong Kong

isolated another MAP in the roots of clavillia with the same antiviral actions, and also

noted, "The MAP demonstrated to possess abortifacient [abortion-causing] activity in

pregnant mice, inhibitory effects on cell-free protein synthesis, and antiproliferative

effects on tumor cells." The MAPs found in clavillia have shown to inhibit cellular

processes in viral cells.



The highest concentration of MAPs is found in the seeds of the plant, followed by

the roots, then leaves. The seeds, however, are a significant source of other peptide

chemicals with actions similar to the neurotoxic peptides found in spider venom.

These peptides are in the same classification as (and act similarly to) another

plant-derived toxic peptide, ricin (now being employed as a biological weapon). As

compared with ricin, though, clavillia's peptides are only about 1/30th as toxic.

Because of this toxicity, though, the seeds are not generally used in herbal medicine

systems (despite researchers' documentation of the significant antimicrobial actions

attributed to them).

Clavillia's main chemicals include: alanine, alpha-amyrins, arabinose, beta

amyrins, betalamic acid, betanin, brassicasterol, beta-sitosterols, 2-carbosyarabinitol,

campesterol, daucosterol, d-glucan, dopamine, hexacosan-1-ol, indicaxanthin,

isobetanin, 6-methoxyboeravinone C, methylabronisoflavone, mirabilis antiviral

proteins, mirabilis peptides, miraxanthins, n-dotriacontane, n-hentriacontane, n-

heptacosane, n-hexacosane, n-nonacosane, n-octacosane, n-pentacosane, n-

pentatriacontane, n-tetracosane, n-tetratriacontane, n-triacontane, n-tricosane, n-

tritriacontane, oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, tartaric acid, trigonelline, tryptophan,

ursolic acid, and vulgaxanthin I.

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

The leaves have a sharp taste; maturant;lessen inflammations. The root is

aphrodisiac; good for syphilitic sores (Yunani).

Its roots are known as aphrodisiac and mild purgative.



Mirabilis jalapa was screened for its antibacterial activity and is proved to possess

antifungal, antimicrobial, antiviral, antispasmodic, antibacterial, diuretic, carminative,

cathartic, hydrogogue, purgative, stomachic, tonic, and Vermifuge propertiesLeaves

are tonic & antiseptic.53.Root, in powder form, possess a distinct odour and a slightly

acrid taste followed by a tingling warm and numbing sensation stimulating the flow of

saliva. Moistant powder is irritant to skin and mucus membrane..It also cures wounds

and Bruises.

INDICATIONS 52

Sandhyaraga is indicated in several diseases and is practiced world wide .It is

indicated mainly in skin related ailments and for intestinal parasites.

Brazil :for candida, chagas disease, colic, constipation, contusions, diarrhea,

dysentery, earache, edema, eczema, freckles, herpes, hives, itch, intestinal parasites,

liver problems, pain, skin problems, skin infections, syphilis, vaginal discharge,

urinary insufficiency, wounds, worms

Cuba: for herpes, intestinal parasites

Guatemala: for abscesses, aches, boils, bruises, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, fungal

infections, gonorrhea, inflammation, mucosal lesions, ringworm, scrofula, skin

problems, sores, ulcers (skin), vaginal discharge, vaginitis, wounds

India: for conjunctivitis, edema, fungal infections, inflammation, pain, swellings

Mexico:for bee stings, dysentery, scorpion stings, vaginal discharge, wounds

Peru:for constipation, dermatitis, earaches, herpes, urinary insufficiency

U.S.A.: for abortions, bone fractures, childbirth, mumps



Elsewhere for abscesses, arthritis, boils, bowel cleansing, burns, bruises, colic,

constipation, diabetes, digestion stimulation, dropsy, dyspepsia, fungal infections,

gonorrhea, hepatitis, herpes, hypochondria, intestinal gas, intestinal parasites, libido

stimulation, liver problems, menstrual irregularities, muscle pains, piles, pimples,

sores, splenitis, strains, syphilis, thrush, tonic, tumors, urinary insufficiency,

urogenital inflammation, urticaria, wounds

THERAPEUTIC USES

The root is used as a purgative in La Reunion and the Philippine islands. The leaves

are applied to boils, phlegmons and whitlow, as a maturant.55

The fresh juice of its leaves is considered as demulsant and found useful in

Urticaria. Also cures the inflammation and bruises. Its roots after rubbing with water

are applied externally in contusions.56

Tuber is used as a poultice on carbuncles, fresh leaf juice is very soothing and

allays the heat and itching when applied to the body in urticaria. It also cures wounds

and bruises. Powdered and fried in ghee with spices, it is given in milk as nourishing

or strengthening medicine. Rubbed with water, it is applied as lepa in contusions. The

leaves bruised and heated and applied as poultice to boils and abscesses hasten the

suppurative process.57

Dr. P.S.Mootooswamy states that in Thanjavur, the roots boiled and made into

curry are considered beneficial to those who suffer from piles and that a powder and

confection are also in use. according to Thunberg, the Japanese prepare a kind of

white paint for their complexion from the seeds58.



Tender twigs extract taken in stomach pain, flatulence, and gastritis by villagers in

North India.

There are lots of indigenous practices which have impelled clavillia's presence in

herbal medicine systems around the world59

The indigenous people of the Amazon enjoy the beauty of clavillia's flowers as

much as city dwellers, and often plant it in their gardens. They employ the plant

medicinally as well.

Indigenous Peruvian people use a root decoction as a diuretic.

The Shipibo-Conibo Indians put the flowers in baths to treat colds and flu.

In Brazil, the Kayapo Indians inhale the powdered, dried flowers as a snuff for

headaches, and use a root decoction to wash wounds and to treat such skin afflictions

as leprosy.

The Assuraní Indians in Brazil crush the seeds to use as a peppery condiment on

foods, and grate the tuberous root into cold water and drink it for intestinal parasites.

The tribal people of Orissa, India grind the roots of the plant into a paste with

black pepper and take it orally for conjunctivitis. They also apply the juice of the

leaves to fungal infections of the skin.

In Peru, the plant and/or tuber is used as a diuretic, laxative, and bowel cleanser.

The juice of the flower is used to clear herpes lesions and for earaches. In

Brazilian herbal medicine, a paste is made of the leaf and flower and applied to

affections of the skin such as itchiness, eczema, herpes, skin spots, and skin

infections.



The juice of the root is dropped into the ear for earaches. Brazilians also use the

root to combat worms, intestinal parasites, leucorrhea, edema, diarrhea, dysentery,

abdominal colic, syphilis, and liver affections.

In Mexico, the entire plant is decocted and used for dysentery, vaginal discharge,

infected wounds, and bee and scorpion stings.

In the United States, the plant is used for mumps, bone fractures, and as an uterine

stimulant to hasten childbirth.

DOSE59

The standard dose of the drug is mentioned in Rainforest data base

Standard Dosage

Powdered drug : 1 g twice daily

Tincture : 1-2 ml twice daily

Infusion : 1/2 cup twice daily

AS AN ADULTERANT

The seeds are used to adulterate black pepper.60

Root is a substitute or adulterant of true jalapa. (Exogonium purga)61

Tubers of Mirabilis jalapa, (naalumani) are used as an adulterant of Smilax china

(Cheenappavu) 62,63



Image2.1 Madhusnuhi. Image 2.2 Madhusnuhi-Inflorescence

Image2.3.Sandhyaraga Image 2.4.Sandhyaraga-Inflorescence

and fruit

Image2.5 Dry specimen of

Madhusnuhi tuber

Image2.6 Dry specimen of

Sandhyaraga tuber



PART B.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON VRANA

History of the disease Vrana (wound) is as old as mankind. Large number of

references pertaining to the wound and wound healing was found in ancient Indian

literature. For better insight about the disease, apart from knowledge of types of

wounds and the process of wound healing, history of wounds is also of utmost

importance.

Much reference regarding Vrana and its management is not found during prevedic

period we get references in Vedic period. Rigveda and Atharva Veda are c the texts of

which have given importance to medical and treatment aspect during Vedic period.

These texts contribute to us with some references regarding Vrana.References in

Rigveda include Sandhaan karma done by Ashwini Kumaaras in case of severed

head of Yajnya (Daksha)and joining the limb of Vishpala the daughter of Khela.

Enumeration of Sadhyo Vranas and references regarding healing medicines are got in

Atharva veda. Indirect references about Vrana were got Puranas like Agnipurana and

in Epics like Ramayana & Mahabharata.

AYURVEDIC LITERARY REVIEW OF VRANA

A vast and elaborate description regarding Vrana is available in Ayurvedic text

books. Vrana is a topic which is dealt in detail by all the basic Samhitha-s of

ayurveda.According to Acharya Charaka diseases are grouped into four, out of which

three are caused by innate factors and fourth is caused by exogenous factors. A

detailed description of skin i.e. about its formation, layers, disease afflicting it and its

physiological as well as anatomical significance are mentioned in our classics.



Etymology:

Vrana has the meaning to recover, which is further suffixed by ‘Ach’, is the sense of

Bhava. The ‘Ch’ sound is elided and the form remains Vrana + ‘A’ in the sense of

Gatra vicurnane.64

DEFINITION

‘Vrunoti Yasmat Roodeapi Vranavastu Na Nashyathi

Adeha Dharanat Tasmat Vrana Ityuchyathey Budhaihi’65

As the scar of a wound never disappears even after complete healing and its

imprint persists for long time, this lesion is called Vrana by wise.

“Vranagathra vicurnane Vranayatiti Vrana:” 66

Gathra Vicurnana has a grammatical meaning i.e., a particular type of roga

which creats a feeling of cutting the body in to small pieces. Word Vicurnane has the

other meaning with reference to this disease like destruction, break, rupture,

discontinuation etc. Therefore, Vrana gatra vicurnane means phenomenon complex

causing destruction, rupture, or discontinuation of tissue in a particular part of the

body leading to discolouration.

Dalhana in his commentary mentions that, “Vrana Gathra Vaivarnyam Karoti

iti”67.Vivarnyata is the prime feature i.e., there is discoloration of the affected part.

According to Ashtanga Sangraha68 “Yavadayurvraneete Vivrunoti Va Shareeramiti

Vrana” i.e., Vrana is one that produces a distortion of the affected part which

remaines through out the life.



CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS:

Ayurvedic treaties classified the Vrana mainly in to two category, i.e,

1) Nija and 2) Agantuja

Ashtanga samgrahakara tells about another classification

1) Suddha and 2) Dushta

Nija Vrana

Based on dosa predominance NijaVrana is classified into Ekadosaja, Dwidosaja,

Sannipataja and Raktaja as per different Acharyas:

Table 2.B.1 showing classifications of NijaVrana

No Of

typesAcharya Susrutha Acharya Charaka Acharya Vagbhata

3 - Vataja, Pittaja and Kaphaja -

5

Vataja, Pittaja

Kaphaja,Raktaja &

Sannipataja

- -

7 -

Vataja, Pittaja,

Kaphaja,VataPittaja,

VataKaphaja,PittaKaphaja,

VataPittaKaphaja

-

15

Vataja, Pittaja, Sleshmaja,

Sonitaja, VataPittaja,

VataSleshmaja,

PittaSleshmaja,

VataSonitaja, PittaSonitaja,

SleshmaSonitaja,

VataPittaSonitaja,

VatasleshmaSonitaja,

PittasleshmaSonitaja,

VataPittaSleshmaja,

VataPittaKaphaSonitaja

-

Vataja, Pithaja,

Sleshmaja, Sonitaja,

VataPittaja,

VataSleshmaja,

PittaSleshmaja,

VataSonitaja,

PittaSonitaja,

SleshmaSonitaja,

VataPittaSonitaja,

VatasleshmaSonitaja,

PittasleshmaSonitaja,

VataPittaSleshmaja,

VataPittaKaphaSonitaja



According to Acharya Sushruta: 69

Sushruta had quoted sixteen types of nija-Vranas, including Suddha-Vrana, that

are given below:

1. Vataja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata is dark and reddish, thin, cold, slimy,

with little discharge, rough, cracking, having pain of twitching, stretching, pricking

and tearing nature and devoid of muscle occurs mainly in Adhah Kaya Predominanly

on Basthi.70

2. Pittaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Pitta emerges quickly, is yellow and blue in

colour, discharges white liquid resembling washing of kimsuka flowers, attended with

burning, suppuration and redness and covered with yellow boils.

3. Kaphaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Kapha has extensive and severe itching,

thick margins, covered with net of stiff veins and ligaments, hard, pale, with mild pain

and exuding white, cold, thick and slimy discharge and is heavy.

4. Raktaja Vrana –Vrana caused by Rakta looks like collection of coral pieces,

is covered with network of black eruptive boils and pustules, smells likes stable, is

painful, fuming, bleeding and having signs and symptoms of Pitta.

5. VataPittaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata and Pitta has pricking pain,

burning and fuming, yellow and reddish in colour and with discharge of the same

colour.

6. VataKaphaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata and Kapha has excessive

itching, pricking pain, is rough, Guru, hard, occasionaly discharging cold, slimy and

little fluid.

7. PittaKaphaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Pitta and Kapha is Guru, with

burning sensation, and warm discharge as yellow and pale.



8. VataRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata and Rakta is rough, thin, has

intense pricking pain, numbness, red and reddish colours and discharge also of the

same colour.

9. PittaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Pitta and Rakta, looks like ghee-scum,

smells like washing of fish, soft, spreading and discharging hot and black fluid.

10. KaphaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Kapha and Rakta is red, heavy,

glossy, slimy, itching, firm and with discharge as red and pale.

11. VataPittaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata, Pitta and Rakta has

twitchings, pricking, burning and fuming with discharge as yellow, thin and red.

12. VataKaphaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata, Kapha and Rakta has

itching, twitching and tingling with discharge as pale, thick and red.

13. PittaKaphaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Pitta, Kapha and Rakta has

predominance of heat, suppuration, redness and itching with discharge as pale, thick

and red.

14. VataPittaKaphaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata, Pitta and Kapha has

colour, pain and discharge of all the three types.

15. VataPittaKaphaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata, Pitta, Kapha and

Rakta, has burning (as making ash), churning, twitching, pricking, heat, suppuration,

redness, itching and numbness and attended with various colours, pain and discharge.

Apart from these 15 one more named shuddhaVrana is also mentioned

16. Shuddha Vrana - The clean wound resembles lower surface of the tongue, is

soft, unctuous, smooth, painless, well-formed and free from discharge.



According to Acharya Charaka 71

Acharya Charaka had mentioned nija wound as of three types.

1. Vataja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata is stiff, hard on touching, with slow

exudation,excruciating pain, piercing pain, throbbing and blackishness.

2. Pittaja Vrana – it is known from the thirst, confusion (Moha), fever, sweating,

burning sensation, impurity, tearing, foul smell and discharge.

3. Kaphaja Vrana – it has much slimness, is heavy, unctuous, wet with mild pain,

paleness in colour, little fluid and chronicity. Vrana caused by Vata, Pitta, Kapha and

Rakta, has burning (as making ash), churning, twitching, pricking, heat, suppuration,

redness, itching and numbness and attended with various colours, pain and discharge.

According to Acharya Vagbhata: 72

Acharya Vagbhata had followed the same classification of NijaVrana as in

Susrutha samhitha. He had divided nija Vrana into fifteen types.

Table2.B.2 showing classification of Vrana based on prognosis and treatment

Samhitha Classification Subtypes and name

Su-upacara (4) Ayata, Caturasra, Vritta, Triputaka.2

types Durupacara (10) Sukti, Dwaja, Ratha, Kunta, Jaji,

Vrana, Gho, Vrisha, Prasadakritya,

Curnita.

Susrutha73

4

types

Sukhasadhya, Krichra sadhya,

Yapya, Asadhya

20

types

Kritya, Akritya, Dushta, Adushta,

Marmasritha,Marmanasritha,

Samvrita, vivrita, Daruna, Mridu,

Sravi, Asravi, Savisha, Nirvisha,

Vishama, Sama, Utsangi,

Anutsangi, Utsanna, Anutsanna.

-Charaka74

3 Asadhya, Sukhasadhya, Krichra

sadhya

-

Ashtanga

samgraha

4 Sukharopaniya, Krichraropanya,

Yapya and Asadhya

-



AGANTUJA VRANA / SADHYOVRANA

SushruthaAcharya has mentioned that Agantuja Vrana is caused by the bites of

men, beasts, birds, ferocious animal, reptiles/lizards, or by fall, pressure and blow or

by fire, alkali, poison or irritant drugs, or through injuries inflicted by pointed wood,

skeletal bones, horns, discus, arrows, axes, tridents or such other weapons. 76

Agantuja Vrana is classified into,

6 types

3 types

8 types

Classification of Agantuja Vrana77,78,79.

Table2.B.3 showing types of Agantuja Vrana

Susrutha

Samhitha

6 types Chinna, .Bhinna, Vidda, .Kshata, Piccita, Grishta

Chinna(5) Grishta, Avakrita,ViccinnaVilambhi,Patita.

Vidda (8) Anuvidda, Uttundita, Ativida, Nividda, Anubhinna,

Bhinnothundita, Atibhinna, Nirbhinna.

Ashtanga

Samgraha

3types

Piccita(2) 1.Savarna,2.Avarna

Ashtanga

Hrudaya

8 types Ghrishta, Avakrita, Viccinna, Pravalambita, Patita, Vidda, Bhinna,

Vidalita.



Characters of Agantuja Vrana based on shape and severity of injury: 80,81.

Acharyas have described accidental (exogenous) wound having various shapes

briefly and with features as of six types

These are- Chinna (severed), .Bhinna (ruptured), Vidda (punctured), .Kshata

(lacerated), Piccita( crushed) and Grishta (abraded).

The first two are caused by edged weapons, punctured by pointed ones while

others are caused by trauma with stone, stick etc.

Chinna- The wound which is broad, either oblique or straight and cause falling off

of any of the limbs is known Chinna (severed)

Bhinna- When a viscus injured by the pointed spear, trident, double-edged or

simple sword and also by horn (of animals) etc, exudes some discharge from

respective Ashaya, is known as Bhinna. (ruptured).

For example, disharge may be blood, urine and stool from respective viscera.

Kostha Bhinna lakshana:If kostha is ruptured and filled with blood, fever and

burning sensation appear, blood comes out of urethra, rectum, mouth and nose along

with the following symptoms-fainting, dyspnoea, thirst, flatulence, anorexia, retention

of faeces, urine and flatus, perspiration, redness of eyes, metallic smell in mouth, foul

smell in body pain in cardiac region and sides.

Amasaya bhinna lakshana:If blood is situated with in stomach, hematemeses

takes place along with excessive flatulence and severe colic.

Pakvasayabhinna lakshana: In case bleeding is in intestines, there are pain,

heaviness and coldness, blood being discharged from the passages (Srotas) below

umbilicus (Nabhi).



Viddha - The body part, except viscera injured with splinter having fine tip and

either protrude or gone out is known as Viddha (punctured).

Kshata- The uneven wound neither excessively cut nor severely torn but having

feature of both is known as Kshata (lacerated)

Piccita- The part which is swollen along with bone by striking and pressing and

affecting marrow and blood is known as Piccita (crushed).

Ghrista- When skin is removed by rubbing or any other cause associated with

burning sensation and discharge, it is known as Ghrista (abraded).

Aetiopathogenisis

In Ayurvedic classics it is mentioned that aetiopathogenesis helps in defining the

process of the diseases as well as its treatment.

Classification based on healing

Acharyas have also mentioned the signs and symptoms of the Vrana that are given

below.

Characters of Sudda Vrana 82,83,84,85,86:

According to Acharya Susruta Vrana that is of recent origin, unaffected by three

vitiated doshas, edge with a slight blackish colour, having granulation tissue, absence

of pain and secretion with an even/equal elevation of the surface through out its

length.

According to Acharya Charaka, wound which is neither reddish nor whitish/black

without much pain and elevation or depression is Suddha Vrana.



According to Ashtanga hridaya, wound resembling like surface of tongue, soft,

unctuous, smooth with normal surface, absence of pain and secretion is Suddha

Vrana.

Characters of Ruhyamana Vrana 87

Wound with margin of grey cololur like pigeon’s colour without moisture, firm

and scaly should be known as healing ulcer.

Characters of Ruda Vrana 88

Wound which had ground matrix healing up; knotless; unswollen; painless; with

colour similar to that of skin and even should be known as well healed ulcer.

Aetiopathogenisis of Vrana

In Ayurvedic classics it is mentioned that aetiopathologenesis helps in defining the

process of the diseases as well as its treatment.

Nidana:, 89,90, 91, 92 93

The word nidana refers to the root cause of all ailments. All causes can be classified

into Ayoga, Hinayoga, and Atiyoga of Asatmendriyartha, which are three main factors

to produce a disease. All the etiological factors of Vrana belong to extrinsic or

intrinsic forces.

Intrinsic causes: 94

Vata

Ahara - intake of non-unctuous, light and food.

Vihara -over administration of vamana, virechana, rakthamokshana, physical

exercise, suppression of natural urges, fasting assault, sexual indulgence, anxiety,

grief and vigil during night etc.



Pitta

Ahara- Excessive intake of ushna, amla, lavana, kshara, katu.

Food intake at time of from indigestion.

Vihara- exposure to sun, fire, exhaustion, anger.

Kapha

Ahara- excessive intake of unctuous, heavy, sweet, slimy, sita and lavana food.

Vihara- Sleeping during daytime and lack of exercise.

Extrinsic causes:

By the bites of men, beasts, birds, ferocious animal, reptiles/lizards, or by fall,

pressure and blow or by fire, alkali, poison or irritant drugs, or through injuries

inflicted by pointed wood, skeletal bones, horns, discus, arrows, axes, tridents or such

other weapons.

Samprapti:95

Acharya Charaka has explained the samprapti of Nija Vrana as the Vatadi Doshas

aggravated due to their own etiological factors produce Nija Vrana by the

predisposing Bahya marga.

Vrana moolas : 96

Vataja, Pittaja, Sleshmaja, Sonitaja, Sannipataja,Aganthuja.

Table 2.B.4 showing Vrana Adhishtanas

Sushrutha 97 8 Twak Mamsa sira ,Snayu, Sandhi, Asthi,Koshta,Marma

Charaka98 8 Twak, Sira, Mamsa, Meda, Asthi, Snayu, Marma, Antarasraya

Vagbhata99 8 Twak, Mamsa, Sira, Snayu, Sandhi, Asthi, Koshta, Marma



Table 2.B.5 showing Vrana Lakshanas as per Susrutha Samhita100,101,102,103,104

Sabdha100

Ksveda, Ghurgura, Jvalantiva, Pavana sashabdam visrujyanthi.

Gandha

Prakrutha - Katu, Tikshna, Visra, Loha Gandha, Mishra Gandha, Laja, Atasi

taila,

Vaikrutha – Madya, Agaru, Aagya, Sumana, Padma, Chandana, Champaka,

Divya Gandha, Swana, Vaji, Mooshika, Dhwanksha, Puti, Valloora, Matkuna,

Panka.

SparshaDahyante antharathyartha bahihi seetascha or

Dahyante bahirathyartham bhavanthi anthascha seetala

Twak Salila, Visra, Pithavabhasa.

Mamsa Sarpi, Sandra, Swetha, Pichila.

SiraRakta, Puya, Tanu, Vichinna, Pichila, Avalambi,

Shyava, Avasyaya

Snayu Snigdha, Ghana, Singhanaka, Rakta

AsthiSukti Dhouta, Majja misra, Rakta, Snigdha,

Sandhigata, Pichila, Avalambi

Koshta Mutra, Pureesha, Puya, Udaka

Marma As above

Vata in TwakParushya, Shyava, Avashyaya, Dahi, Mastu,

Ksharodaka, Mamsadhavana pulakodaka

Pitta in TwakGomeda, Gomutra, Bhasma, Shanka, Kashaya,

Udaka, Madweeka, Taila

Kapha in TwakNavaneetha. Kaseesa, Majja, Pishta, Tila,

Nalikerodaka, Varaha Vasa.

Sannipata in TwakNalikerodaka, Ervaruka rasa, Kanjikaprasada,

Arukodaka, Priyangu phala, Yakrut, Mudga yusha.

Pakwashaya (Asadhya) Pulakodaka,

Raktashaya (Asadhya) Ksharodaka

Srava

Amashaya &

Trikasandhi (Asadhya)Kalayaambha



Vata

Toda, Bheda, Tadana, Chedana, Ayamana,

Mandhana, Vikshepana, Chumuchumayana,

Nirdahana, Avabhanjana, Sphotana, Vidarana,

Utpatana, Kampana, Vividha shoola, Vikirana,

Stambhana, Poorana, Swapna, Aakunchana,

Ankushika

Pitta

Osha, Chosha, Paridaha, Dhumayana,

Angaramavakirnamiva, Ushmabhivrudhi,

Ksharavasikta

Rakta Same like Pitta

KaphaKandu, Gurutwa, Suptatwa, Upadehtwa, Alpa

vedana, Stambha, Shaitya

Vedana

Sannipata All the above

Akruthi Ayata, Caturasra, Tryasra, Mandala, Ardacandrapratikasa, Visala,

Kutila,Sarvasadrsa, Yugmadhya.

Vata Bhasma, Kapotasti, parusha, Aruna, Krishna

Pitta & RaktaNeela, Peeta, Harita, Shyava, Krishna Rakta,

Pingala, and KapilaVarna

Kapha Swetha, Snigdha, Pandu

Table 2.B.6 showing Vrana Lakshanas as per Charaka Samhita105

Akruthi (12)

Sveta, Avasannavartma, Athisulavartma, Atipinjara,Nila,

Syava, Atipidaka, Rakta, Krishna, Atiputika, Ropya,

Kumbhimukha.

Gandha Sarpi, Taila, Vasa, Puya, Rakta, Syava, Amla, Puti.

Srava (14) Lasika, Jala, Puya, Asruk, Haridra, Aruna, Pinjara, Kashaya,

Neela, Haritha, Snigdha, Ruksha, Sita, Asita.

Sadhyasadhyata

The prognosis is based on a number of conditions and various types of wounds.



Characteristics of Sukhasadya Vrana106,107,108,109,110

Vrana arising in only Tvak Adhishtana.

Patient who is having good Satva, good strength, equilibrium of Agni, wound

which is circular/elliptical/triangular /rectangular in shape and not at the site of

buttock, anus, penis, lips, back, inner side of buccal cavity, throat .

Vrana which is rectangular, square, circular and triangular in shape

Patient of Vrana who follows the pathyapathya sincerely.

Early age of patients, strength of body, mental power, vitality of dhatus.

Vrana situated at such a place where dressing, application of medicaments etc are

easier and availability of healing tissue is better .

Wound occurring in the skin and the flesh, in the region which is easy to

approach, which is of recent in origin, which occurs in favorable season also in

young.

Vrana having Kapota Varna, edges dry and stable.

Characteristics of Krichra Sadhya Vrana 111,112

Vrana of bone, teeth, nose, lateral angle of eye, srotas, umbilicus, stomach,

suture, buttock, flanks, abdomen, thorax, breast, joints,etc, those secreting frothy

blood /pus with a gurgling sound or containing any foreign matter embedded inside.

A wound appearing in the neither region of the body and pointing upward or at the

root of the hair or about the end of the nails or in any of the vulnerable parts of the

body, on the tibio-fibular joint, pelvis, and Bhagandara which has got the opening

inward



Wound of leprotic, diabetes mellitus, tubercular, poisonous one, and reoccurrence

of pre-existing wound.

Vrana which is having smell, 16 complication and 24 Vrana Dosha.

Lacking the lakshanas told for Sukhasadya Vrana .

Characteristic features of Yapya Vrana: 113,114.

Characteristics of Yapya Vrana is explained as Avapatita, Niruda Prakasa,

Sanniruda Guda, Jatara Granthi, Krimi, Pratishyaya, Koshtagata Krimi, Sarkara

Meha, Sikata Meha, Vatakundalika, Ashtila, Dantasarkara, Upakusha, Kanthasaluka,

Dushita gums, Visarpa, Bhagna, Urakshata, and Vrana Granti. With out treatment in

proper time, curable wound can be converted in to Yapya.

Characteristic features of Asadya Vrana115,116,117,118,119Wound without taking

treatment

Wound which grows like a fleshy mass, painful, containing pus copious secretion

with its edges raised like genitals of mare, horn of a cow which are soft/ hard,

elevated at its base, exudates, blood/thin slimy secretion/fat/marrow/coagulated

blood/brain matter embossed / heaped up at center, dipped at its extremity, covered

with shreds of ligaments, bad appearance, Koshtagata Vrana having yellow/black

discharge/urine/faces/air exudation from mouth anus and wound itself, multi

spreading narrow mouthed wound of an emaciated patient, narrow mouthed from

where air bubbles come out, passing air with sound from a head/neck wound, pus and

blood discharge from wounds of emaciated patients wound, wound with complication



such as anorexia, indigestion, cough and dyspneoa, brain injury from which brain

matter exudates and all doshas are vitiated.

Wound which exudates fat, marrow, or cerebrospinal fluid, may prove incurable

to medical treatment.

If a wound does not heal, even without involvement of vein/joint/bone / vital parts

of body.

Shape of wounds other than those explained in Sukha Sadya Llakshanas.

Wound having secretion like Pulakodaka from large intestine, discharge like

alkaline water from Raktasaya, peya yusha like exudates from stomach and sacral

joint.

Lacking of all conditions of Sukasadhya Vrana.

Wound associated with the diseases like erysepales, fever, diarrhea, cough, thirst,

insomnia, dyspnoea, indigestion.

Wound produced by dosha vitiation and having exudes of musclefat, marrow,

cerebrospinal fluids.

Wound which having smell of wine /agar /ghee/chameli /red lotus / Champa

/Divya /extra ordinary smell.

Wound becomes squire, painful even without involvement of vital parts, which is

hot externally and cold internally, “wound of patients who have emaciation,

dyspnoea, cough, anorexia, which exudes too much muco-purulent blood stained

discharges and wound of vital parts is incurable even after taking treatment.

Wounds of patient whose Koshta is filled with blood, having coldness\of hands,

legs, mouth and respiration,eyes become red and having Anaha.



Vrana upadrava

Acc to Acharya Susrutha there are many complications of wound and the

wounded patient. Out of them complication of wound are five sense subjects relating

to smell etc. while those of wounded are Jwara,Atisara, Moorcha, Hikka, Chardhi,

Arochaka, Swasa, Kasa, Avipaka and Thrushna.120

Acc to Acharya Charaka Vrana Upadravas are 16 in number.

They are Visarpa ,Pakshaghata, Sirastambha, Apatanaka, Moha, Unmada, Ruja,

Jwara, Hrushna, Hanugraha, Kasa, Chardi, Atisara, Hikka, Swasa and Vepadhu.121

Vrana Upadrava Hetu-s 122

1. Snayu kleda

2. Sirakleda

3. Gambhirya

4. Krumi bhakshana

5. Asthibheda

6. Sasalyatva

7. Savishatva

8. Sarpana

9. Nagha prabheda

10. Kashtaprabhedt

11. Charma athikattana

12. Loma athikattana

13. Midhyabandha

14. Atisneha

15. Atibhaishajya karshana

16. Ajirna

17. Atibhuktha

18. Virudhdha bhojana

19. Asathmya bhojana

20. Soka

21. Krodha

22. Divaswapna

23. Vyayama

24. Maidhuna

VRANA ROPANA

Etymology:

Root “ruh” adding the suffix “Ana”, na-ruh-nic-hasya yah-lyut in the meaning of

Janane or to regenerate.



Definition:

Vrana is so named by the scholars because it covers the site and the scar thus formed

does not disappear, even after healing, and persists until the person lives.

Vrana Chikitsa

The entire course of treatment in Vrana is classified under,

1. Poorvakarma,

2. Pradhana karma,

3. Paschatkarma.

Classical texts have mentioned that if the aganatuja Vrana does not heal even after

seven days, has to be considered as sharirika and the treatment is to be done like that

of Doshaja Vrana123,124..

Susruthacharya has adviced Saptopakramas as the basic treatment principles for

Vrana where he has incorporated various procedures viz.Shashti upakramas in

them.125

Saptopakramas are

1. Vimlaapana

2. Avasecana

3. Upanaaha

4. Patana Kriya

5. Sodhana

6. Ropana and

7. Vaikrutaapaharana



Sashti upakramas are

1. Apatarpana

2. Aalepa

3. Parisheka

4. Abhyanga

5. Sweda

6. Vimlaapana

7. Upanaaha

8. Paacana

9. Visraavana

10. Sneha

11. Vamana

12. Virecana

13. Chedana

14. Bhedana

15. Daarana

16. Lekhana

17. Eshana

18. Aaharana

19. Vyadhana

20. Vidraavana

21. Seevana

22. Sandhana

23. Peedana

24. Sonita sthaapana

25. Nirvaapana

26. Utkaarikaa

27. Kashaaya

28. Varti

29. Kalka

30. Sarpi

31. Taila

32. Rasakriyaa

33. Avacoornana

34. Vranadhoopana

35. Utsaadana

36. Avasaadana

37. Mrudukarma

38. Daarunakarma

39. Kshaarakarma

40. Agnikarma

41. Krushnakarma

42. Paandukarma

43. Pratisaarana

44. Romasanjanana

45. Lomaapaharana

46. Bastikarma

47. Uttarabastikarma

48. Bandha

49. Patraadaana

50. Krumighna

51. Bramhana

52. Vishaghna

53. Sirovirecana

54. Nasya

55. Kavaladhaarana

56. Dhooma

57. Madhu

58. Sarpi

59. Yantra

60. Aahaara

The Upakramas incorporated in Vimlapana are:

Apatarpana,

Alepa,

Parisheka,

Abhyanga,

Sveda,

Vimlapana



The Upakramas incorporated in Avasechana are

Visravana

Snehana

Vamana.

Virechana.

The Upakramas incorporated in Upanaha are

Upanaha

Pacana

The Upakramas incorporated in Patana

Chedana

Bhedana

Darana

Lekhana

Eshana

Aharana

Vyadhana

Visravana

Sivana

The Upakramas incorporated in Shodana and Ropana

Sandhana

Pidana

Sonithasthapana

Nirvapana

Utkartika



Kashaya

Varti

Kalka

Sarpi

Taila

Rasakriya

Avacurnana

Dhupana.

The Upakramas incorporated in Vaikrutapaharana are 26 cosmetic measures.

As per Charakacharya126

Charaka has mentioned thirty-six therapeutic measures for the treatment of wound.

1. Sophaghna

2. Patana

3. Vyadhana

4. Chedana

5. Lekhana

6. Prachchana

7. Avapidana

8. Nirvapana

9. Sandhana

10. Swedana

11. Samana

12. Eshana

13. Sodhana kasaya

14. Sodhana pralepa

15. Ropana kasaya

16. Ropana pralepa

17. Sodhana taila ghrita

18. Ropana taila ghrita

19. Patra

20. Bahya Chadana

21. Antah Chadana

22. Bandana

23. Upabandhana

24. Pathya Bhojya

25. Utsadana

26. Avasadana

27. Agni Daha

28. Kshara daha

29. Kathinyakara dhupana

30. Mardavakara dhupana

31. Kathinyakara – alepa

32. Mardavakara – alepa

33. Avacurnana

34. Ropana

35. Varnya

36. Lomarohana



As per Ashtanga Sangraha

1. Vamana

2. Virecana

3. Upacaara

4. Raktamokshana

5. Seka

6. Abhyanga

7. Sophahara Lepa

8. Swedana

9. Sthirasophahara

Lepa

10. Upanaaha

11. Daarana

12. Peedana

13. Prakshaalana

14. Vranasodhana Lepa

15. Varti

16. Dhoopa

17. Utsaadana

18. Avasaadana

19. Kshaarakarma

20. Agnikarma

21. Vranaropana Lepa

22. Vranaropana Ghruta

23. Vranaropana Taila

24. Avacooranana

25. Svarnakarana

26. Romasan`janana

Treatment of Sadyovrana:128,129

1. Immediate general treatment is done for pacifying the heat released at the site of

injury due to Pitta aggravation by special cooling measures.

2. Sneha – processed by Vatahara drugs are advised for loss of blood due to vitiation

of Vata following by sudation.

3. Irrigation of drugs having Seeta Veerya (cold properties) for excessive burning

sensation followed by suppuration.

4. Vamana, Virecana, Langhana, Pathya, repeated blood letting are indicated for red

and inflamed Vrana.

5. Specific treatment:

A) Ghrushta Vrana: Dusting of powder after Subsiding of pain.

B) Avakruta Vrana: Use of Kalka, Kashaaya.

C) Vicchinna and Pravilambita: Bandaging and Avapeedana after suturing.



D) Viddha Vrana: Salya Harana.

E) Vidaalita Vrana: Like Bhagnapratishedha.

Recurrence of Vrana occurs due to Dosha Prakopa, Vyaayaama, Abhighaata,

Ajeerna, Harsha, Krodha and Bhaya.

PATHYAAPATHYA130,131

Charaka had mentioned Pathya-apathya for the patient suffering from Vrana. He

had quoted that such a patient should abstain from salt, sour, pungent, hot, burning

heavy food-drinks and also sexual intercourse. Food and drinks not too cold, heavy

and fatty, non-burning, according to the nature of the wound and day sleep are

beneficial.

According to Sushruta, if the wound, in spite of being situated in location not near

the vital spots and free from vessels, joints and bones; spreads all over the body. He

also suggested avoiding physical exercise and intercourse for a year.

According to Vagbhata, he who takes old rice (Shali dhanya) cooked well and

added with fats (ghee etc) in small quantity along with meat of animal of arid land

(Jangala) followed by drinking warm water gets cured of the ulcer quickly.

REVIEW OF MODERN LITERATURE OF WOUND

DEFINITION OF WOUND

“A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues often ,which may be

associated with disruption of structure and function”.132

SYNONYMS: 133

Wound, sore, ulcer, abscess, tumour, cancer, boil, scar, cicatrix, crack, fistula,

injury.



DEFINITION OF ULCER:

An ulcer is a break in the continuity of the covering epithelium, either skin or

mucus membrane due to molecular death 134

CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS135

A wound can be caused by almost any injurious agent and can involve any tissue

or structure. Rank and Wake field classify wounds mainly into two viz; tidy and

untidy.

Tidy wounds

They are afflicted by sharp instruments and contain a devitalized tissue,where they

get closed primarily with the expectation of quiet primary healing .Eg: Surgical

incisions, cuts from glass and knife wounds .

Untidy wounds

They result from crushing, avulsion, vascular injury or burns and contain

devitalized tissue. Skin wounds will often be multiple and irregular. Such wounds

doesnot heal primarily and usually heal with complications.

Other types of wounds are bruise, contusion and haematoma

A closed blunt injury may result in a bruise or contusion. There is bleeding into

the tissues and visible discoloration. Where the amount of bleeding is sufficient to

create a localized collection in the tissues, this is described as a haematoma.

Puncture wounds and bites

A puncture wound is an open injury in which foreign material and organisms are

likely to be carried deeply into the underlying tissues. Common causes are standing

on a nail or other sharp object. There may be little to see on the surface,



Radiological examination may detect metal fragments or glass.

Abrasions and friction burns

An abrasion is a shearing injury of skin in which the surface is rubbed off. Most

are superficial and will heal by epithelialisation, but some may result in full-thickness

skin loss. Abrasions may be dirt ingrained and if this dirt is not removed at the time

of primary treatment permanent, tattooing of the skin will result.

Laceration

A laceration or cut is the result of contact with a sharp object (the surgical

equivalent is an incised wound). Once the suting implement has gone deep to the

dermis, there is less resistance in the subcutaneous tissues and the cut may therefore

penetrate to a considerable depth.

Traction and avulsion

Avulsion injuries are open injuries where there has been severe degree of tissue

damage. Such injuries occur when hands or limbs are trapped in moving machinery,

such as is rollers, producing a degloving injury. Degloving is caused by shearing

forces that separate tissue planes, rupturing their vascular interconnections and

causing tissue ischaemia. This most frequently occurs between the subcutaneous fat

and deep fascia. Degloving injuries can be open or closed. Degloving can be

localized or circumferential. It can occur only in the single, subcutaneous plane, but

where present in multiple planes, such as between muscles and fascia and between

muscles and bone, is an indication of a severe high energy injury with a limited

potential for primary healing.



Crush

Crush injuries are a further variant of blunt injury and are often accompanied by

degloving and compartment syndrome. Injury to tissues within a closed fascial

compartment leads to bleeding, exudate and swelling of these tissues, and increased

interstitial pressure. As the interstitial pressure rises above capillary perfusion

pressure thje blood supply to the viable tissues is reduced, resulting in further

ischaemic tissue injury and swelling. This cycle causes a worsening compartment

syndrome with muscle ischaemia and nerve ischemia progressing to muscle necrosis,

skin necrosis and limb loss. Muscle necrosis may result in renal failure. This process

can be arrested by early recognition and decompression of the affected compartments

by fasciotomy.

Injury to Internal organs

Wound such as stab wounds may be associated with damage to internal organs.

Treatment of penetrating abdominal or thoracic wound has been discussed elsewhere.

The possibility of blunt or sharp abdominal trauma must not be overlooked when

treating extensive injuries else where, particularly in an unconscious patient.

War wounds and gunshot injuries

Gunshot injuries are associated with different severity of tissue damage depending

upon whether the injury is of low or high velocity. Low-velocity injuries, such as

from a hand gun, result in an entry and exit wound, the latter being the large, and

damage along the tract of the missile, Such injuries are often assoiated with server

tissue contamination from clothing, dirt or other foreign materials. High-velocity

injuries from modern assault rifles) cause explosive pressure and decom pression

effect, such that there is widespread tissue damage, with injury to major limb vessels



and nerves situated some distance from the tract of the missile. Where a high-velocity

missile strikes bone, the high-energy exchange result in fragmentation of the bone.

Injuries to bone and joints

Fractures may be closed where the skin is intact or open where there is a wound.

Open fractures may have a skin wound due to penetration from the outside or, more

frequently, due to bursting of the skin from within by bone fragments. The bone

displacement is worst at the very moment of injury and bone fragments partially

reduce spontaneously thereafter.

Injury to nerves -usually seen in open wounds and presented with impaired nerve

function.

Injuries to arteries and veins - wound is presented with very much bleeding.

Chronic wounds

Several conditions are classified as varieties of chronic wounds, although they

may not clearly follow mechamical trauma.

Ulcers

All ulcer is any breach in an epithelial surface. Chronic ulcers are wounds that

fail to heal. In generally, they have a fibrotic margin and a bed of granulation tissue

which may include areas of slough (necrotic tissue).

Pressure sores

These are chronic wounds following tissue necrosis from pressure. They occur

over bony prominences. There pathogenesis is identical to compartment syndrome in

theat they ariose where there is unrelieved pressure in the soft tissues overlying bone



such that the external pressure exceeds capillary perfusion pressure and ischaemic

necrosis occurs.

WOUND HEALING 136

The word ‘healing’ means replacement of destroyed tissue by living tissue.

Wounds may be caused by-

i) Trauma-either accidental or surgical.

ii) Physical, chemical and microbial agents, which give rise to inflammation and may

lead to necrosis or destruction of living tissue.

iii) Ischaemia, which leads to infraction.

Regeneration and repair are two important factors to be understood in the context

of wound healing .

Regeneration, which means replacement of lost tissue by tissue similar in type.

This occurs due to proliferation of surrounding undamaged specialized cells.

Repair, which means replacement of lost tissue by granulation tissue, followed by

fibrosis and scar tissue formation. This occurs when the surrounding specialized cells

do not possess the capacity to proliferate e.g. neurons and muscle or destruction of

tissue to such an extent that proliferation of the surrounding undamaged cells cannot

make good the loss.



Two types of healing are:

Healing by first intention-When a wound is sutured primarily with clips, sutures

or adhesive materials, the wound healing occurs with minimum scarring and it is

known as healing by first intention.

Healing by second intention-When there is irreparable skin loss or the wound

becomes infected and breaks open, primary suturing is not possible. So the wound

heals with more scar tissue and taken longer time to heal. This is known as healing by

secondary intention. An ulcer also heals in the same way.

The four basic processes which take place in wound healing are:-

A. Inflammation.

B. Wound contraction.

C. Epithelialization.

D. Granulation tissue formation.

Although all wounds heal by the same basic process, yet their application is different

in closed wounds and open wounds.

A. Inflammation- Immediately after disruption of tissue integrity either by

accidental trauma or by surgeon’s knife, inflammation starts. Platelets become

adherent and with clotting factors form a haemostatic plug to stop bleeding from the

smaller vessels. The blood vessels undergo transient vasoconstriction followed by

vasodilation. Histamine is considered to be the primary mediator of inflammatory

vascular responses. This is liberated by platelets, mast cell and granulocytes.



Histamine produces local vasodilatation and increases permeability of small vessels.

With increase of permeability, proteins and plasma leak out of the vessels. The action

of histamine is short lasting and local sources are depleted rapidly. Soon the kinins, a

series of biologically active peptides and the prostaglanins, principally PEG1 and

PEG2 take over the job of implicating local inflammatory vascular responses from

histamine. Kallikrein, and enzyme found in plasma and in gametocytes, release

bradykinin and kallidin. In the presence of kinins, the local cells produce a varity of

prostaglandin’s. These prostaglandin’s seem to be the final mediators of acute

inflammation and may play a chemotactic role for white cells and fibroblasts. In the

early stages of inflammation, actively motile white cells migrate into the wound and

start engulfing and removing cellular debris and injured tissue fragments. At first,

polymorph nuclear leucocytes dominate. This stage has also chemical mediators.

Leukotaxine, a peptide formed in damaged tissues by the enzymatic destruction of

albumin, is though to be the chemotactic agent-attracting leucocytes into the wound.

As the transient phase of white cell migration ends, the granulocytes with shorter

life die and release acid hydrolases into the local environment. Previously the

proportion of granulocytes and monocytes in the wound area were in the same ratio as

they are in the blood. As the granulocytes are dying, the proportion of monocytes

increases significantly and these monocytes continue their scavenging activity for

weeks. Monocytes become the dominant cell type by the 5th day. They are

phagocytic and ingest cellular debris. It has been found out experimentally that

wound healing may proceed normally in the absence of granulocytes and



lymphocytes, but monocyte must be present to create normal fibroblasts production.

Depression of monocytes will delay wound healing.

Clinically, inflammation is presented by redness, tenderness, heat, swelling and

loss of function.

B. Wound contraction- Wound contraction has been noticed in open wounds

with tissue loss for centuries. Only recently however, the mechanisms responsible for

wound contraction have been investigated extensively.This wound contraction does

not begin immediately and that about 3 to 4 days elapse before movement of the

edges become measurable. This period, when no wound contraction is noticed, is

called the initial ‘Lag period”. After this period there is a period of rapid contraction,

which is completed by the 14 the day. At this time the wound is reduced to

approximately 80% of its original size. The magnitude of contraction varies with the

species of animal and with the shape, size and site of the wound.

CAUSES OF WOUND CONTRACTION

Over the years a great deal of research work has been performed to know the

mechanism of wound contraction, but yet it is not known with certainty.

1. Removal of fluid by drying has been suggested as a cause of diminution in the

size of wound. But this has not been substantiated, as water content of central wound

tissue at the beginning of wound contraction has not changed significantly as at the

end of contraction.



2. Contraction of collagen has also been incriminated as the cause of wound

contraction. Although collagen increases markedly between the 5th and 8th day of

healing, yet the total collagen in the wound falls significantly after this period, so it

does not correlate with the period of wound contraction. Moreover the rate of wound

contraction is not affected by suppressing collagen synthesis. In scorbutic animals,

although granulation tissue is formed, collagen production is inhibited and yet wound

contraction proceeds normally.

3. Contraction of granulation tissue: - That contraction occurs at a time when

granulation tissue is actively being formed has laid many workers to regard the

granulation tissue as forming an organ of contraction. But curiously excision of

central granulation tissue did not agent the rate of wound contraction. It was further

noticed that although wound contraction was not inhibited by excising the central

mass of granulation tissue, it could be stopped decisively by excising a very limited

zone of tissue just beneath the advancing dermal edge.So this indicated that the

contracting mechanism is located in margins of the wound, the so called picture-frame

area. This histological area of this ‘picture-frame area reveals a collection of large,

stellate, pale staining cells which have been thought to be the cells responsible for

moving the overlying dermis. These are myofibroblasts. These cells show

characteristics of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells including a rough endoplasmic

reticulum and microfilament bundles similar to smooth muscles.

FACTORS INHIBITING WOUND CONTRACTION

1. Corticosteroid administration has inhibitory effect on wound contraction.

2. Contraction does not occur normally in burns.



3. Immediate skin grafting prevents wound contraction.

4. X-irradiation, if applied on the wound, causes delay in wound contraction.

5. Trocinate, which is a smooth muscle inhibitor, acts on actin which is the

contractile protien of fibrous contractures in human beings.

6. Colchicine and vinblastin also inhibit wound contraction, as they are inhibitors of

microtubule formation in the myofibroblasts. In fact colchicines is presently used in

the control of fibrous contractures in human beings.

7. Cytotoxic agents particularly the cytochrome poisons in non-lethal doses inhibit

wound contraction.

C. Epithelialisation:- In skin wounds, the epidermis immediately adjacent to the

wound edge begins thickening on the first day. Marginal basal cells lose their firm

attachment to the underlying dermis, enlarge and begin to migrate into the wound.

The fixed basal cells in a zone near the wound edge undergo rapid mitotic divisions

(proliferate) and the daugher cells migrate. Within 48 hours, the entire wound surface

is re-epithelialised. After bridging the wound defect, the migrating epithelial cells

lose their flattened appearance and become more columnar in shape. Layering of the

epithelium starts and surface cells keratinise. The epithelial cells also migrate down

the suture tracts. Subsequent epithelial thickening and keratinisation may produce

marked foreign body reaction and formation of sterile abscess. Epithelialisation of

the wound mainly occurs by proliferation and migration of the marginal basal cells

lying close to the wound margin.



D. Granulation tissue formation:- The haematoma within the wound is soon

replaced by granulation tissue, which consists of new capillaries and fibroblasts. This

formation of granulation is preceded by two phases- (i) phase of traumatic

inflammation and (ii) phase of demolition.

1. PHASE OF TRAUMATIC INFLAMMATION:- The details of this traumatic

inflammation has been discussed in the context of wound inflammation.

2. PHASE OF DEMOLITION:- The dead tissue cells liberate their autolytic

anzymes. Similalry disintegrating polymorphs liberate proteolytic enzymes. The

mononuclear cells along with lage phagocytic macrophages infiltrate and ingest

particulate matters. They either digest or remove them. Fusion of these macrophages

results in the formation of foreign body gaint cells.

3. GRANULATION TISSUE FORMATION:- The granulation tissue is mainly

formed by proliferation and migration of the surrounding connective tissue elements.

It is in fact composed of in the first instance by capillary loops and fibroblasts with a

variable number of inflammatory cells. So initially it is highly vascular tissue, which

gradually turns into an avascular scar tissue. The two stages are considered in this

process- (a) stage of vascularisation and (b) stage of devascularisation.

a) Stage of vascularisation-As mentioned above the wound clot is invaded by

macrophages, which with their phagocytic activities remove the particulate matters

and move towards the center of the wound. This process is followed by capillary

loops and fibroblasts. The ingrowth of capillary loops and fibroblasts which help to

form living granulation tissue is known as organization.



Solid buds of endothelial cells grow out of the existing damaged blood vessels at

the surface of the wound. These undergo canalization by anastomosis with their

neighbours form a series of vascular arcades. Under the electron microscope gaps are

seen between the endothelial cells and the basement membrane is poorly formed.

These newly formed capillary loops leak protein and thus the tissue fluid which is

formed is a very suitable medium for fibroblastic growth. Gradually these capillary

loops differentiate, a few acquire muscle coat and become arterioles, whereas others

enlarge to form thin walled venules. A few disappear or persist as part of the

capillary bed. The source of smooth muscle fibres to form arterioles is either cell

migration or differentiation of existing primitive mesenchymal cells. Direct

arteriovenous shunts are also formed.

The fibroblasts, which accompany the capillary loop, gradually become larger to

become elongated fibrocytes. During this process of fibrogenesis, pH becomes

alkaline. From these fibroblasts ultimately collagen is formed. Collagen is an

extracelllar secretion from specialized fibroblasts and the basis molecules which

fibroblasts synthesise are frequently called tropocollagen. This tropocollagen

condenses in the mucopolysaccharide extracellular space to form fibrils. These fibrils

are grouped together to form the reticulin fibres. These fribrils when condensed

together form the collagen fibres. This collagen is not inert and it undergoes constant

turnover under the influence of tissue collagenase. More thicker collagen fibres are

laid down haphazardly.



These are several types of collagen which differ in the amino acid sequence of the

constituent chains, though hydroxyproline, proline and glycin dominate. Type I

collagen is found in the tendon, ligament, skin and bone Type II collagen is found in

cartilage, mainly in articular and costal cartilages. Type III collagen is found in

foetal dermis and later on is replaced by type I collagen at birth. Type III collagen

appears to be an important component of tissues with unusual degree of elasticity

such as aorta, oesophagus and uterus. The aminocids found in collagen are

hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. Other fibrous tissues such as elastin do not contain

significant amount of hydroxyproline.

Fibroblasts are also though to be responsible for the production of

mucopolysaccharide ground substance.

b) Stage of devascularisation- In this stage fibroplasia proceeds and some vessels

undergo atrophy, whereas others show endarteritis obliterans, that means their lumens

become obliterated due to intimal proliferation. So the granulation tissue looks pale at

this stage, which is known as devascularisation.

At the beginning of this stage, nerve fibres and lymphatics form, with the

ingrowth of nerve fibres, the arterioles exhibits rhythmic contraction. The new

lymphatics develop from existing lymphatics in the same way as do the capillary

loops. Mast cells also make their appearance and their granules are derived from the

ground substance. At later stage these mast cells disappear and hyalinisation occurs.

Ther is also formation of scar tissue. This process is known as cicatrisation. Collagen

turn over and remodeling in the scar never stops. In fact the turn over of collagen in



scar tissue is faster than in other tissues. The phenomenon of scar remodeling is the

basic function of injured tissues. The gross appearance of remodeling scars suggests

that collagen fibres are altered and rewoven into different architectural patterns with

time.

Factors affecting granulation tissue formation

1. Cortisone administration- Excess corticosteriod administration inhibits

granulation tissue formation.

2. Scurvy- Maturation to collagen does not occur in the absence of vitamin C.

3. Protein starvation- also causes delayed formation of collagen. There remains

excessive accumulation of poorly sulphated ground substance.

Healing of Skin Wounds

Healing of a clean incised wound, the edges of which are closed (closed wound)-takes

place by a process known as healing by first intention. The following changes take

place-

i. Initial haemorrhage results in the formation of a fibrin-rich haematoma.

ii. Acute inflammatory process occurs and the fibrinous exudates help to cement the

cut margins of the wound together.

iii. Minimum granulation tissue is formed, which can be called organization.

iv. Regeneration of epithelium- The process of epithelialisation has been discussed

above. In the first 24 hours basal cells mobilize from the undersurface of the

epidermis. By 48 hours the advancing epithelial edge undergoes cellular

hypertrophy and mitosis. Epithelial cells gradually line the wound deep to the

fibrin clot and it also lines the suture tracks. Implantation epidermoid cyst may



develop from epithelial remnants. There may be formation of ugly punctuate

scars from sutures which are left in position for longer period. The use of

adhesive tapes instead of sutures for closing wounds avoids these marks and gives

better cosmetic results.

Healing of open wounds- If delayed closure is not performed and if there skin loss, a

remarkable change in the physical dimension of the wound occurs. Healing of such

wound is known as healing by secondary intention. The main bulk of tissue with

performs the healing process is the granulation tissue and that is why this type of

healing is also called healing by granulation. But this does not mean that granulations

are not formed in the simple incised wounds. The difference is quantitative and not

qualitative. The followings are that various important processes of this type of wound

healing.

i) Initial inflammatory phase affects the surrounding tissues and the wound is filled

with coagulum. This coagulum dies and forms a scab.

ii) The most important feature of healing of this type of wound is wound contraction.

The skin wound contracts by stretching the surrounding skin to close the defect and

not by the production of new skin. After a dealy of ‘lag period’ of 2 or 3 days, the

dermal edges begin moving towards each other. Between 5 and 10 days, the wound

edges move rapidly and after 2 weeks it becomes slowed down again.

iii) The exposed wound gradually becomes completely covered with granulation

tissue. This granulation tissue forms a temporary protective layer against infection

until the surface is covered by epithelium.



iv) The epithelium gradually grows over the granulation tissue, but beneath the scab

to complete the healing process. Specialized epithelial structures like interpapillary

processes, hair follicles and sebaceous gland are not reformed.

The epithelial cells in fact slide into the wound forming a thin tongue of

cells between the granulation tissue and the clot. Gradually as the epithelialisation

continues, there is also remodeling of the granulation tissue and scar, so that the

wounded area which was at first depressed, ultimately forms a flat scar.

Complications of wound healing:

i) Implantation cysts.

ii) Painful scars.

iii) Cicatrisation- It often produces various deformities.

iv) Keloid formation

v) Neoplasia

Factors influencing wound healing - The various factors which influence wound

healing can be divided into two groups-general factors and local factors.

General factors:-

1. Age- Wound healing is fast in the young, but it is normal in old age unless

associated with debilitating diseases or ischaemia or diabetes etc.

2. Nutrition- (i) Protein deficiency- As mentioned above, protein depletion causes

impairment of granulation tissue and collagen formation. It should be noted that it is



not always due to inadequate intake, but may be due to excessive loss e.g. nephrotic

syndrome, cirrhosis, chronic inflammatory conditions etc.

ii) Vitamin C deficiency

iii) Vitamin A is required for proper epithelialisation, which may be hampered due to

its deficiency.

Zinc, Calcium, Copper and Manganese deficiency- Zinc is an essential component of

many enzymes which are involved in protein synthesis. There is some failure of

granulation tissue formation in case of zinc deficiency. Others are essential minerals

which are also required for proper wound healing. These may be depleted in

intestinal fistulas and burns.

3. Hormones- (A) Corticosteroids- The effects of this hormone on granulation tissue

formation and wound contraction have been discussed above.

b) Desoxycorticosterone acetate and anabolic steroids like testosterone are also

concerned with increase in the speed of wound healing.

The following conditions delay or hamper the quality of wound healing. These are:-

4. Anaemia.

5. Uraemia

6. Jaudice.

7. Diabetes.

8. Blood dyscrasias

9. Malignant disease.

10. Cytotoxic drugs.



Local factors:-

1. Position of skin wound- When the skin wounds are parallel to the lines of

langer, they heal faster and wounds right angle to these lines tend to gape and

the healing is delayed.

2. Blood Supply- Wounds with poor blood supply heal slowly

3. Tension-If the wound is in tension, its healing will be jeopardized.

Haematoma and infection increase tension.

4. Infection-Once infection occurs in a wound, healing is always delayed. Due to

infection, fibroblasts face tough time to persist as they have to complete with

inflammatory cells and bacteria for oxygen and nutrients. So proper

granulation tissue formation and collagen formation become affected. This

has been often the sause of burst wound which requires secondary sutures.

5. Movement- it delays wound healing, so rest is very essential. The delicate

capillary lopps of the granulation tissue and the delicate epithelium are

damaged due to movement.

6. Exposure to ionizing radiation-Previous X-irradiation may affect vascularity

of the part. It also causes delay in the formation of granulations tissue. But

most important is that it inhibits wound contraction.

7. Foreign bodies- These include tissue reaction and inflammation.

8. Adhesions to bony surfaces cause delay in wound heating probably by

preventing proper wound contraction.

9. Necrosis- This obviously retards healing.



10. Lymph drainage- Impairment of lymph drainage, which causes oedema of the

part, jeopardizes the process of wound healing.

11. Ultraviolet light is well known clinically to increase the rate of healing. This

has been confirmed experimentally.

12. Faulty technique of wound closure is obviously responsible for delay in

wound healing in many cases.

SCARS 137

The most superficial wound such as superficial burns and abrasions will heal by

epithelialisation alone without scar formation. In these circumstances adnexal

structures are preserved and the epithelium regenerates from these structures. This

may leave alterations in keratinisation, texture or pigmentation of the healed area, but

not scarring as such. A scar is the inevitable consequence of wound repair. The final

phase of wound repair is the process of remodeling and scar maturation. The

fibroblasts, capillaries, glycosaminoglycans, and immature collagen of granulation

tissue and the newly healed wound are replaced by relatively acellular, avascular scar

tissue composed of mature collages with scattered fibroblasts. This biological process

is manifested by a change in appearance of the scar from a red, raised, firm,

contracting, and perhaps itchy nodule to a pale, flat softer, static, symptomless plaque

of mature scar. The rate at which any given scar passes though this process can vary

widely depending on the age of the individual, the site of the wound, the time the

wound took to heal, the direction of the scar and the tension across it. In general,

scars in younger patients with wounds on the trunk that heal slowly, perhaps with



infection or dehiscence, and scars that have a lot of tension across them will take

much longerto mature than scars in older people, in thin-skinned areas, that heal

rapidly by first intention and that have minimal tension across them.

Adverse scars.

There are many types of adverse scar many of which can be avoided or prevented by

correct incision planning and adequare wound manangement. Some types, however,

cannot be prevented and are unpredicatable in their occurrence.

Wrong Direction

Incisions that passs along ideal lines are more likely to leave acceptable scars.

Poor Alignment of features

Mal-alignments result in conspicuous adverse scars.

Stretched scar

Scars from excisional wounds on the trunk and limbs often stretch.

Contracted scar

Where a linear scar crosses a flexor surface shortening may result in a scar

contracture which may prevent full extension of that part.

Pigment alteration

The new epidermis of a scar will often not have the same degree of pigmentation

as surrounding unscarred areas mosly hypopigmented, but hyperpigmentation can

also occur.



Contour deformity

Where would edges are not anatomically aligned in the vertical plane or where a

beveled cut is not repaired accurately there is a risk of contour irregularity in the

healed scar.

Tattooing

Grit, dirt or soot become implanted in the wound as it heals result in tattoned

scars.

Stitch marks

If skin sutures are left in place for more than 7 days then scars from the stitch

marks will usually result.

Hypertrophic scars

Hypertrophic scars typically occur in wounds where healing was delayed, perhaps

were complications such as infection or dehiscence occurred.

Keloid scars

In some situations there is an extreme overgrowth of scartissue that grows beyond

the limits of the original wound and shows no tendency to resolve.

MANAGEMENT OF WOUNDS138

1. Wound is inspected and classified as per the type of wounds.

2. If it is in the vital area then

The airway should be maintained.

The bleeding, if present, should be controlled.

Intravenous fluids are started.



Oxygen, if required, may be given.

Deeper communicating injuries and fractures etc. should be looked for.

3. If it is an incised wound then primary suturing is done after through

cleaning.

4. If it is lacerated wound then the wound is excised and primary suturing is

done.

5. If it is a crushed or devitalized wound there will be oedema and tension in

the wound. So after wound debridement or wound debridement or wound

excision by excising all devitalized tissue, the oedema is allowed to subside

for 2-6 days. Then delayed primary suturing is done.

6. If it is a deep devitalized wound, after wound debridement it is allowed to

granulate completely. Later, if the wound is large a split skin graft (Thiersch

graft) is used t cover the defect.

7. In a wound with tension, fasciotomy is done so as to prevent the

development of compartment syndrome.

8. Vascular or nerve injuries are dealt with accordingly. Vessels are sutured

with 6-zero polypropylene no absorbable suture material. If the nerves are

having clean cur wounds it can be sutured primarily with polyprolelene 6-zero

or 7-zero suture material. If there is difficulty in identifying the nerve ends or

if there is difficulty in identifying the nerve ends or if there are crushed cut

ends of nerves then marker stitches are placed using silk at the site and later

secondary repair of the nerve is done.



9. Internal injuries (intracranial by cranioromy, intrathoracic by intercostals

tube drainage, intraabdominal by laparotomy) has to be dealt with accordingly.

Fractured bone is also identified and properly dealt with.

10. Antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte balance, blood trasfusion, tetanus toxoid,

or antitetanus globulin (ARG) injection.

Wound debridement (wound toilet, or wound excision) is liberal excision of all

devitalized tissue at regular intervals (of 48-72 hours) until healthy, bleeding vascular

tidy wound is created.

Primary suturing means suturing the wound immediately within 6 hours. It is done in

clean insides wounds.

Delayed primary suturing means suturing the wound in 48 hoours to 10 days. It is

done in lacerated wounds. This time is allowed for the oedema to subside.

Secondary suturing means suturing the wound in 10-14 days or later. It is done in

infected wounds. After the control of infection, once healthy granulation tissue

appears, secondary suturing is done.

Chapter-3 Drug Analysis

Dept. of P.G, Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 82

DRUG ANALYSIS

The drug Sandhyaraga is not mentioned in Ayurvedic classical texts and not

included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. The tuber of this drug is being used as

a traditional medicine in many parts of the country.It has been claimed very effective

for intestinal parasites, wounds, ulcers and such other clinical conditions.This drug

has not been studied scientifically for curative properties for its pharmacological

actions so far by anybody. Hence here an attempt is made to analyze the drug for its

Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological nature. The tuber has been

selected for the detailed analytical study.

PHARMACOGNOSY OF SANDHYARAGA TUBER

Macroscopic features:

It is fleshy with cylindrical oblong appearance, tapering to the end, dark brown

to deep black in colour.

Microscopic features:

Transverse section (T.S) of outer portion of older root of Sandhyaraga (Mirabilis

jalapa Linn).

The outer cork consists of about 15-20 layers of laterally elongated compactly

arranged radial rows of cells. This forms the outer cork which is dark brown or black

in color.



Inner to this portion, there are 2 bands of thick walled sclerenchyma which are

rectangular shaped. Few layers of larger thin walled polygonal cells separate the

bands of Sclerenchyma. Most of the cells contain dark coloured crystals of calcium

oxalate raphids. Inner to the second layer of transverse band of sclerenchyma, large

thin walled radially arranged parenchymatous cells which are found filled with

enormous amount of starch grains.

T.S of the terminal portion of the root of Sandhyaraga (Mirabilis jalapa Linn).

Anatomy of the root of Sandhyaraga shows an atypical character when

compared with that of a typical dicot root. During secondary growth, the primary

thickening meristem differentiates in the pericycle outside the vascular tissue.

Histology of the section shows very small central pith with compactly arranged thin

walled cells. Four patches of xylem bundles surround pith with metaxylem facing

towards center and protoxylem towards periphery. Outer to the layer of xylem

bundles, few layers of thin walled lighter colored cells are found which probably

include the cells of primary phloem between the arms of xylem and the conjunctive

tissue. Outside this, a patch of secondary xylem vessels is found scattered here and

there.

Secondary xylem vessels were interrupted by radially arranged rectangular

cells which contain starch grains. The layer of secondary xylem is surrounded by a

layer of polygonal thin walled cells, which may include the region of secondary

phloem and inner cortex. Some of the polygonal cells contain dark coloured contents

in them. The outer cortex contains a layer of sclerenchyma which is followed by a

band of sclerenchymatous cells which is followed by the cork on the periphery. The

cork cells are arranged radially, rectangular shaped and arranged in 10 to 15 rows.



Image3.1. Tuber of Sandhyaraga

Image 3.2. T.S of Sandhyaraga tuber

Image 3.3Outer cork cells ofSandhyaraga tuber

Image.3.4Xylem bundles ofSandhyaraga tuber



PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SANDHYARAGA TUBER139

Extracts of drug in different solvents viz,Water,Alchohol,and Ether, were made and

used for phytochemical analysis.

DETERMINATION OF PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACT.

5 gm of the air dried drug was macerated, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml of

petroleum ether of the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 hours, and shook it

frequently for 6 hours and allowed to stand for 18 hours. After that it was filtered

rapidly, taking precautions against loss of solvent, evaporate 25 ml of the filtrate to

dryness in tared flat bottomed shallow disc, and dry at 1050, to constant weight and

weigh. The percentage of the petroleum ether soluble extractive was calculated with

reference to air dried drug.

DETERMINATION OF ALCHOHOL SOLUBLE EXTRACT

5 gm of the air dried drug was macerated, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml of alcohol

of the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 hours, and shook it frequently for 6

hours and allowed to stand for 18 hours. After that it was filtered rapidly, taking

precautions against loss of solvent, evaporate 25 ml of the filtrate to dryness in tared

flat bottomed shallow disc, and dry at 1050, to constant weight and weigh. The

percentage of the alcohol soluble extractive was calculated with reference to air dried

drug.



DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE EXTRACT

5 gm of the air dried drug was macerated, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml of water of

the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 hours, and shook it frequently for 6

hours and allowed to stand for 18 hours. After that it was filtered rapidly,, taking

precautions against loss of solvent, evaporate 25 ml of the filtrate to dryness in tared

flat bottomed shallow disc, and dry at 1050C, to constant weight and weigh. Calculate

the percentage of the water soluble extractive with reference to air dried drug.

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ASH

Incinerate about 2 to 3 gm accurately weighed, of the ground drug in a tared platinum

or silica disc at a temperature not exceeding 4500 until free from Carbon, cool and

weigh. If a Carbon free ash cannot be obtained in this way, exhaust the charred mass

with hot water, collect the residue on a ash less filter paper, incinerate the residue and

filter paper, add the filtrate, evaporate to dryness, and ignite at a temperature not

exceeding 4500. Calculate the percentage of ash with the reference to the air dried

drug.

DETERMINTION OF pH VALUE

The pH value of a liquid is determined by means of a glass electrode and a pH

meter. Suitable glass electrode and pH meters of both the potentiometric and

deflection type are available.

Method: - Operate the pH meter and the electrode system according to the

manufacturer’s instructions. Standardize the meter and the electrodes with 0.05 M

potassium hydrogen phthalate (pH 4.0) when measuring a acid solution or with 0.05

M sodium borate when measuring in alkaline solution. At the end of a set of



measurements, take a reading of the solution used to standardize the meter and

electrodes. This reading should not differ by more than 0.02 from the original value at

which the apparatus was standardized.

Preparation of solutions: - A10% w/v solution in water filtered through a dry filter and

used.

TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

Benedict’s test:

To 0.5 ml of aqueous extract of drug add 5 ml of Benedict’s solution and boil

for 5 minutes. Formation of a coloured precipitate is due to the presence of

Carbohydrate.

TEST FOR PROTIENS:

Biuret’s test:

To 1 ml of hot aqueous extract of the drug, add 5- 8 drops of 10% w/v Sodium

hydroxide solution followed by 1 or 2 drops of 3% w/v Copper sulphate solution. A

red or Violet colour is obtained.

TEST FOR SAPONINS:

In a test tube containing about 5 ml of aqueous extract of the drug, add a drop

of Sodium bicarbonate solution, shake the mixture vigorousely, and leave for 3

minutes .Honeycomb like froath is formed and the froath remains for 3 minutes.



TEST FOR FLAVONOIDS:

In a test tube containing 0.5 ml of alcoholic extract of the drug, add 5- 10

drops of diluted Hydrochloric acid followed by a small piece of Magnesium. In the

presence of

Flavonoids presence of pink, reddish pink or Brown colour is produced.

TEST FOR ALKALOIDS

Dissolve a few milligram of alcoholic or aqueous extract of the drug in 5 ml of

distilled water, added 2 M hydrochloric acid until an acid reaction occurs, then

add 1 ml of Dragendorff’s reagent, an orange or orange red precipitate is produced

immediately.

Mayer’s test

Add a few drops of Mayor’s reagent to 1 ml of acidic aqueous extract of the drug.

White or pale yellow precipitate is formed.

TEST FOR TANNINS:

To 1- 2 ml of alcohol extract of the drug add a few drops of 5% FeCl3 solution .A

green colour indicates the presence of gallotannins while a brown colour Tannins.

TEST FOR STEROIDS

Liebermann – Burchard’s test

Add 2 ml of acetic anhydride solution to 1 ml of petroleum ether extract of the

drug in chloroform followed by 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid. A greenish

colour is developed which turns to blue.



Table3.1 showing results of phytochemical analysis

Sl No Test Result

1. Petroleum Ether soluble extract 0.76%

2. Alchohol soluble extract 3.6%

3. Water soluble extract 1.8%

4. pH value 5.2

5. Ash value 6.2%

6. Test for Carbohydrates Positive

7. Test for Proteins Negative

8. Test for Saponins Positive

9. Test for Flavonoids Negative

10. Test for Alkaloids ( Mayer’s test) Mildly positive

11. Test for Alkaloids (Dragendorff’s test) Positive

12. Test for Tannins Negative

13. Test for Steroids (Liebermann – Burchard’s

test)

Negative

PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY OF SANDHYARAGA TUBER140

A drug performs its action by the virtue of its the pharmacological properties,

viz, Rasa, Guna, Veerya Vipaka, and Prabhava. But generally it is considered that

the prime factor of drug action is its potency. Acharya Charaka describes it as ‘Yena

Kurvanti tat Veeryam’. The potency is obtained by a drug on the basis of the Bhautik

combination and the resultant Rasa and Guna. So in order to study the drug action in

detail the knowledge about Dravya’s Bhautik composition and the embedded Gunas

are to be investigated. In Samhitas and Nighantus, the properties like Rasa, Guna,

Veerya etc of many drugs have been described. In the case of non classical drugs

Charakacharya in Suthrasthana 26thchapter 66th sloka has given specific directive



to examine their Gunas as mentioned that Raso Nipate Dravyanam, Vipakam

Karmanishtaya I, Veeryam Yavad Adhivasat nipatachopalabhyathey.II On the basis

of this direction the pharmacological properties of the Dravya can be made out

Rasa- On contact with tongue

Veerayam-by long contactand or by means of external contact with body

Vipakam-By the Karma performed

The drugs for the present study are Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga as stated in the

previous chapters. Of them Madhusnuhi is a known drug for its pharmacological

properties and pharmacological properties of Sandhyaraga is not mentioned. So to

have a clear idea about the pharmacological properties of Sandhyaraga, investigations

into the pharmacological nature of the drug is highly necessitated .At this juncture the

method adopted and suggested by Dr.S.C. Dhyani is sought for the purpose.

Rasa and Vipaka indicate the chemical structure of drugs, and Guna and

Veerya indicate the physico-pharmacological properties of drugs. Different drugs

have got different arrangements of the five Mahabhutas in terms of weight, number

and configuration in their composition. The specific arrangement of any two of the

Mahabhuta gives rise to a particular taste of a drug are inferred from it’s taste. The

specific taste inherits the specific qualities from its predominant proto-elemental

constituents. Rasa have certain local and systemic actions on account of their

qualities. Hence study of the first pharmacological property, Rasa has been done.



Need for Rasa determination

There are several problems faced by the practitioners regarding the confusion in rasa

of a drug.

The first problem is that different texts have described different Rasas to a

drug. The reasons for this difference of opinion may be:

1. Different plants being used under one name.

2. Different parts of drugs being used.

3. Different place and season of collection and storage.

4. Taste of drug in a green and dry form.

5. Not only by the method of ‘Taste with the tongue’ but also by inference on the

basis of the actions the drug produces.

The second problem is that some texts have two or more Rasas to a drug and have

not generally mentioned as to which of those Rasas is the principal taste and which is

the secondary taste (Pradhana Rasa and Anurasa)The third problem is the drugs of a

particular Rasa may have varying intensity of taste. For example Tara-tama Bhava of

a Rasa.The fourth problem is the assessment of the effect of storage on the taste of

drugs. The crude drug powders are said to retain their potency for two months only.

Definition of Rasa

That, which is recognized or perceived first after the contact of the substance

with the tongue, is the Pradhana Rasa ( main taste), and that, which is subsequently

perceived, is called Anu-rasa or Uparasa( Secondary taste). The Rasa is gustatory

appeal caused by the substance after coming in contact with the tongue. Therefore,

Rasa has been defined as taste with tongue.



The drug or dietic substances may give different Rasa in immature and mature

states. In other words, Rasas in a drug may vary when it is green and when dried up.

Charaka, therefore, observed; that savour, which becomes patent on the first contact

of dry substance with the tongue, is declared to be its Rasa. What is otherwise

apprehended is its latent or after-taste (Anurasa or Uparasa).

Sandhyaraga is a non classical drug whose Rasadi properties are not yet known.

Hence an attempt was made to estimate the taste and determine the taste threshold.

Estimation of taste

Taste with tongue is the criterion for determining the Rasa or Anurasa of a drug. The

following procedures for taste with tongue were adopted.

The drug was collected , and dried up and made into fine powder fine powder

by grinder. 25 healthy volunteers were selected from first year PG scholars so

that nochance of mistakes in expressing the Rasa they perceive is there. They

were asked to them to wash their mouth. Five minutes gap was maintained

between washing of mouth and tasting drug. 5 gms of fine powder of drug

was served to these volunteers. They were given pieces of paper and

requested to record the Rasa and Anurasa they perceived. The volunteers were

not told about the sample (Blind method).

Papers were collected and the results were recorded.

Result : All the volunteers expressed unanimous opinion about the taste of the drug

that it was Kashaya rasa .Hence it was accepted as the Pradhana Rasa of that drug.

The volunteers could mention the Anurasa as Katu.



Detemination of the Taste-threshold

5 gms of drug powder was taken and put it in 100ml. of water and stirred for

30 minutes. Then it was filtered with the filter paper. 1 ml of that filtered solution

was taken and diluted with distilled water gradually. Few drops of this solution was

tasted between different dilutions. The point at which the taste is last perceived was

taken as the Taste threshold of that taste in that drug. Any further dilution of the

solution did not reveal any taste.

Result

Taste threshold of Kashayarasa ;385ml

Threshold of Katurasa: 472ml,(Katutama)

Chapter-4 Experimental Study

Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 94

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS

Materials utilized for the present study are:

Albino rats

Trial drugs (Tubers of Madhusnuhi & Sandhyaraga)

Surgical instruments like scalpel with blade, forceps.

Selection of Animals:

42 healthy Albino rats of both sex with an average body weight of 175gm

were selected for the experiment. They were grouped into seven, containing six

animals in each group and were kept in separate cages after weighing and labeling

with potassium permanganate stain for their individual identity. All these cages were

numbered serially from 1 to 7. The animals were fed with standard laboratory diet and

drinking water.

Selection of Trial Drugs - Tubers of Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga were used as

trial drugs for the experiment. The first drug Madhusnuhi was collected from Alva’s

Ayurveda College Pharmacy, Mijar. The tubers of Sandhyaraga were collected

directly from the farm of the Trivandrum district. The above drugs were officially

identified in the department of Dravyaguna Vijnana, Alva’s Ayurveda College,

Moodbidri.

Preparation of Trial Drugs

The collected drug samples were washed and cleaned with water, initially

dried in shadow and thereafter dried in an electric drier.



Preparation of Powder

1kg of properly dried tubers of each drug was initially crushed in a

disintegrator and then powdered using a pulverizer at a mesh size of 80 to get a fine

powder. Drugs were then stored in air tight, separate containers. These samples were

used for the entire experiment.

Mode of Administration of the Drug:

1. Internal - Dose was calculated using the formula Rat dose= Human dose x

0.018 x 5/kg body wt.141

Madhusnuhi - The drug was administered at a dose of 108mg/200g body

wt in solution form.

Sandhyaraga - The drug was administered at a dose of 36mg/200g body

wt in solution form.

2. External - Trial drug powders were used for dusting, in a quantity sufficient

to cover the wound area.

3. Combined- Internal & External together done in this group

METHODS

Preparation of Wounds:- Excision Wound Healing method

The wound model chosen for present study was excision wound technique

suggested by Morton and Malone142. (A slight modification was made in the

methodology by reducing the wound size from 500mm2 to 200mm2 as per the

suggestion of the ethical committee.) Full aseptic measures were carried out and

animals did not receive either local are systematic chemotherapeutics. The groups of

animals were housed separately.

Selected animals were starved twelve hours prior to wounding. Animals were

anaesthetized using Ketamin anesthesia in semi-aseptic conditions. A circular patch of

full thickness of skin measuring 200 mm2 was cut away from a pre-determined area

on the depilated dorsal thoracic region of all the rats in each group. After making the

wounds, the wound margins were traced on thin, transparent sheet which is again

retraced on millimeters scale graph paper on the day of wounding (0 day) and this was



followed periodically until complete wound healing. The observation of percentage

wound closure was made on 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th and 18th post wounding day and also

the wound was observed for complete Epithelialization.

Wound healing can be assessed by monitoring Physical attributes

Physical Attribute: Physical attributes like contraction, Epithelialization and scar

remolding was monitored by measuring the total wound area.

Table 4.1 showing Physical attributes

Wound Model Attribute Parameter studied Method used

Excision Physicala) Percentage of contraction

b) Period of EpithelializationPlanimetry

Experimental parameters:- The study of excision wound heals by contraction and

Epithelialization. The parameters include wound contraction and period of

Epithelialization.

Percentage of wound contraction – Contraction which mainly contributes wound

closure was studied by tracing the raw wound area on tracing sheet every day, until

wounds were completely covered by epithelium. These wound tracings were retraced

on a millimeter scale graph paper to determine wounded area. The wound closure

was expressed as a percentage original wound size (200 mm2) for a group. And group

mean on a particular day was taken for final analysis of the result.

Period of Epithelialization it was measured in terms of days required for falling of

scar. Falling of scar, leaving no raw area, was taken as an end point of complete

Epithelialization and the time was noted in all of the animals.

Administration of Drugs

As the procedure of the experiment, the trial drugs were administered to six

groups (Group2 to Group7) keeping the first group labeled as control group. The trial

drugs were administered as follows:



Group 1 (Control). No administration of the drug was done in this group for the

assessment of natural healing process. With the values of this group, values of

following six groups were compared.

Group 2 - The external application of trial drug Madhusnuhi was done on Groups 2.

The application of the churna was done daily once in the morning, after cleaning the

wounded area with distilled water using sterile gauze piece. Wounded area was

traced using tracing sheet.

Group 3 - To this group, trail drug Madhusnuhi was given in the form of solution and

administered internally and wounded area was traced.

Group 4 - Area of wound was estimated and the combined internal and external

application of trial drug Madhusnuhi was applied on Groups 4. Wounded area wass

traced using transparent sheet.

Group 5 - To this group the external application of trial drug Sandhyaraga churna

was done and wounded area was traced using tracing sheet.

Group 6 - To this group, trail drug Sandhyaraga Churna was given in the form of

solution and administered internally and wounded area was traced.

Group 7 - Combined internal and external application of trial drug Sandhyaraga

churna was applied on Groups 7. Wounded area was traced using transparent sheet.

To assess the efficacy of wound healing properties of trial drugs, Sandhyaraga

and Madhusnuhi used in the form of powder externally and internaly in wound

models. For statistical analysis, the groups are made into seven i.e. Groups 1 to 7.

Each group contains six animals each.

Image 4.1 Madhusnuhi Churna Image 4.2 Sandhyaraga Churna



Table 4.2. showing Group, Drug and Mode of Administration.

Group Drug used Dose

Group – 1

(control)No medicine -

Group – 2 (Trial

drug A)

Trial drug A

Madhusnuhi churna

externally

Sufficient quantity to cover the excised area

Group – 3 (Trial

drug A)

Trial drug A

Madhusnuhi churna

internally

108mg/200gm bodyweight internally

Group – 4 (Trial

drug A)

Trial drug A

Madhusnuhi churna

externally & internally

108mg//200gm bodyweight internally and

sufficient quantity to cover the excised area

Group - 5 (Trial

drug B)

Trial drug B

Sandhyaraga churna

externally

Sufficient quantity to cover the excised area

Group – 6 (Trial

drug B)

Trial drug

Sandhyaraga churna

internally

36mg//200gm bodyweight internally

Group - 7 (Trial

drug B)

Trial drug

Sandhyaraga churna

externally &

internally

36mg//200gm bodyweight internally& sufficient

quantity to cover the excised area

.

Chapter-5 Observation & Results


OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

The method selected for conducting the experimental study is Morton andMalone excisional wounding technique with modification in the wound size. Theobservation were made and are subjected for statistical analysis. The results thusobtained can be better understood if interpreted in different steps. Hence, theinterpretation is done as follows:

1. Control with Trial Drug-A groups2. Control with Trial Drug-B groups3. Control with Internal medication groups of both Trial drugs4. Control with External medication groups of both Trial drugs5. Control with combined Internal & External medication groups of both Trial

drugs6. Control with all groups of trial drugs.

PERCENTAGE OF CONTRACTION

Control with Trial Drug-A groups

Table 5.1 showing Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)

C IM EM IEMR1 21.98 24.5 62.43 35.86R2 19.79 25.13 61.22 36.02R3 22.34 22.4 66.32 37.5R4 20.63 22.75 67.19 34.24R5 22.16 23.2 64.43 34.57R6 21.05 22.05 61.29 36.73MEAN 21.33 23.33 63.81 35.82SD 1.01 1.22 2.57 1.25SE 0.41 0.49 1.05 0.51

t-value 17.38 49.28 62.62 43.12RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Madhusnuhi Internal -23.33±1.22%Madhusnuhi External -63.81±2.57%Madhusnuhi Internal External -35.82 ±1.25%



Table-5.2 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A

(Madhusnuhi) groups on 4th post wounding day

GROUPS COMPARED T-VALUE

P-VALUE

RESULT INTERPRETATION

Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal

3.11 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group

Highly significant

Control group&MadhusnuhiExternal group

37.71 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thancontrol group

Highly significant

Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group

22.17 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.

Highly significant

Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi External group

34.85 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internalgroup

Highly significant

Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group

17.53 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan MadhusnuhiInternal group

Highly significant

Madhusnuhi External groupand Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group

24.05 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group

Highly significant

Table 5.3 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 8th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)



The mean contraction seen on the 8th post wounding dayControl group - 39.49 ±2.96%Madhusnuhi Internal - 66.43±2.16%Madhusnuhi External - 92.96±1.38%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 67.39±0.86%



Table-5.4 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A(Madhusnuhi)groupson 8th post wounding day


P-VALUE




Highly significant

Controlgroup&MadhusnuhiExternal group


Highly significant



Highly significant

Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi Externalgroup

25.35 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internal

Highly significant


1.02 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internaland MadhusnuhiInternal External groupprovided the sameresult.

No significance

Madhusnuhi Externalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal External group


Highly significant

Table 5.5showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)



The mean contraction seen on the12th post wounding day:Control group -88.81 ±1.86Madhusnuhi Internal - 95.22±1.25Madhusnuhi External - 98.67±0.48Madhusnuhi Internal External - 94.55±1.49



Table-5.6 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A

(Madhusnuhi)groups on 12th post wounding day

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Highly significant



Highly significant



Highly significant


6.34 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internalgroup.

Highly significant


0.83 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group providedthe same result.

No significance



Highly significant

Table 5.7 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)

on 16th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)

C IM EM IEMR1 96.7 99.49 100 100R2 96.35 98.93 99.49 98.92R3 95.74 95.31 100 97.40R4 92.06 98.94 100 98.37R5 95.14 99.48 100 100R6 93.68 98.47 100 96.43MEAN 94.95 98.44 99.92 98.52SD 1.77 1.58 0.21 1.43SE 0.72 0.65 0.09 0.58


The mean contraction seen on the16th post wounding day:

Control group - 94.95 ±1.77%Madhusnuhi Internal - 98.44±1.58%Madhusnuhi External - 99.92±0.21%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 98.52±1.43%



Table-5.8showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A(Madhusnuhi)groups on 16th post wounding day.

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



3.60 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group.

Significant

Control group &Madhusnuhi Externalgroup

6.83 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better than controlgroup.

Highly Significant



Significant


2.29 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalIM<EM

Moderatly significant



No significance


2.39 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group.

Moderatly significant

Control with Trial Drug-B groups

Table 5.9 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)

C IS ES IESR1 21.98 57.61 59.57 45.92R2 19.79 61.14 60.7 44.68R3 22.34 59.14 55.21 43.55R4 20.63 59.04 60.10 46.91R5 22.16 60.40 56.08 46.32R6 21.05 58.82 56.68 46.56MEAN 21.33 59.36 58.06 45.66SD 1.01 1.25 2.34 1.29SE 0.41 0.51 0.96 0.53t-value 17.38 10.49 42.76 56.16RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Sandhyaraga internal - 59.36±1.25%Sandhyaraga External -58.06±2.34%Sandhyaraga Internal External -45.66±1.29%



Table-5.10 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga) groups on 4th post wounding day

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE


Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup

58.17 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better thancontrol group.

Highly significant

Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup

35.33 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup MadhusnuhiExternal group controlgroup.

Highly significant

Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group

36.47 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.

Highly significant

Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group

1.20 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga Externalgroup provided the sameresult.

No significance

Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaInternal External group

18.74 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Internal isbetter than SandhyaragaInternal External group

Highly significant

Sandhyaraga Externalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External group

11.38 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group

Highly significant

Table 5.11 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 8th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)

C IS ES IESR1 39.75 75.54 84.04 79.08R2 36.67 75.13 85.71 78.19R3 41.49 77.42 84.90 77.42R4 38.10 75 86.87 76.29R5 36.76 76.80 86.24 75.26R6 44.21 77.01 83.42 75.13MEAN 39.49 76.15 85.20 76.90SD 2.96 1.05 1.32 1.61SE 1.21 0.43 0.54 0.66


The mean contraction seen on the 8th post wounding day:Control group - 39.49 ±2.96%Sandhyaraga internal - 76.15±1.05%Sandhyaraga External - 85.20±1.32%Sandhyaraga Internal External - 76.90±1.61%



Table-5.12showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B(Sandhyaraga) groups on 8th post wounding day

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



28.6 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internal groupis better than control group.

Highly significant


34.6 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup Madhusnuhi Externalgroup control group.

Highly significant


27.22 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is better thancontrol group.

Highly significant

Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group-

13.1 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga Internal

group

Highly significant

Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaInternal Externalgroup

0.95 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal groupand Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group provided thesame result.

No significance

Sandhyaraga Externalgroup andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group


Highly significant

Table 5.13 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)

C IS ES IESR1 90.1 94.57 96.28 87.24R2 91.15 96.89 98.47 87.23R3 89.89 96.77 96.88 91.40R4 86.24 95.21 98.48 93.81R5 87.56 95.88 96.83 87.89R6 87.89 94.65 96.26 94.71MEAN 88.81 95.66 97.20 90.38SD 1.86 1.02 1.025 3.39SE 0.76 0.42 0.42 1.38t-value 84.28 86.87 57.67 57.13RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

The mean contraction seen on the 12th post wounding day.Control group -88.81 ±1.86Sandhyaraga internal - 95.66±1.02Sandhyaraga External - 97.20±1.025Sandhyaraga Internal External -90.38 ±3.39




GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Highly significant


9.68 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thancontrol group.

Highly significant


0.99 P>0.05 Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group providedthe same result.

No significance


2.60 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga Internalgroup.

Moderately significant


3.65 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga Internalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group

Significant


4.71 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group.

Highly significant

Table 5.15 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on16th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)

C IS ES IESR1 96.7 97.83 98.94 100R2 96.35 98.96 98.98 97.87R3 95.74 98.92 98.44 97.31R4 92.06 96.28 99.50 100R5 95.14 98.97 97.88 98.42R6 93.68 98.93 99.46 100MEAN 94.95 98.31 98.86 98.93SD 1.79 1.09 0.62 1.22SE 0.72 0.45 0.25 0.49


The mean contraction seen on the 16th post wounding dayControl group - 94.95 ±1.77%Sandhyaraga internal - 98.31±1.09%Sandhyaraga External - 98.86±0.62%Sandhyaraga Internal External -98.93 ±1.22%




GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



3.96 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better than controlgroup.

Significant


5.12 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better than controlgroup.

Highly Significant


4.54 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan control group

Significant



No significance


0.93 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group providedthe same result.

No significance


0.12 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga External andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group providedthe same result.

No significance

Control with Internal medication groups of both Trial drugs

Table 5.17 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groupsof both Trial drugs

C IM ISR1 21.98 24.5 57.61R2 19.79 25.13 61.14R3 22.34 22.4 59.14R4 20.63 22.8 59.04R5 22.16 23.19 60.40R6 21.05 22.05 58.82MEAN 21.33 23.33 59.36SD 1.01 1.22 1.25SE 0.41 0.49 0.51t-value 17.38 49.28 10.49RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Madhusnuhi Internal -23.33±1.22%Sandhyaraga internal - 59.36±1.25%



Table-5.18 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internaladministration groups of both Trial drugs on 4th post wounding day


P-VALUE




Highly significant



Highly significant

Madhusnuhi Internal, andSandhyaraga internal

9.92 P<0.05 IM<IS Moderately significant

Table 5.19 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on8th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groupsof both Trial drugs

C IM ISR1 39.75 69.39 75.54R2 36.67 64.71 75.13R3 41.49 65.63 77.42R4 38.10 67.72 75R5 36.76 67.53 76.81R6 44.21 63.59 77.01MEAN 39.49 66.43 76.15SD 2.96 2.16 1.05SE 1.21 0.88 0.43

t-value 10.09 17.92 102.15RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

The mean contraction seen on the 8th post wounding day:Control group - 39.49 ±2.96%Madhusnuhi Internal - 66.43±2.16%Sandhyaraga internal - 76.15±1.05%

Table-5.20 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internaladministration groups of both Trial drugs on 8th post wounding day.

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Highly significant

Control group &Sandhyaragainternal group


Highly significant

MadhusnuhiInternal, andSandhyaragainternal

9.92 P<0.05 IM<IS Moderately significant



Table 5.21 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Internal administrationgroups of both Trial drugs:

C IM ISR1 90.1 96.43 94.57R2 91.15 95.72 96.89R3 89.89 93.75 96.77R4 86.24 93.65 95.21R5 87.56 95.36 95.88R6 87.89 96.41 94.65MEAN 88.81 95.22 95.66SD 1.86 1.25 1.02SE 0.76 0.51 0.42t-value 84.28 89.30 86.87RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

The mean contraction seen on the 12th post wounding day:Control group -88.81 ±1.86Madhusnuhi Internal - 95.22±1.25Sandhyaraga internal - 95.66±1.02


GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



7.02 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internal groupis better than control group

Highly significant



Highly significant

Madhusnuhi Internal,and Sandhyaragainternal

0.67 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga internalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal group providedthe same result.

No significance

Table 5.23 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and Internal administrationgroups of both Trial drugs

C IM ISR1 96.7 99.49 97.83R2 96.35 98.93 98.96R3 95.74 95.31 98.92R4 92.06 98.94 96.28R5 95.14 99.48 98.97R6 93.68 98.47 98.93MEAN 94.95 98.44 98.31SD 1.77 1.58 1.10SE 0.72 0.65 0.45




The mean contraction seen on the16th post wounding day:

Control group - 94.95 ±1.77%Madhusnuhi Internal - 98.44±1.58%Sandhyaraga internal - 98.31±1.10%


GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



3.60 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group.

Significant



Significant


0.16 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal, andSandhyaraga internalgroup provided the sameresult.

No significance

Control with External medication groups of both Trial drugs

Table 5.25 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs:

C EM ESR1 21.98 62.43 59.57R2 19.79 61.22 60.7R3 22.34 66.32 55.21R4 20.63 67.19 60.10R5 22.16 64.43 56.08R6 21.05 61.29 56.68MEAN 21.33 63.81 58.06SD 1.01 2.57 2.34SE 0.41 1.05 0.96




The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Madhusnuhi External -63.81±2.57%Sandhyaraga External -58.06±2.34%

Table-5.26 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs 4th post wounding day

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE


Control group&Madhusnuhi Externalgroup

37.71 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi External groupis better than control group

Highly significant



Highly significant

Madhusnuhi Externaland SandhyaragaExternal

4.06 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi External isbetter than SandhyaragaExternal group

Significant

Table 5.27 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 8th post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs



The mean contraction seen on the 8th post wounding day:Control group - 39.49 ±2.96%Madhusnuhi External - 92.96±1.38%Sandhyaraga External - 85.20±1.32%



Table-5.28 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs 8th post wounding day

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Highly significant



Highly significant


9.95 P<0.001 EM>ES Highly significant

Table 5.29 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs



The mean contraction seen on the 12th post wounding day:Control group -88.81 ±1.86Madhusnuhi External - 98.67±0.48Sandhyaraga External - 97.20±1.03

Table-5.30 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs 12th post wounding day:

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Highly significant



Highly significant


3.20 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi External groupis better than SandhyaragaExternal group

Significant



Table 5.31 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs:

C EM ESR1 96.7 100 98.94R2 96.35 99.49 98.98R3 95.74 100 98.44R4 92.06 100 99.49R5 95.14 100 97.88R6 93.68 100 99.46MEAN 94.95 99.92 98.86SD 1.77 0.21 0.62SE 0.72 0.09 0.25


The mean contraction seen on the16th post wounding day:Control group - 94.95 ±1.77%Madhusnuhi External - 99.92±0.21%Sandhyaraga External - 98.86±0.62%

Table-5.32 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs 16th post wounding day:

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



6.83 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better than controlgroup.

Highly Significant



Highly Significant


3.94 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga External

Significant



Control with combined Internal & External medication groups ofboth Trial drugs

Table 5.33 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal andExternal administration groups of both Trial drugs

C IEM IESR1 21.98 35.86 45.92R2 19.79 36.02 44.68R3 22.34 37.5 43.55R4 20.63 34.24 46.91R5 22.16 34.57 46.32R6 21.05 36.73 46.56MEAN 21.33 35.82 45.66SD 1.01 1.25 1.29SE 0.41 0.51 0.53


The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Madhusnuhi Internal External -35.82 ±1.25%Sandhyaraga Internal External -45.66±1.29%

Table-5.34 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Combined Internaland External administration groups of both Trial drugs 4th post wounding day

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Highly significant



Highly significant

Madhusnuhi InternalExternal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal

13.45 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group

Highly significant




C IEM IESR1 39.75 67.17 79.08R2 36.67 68.28 78.19R3 41.49 66.15 77.42R4 38.10 66.85 76.29R5 36.76 67.55 75.26R6 44.21 68.37 75.13MEAN 39.49 67.39 76.90SD 2.96 0.86 1.61SE 1.21 0.35 0.66


The mean contraction seen on the 8h post wounding day:Control group - 39.49 ±2.96%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 67.39±0.86%Sandhyaraga Internal External - 76.90±1.61%


GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Highly significant



Highly significant


12.79 P<0.001 IEM<IES Highly significant




C IEM IESR1 90.1 95.96 87.24R2 91.1 5 93.01 87.23R3 89.90 95.31 91.40R4 86.24 92.39 93.81R5 87.56 95.74 87.89R6 87.89 94.90 94.71MEAN 88.81 94.55 90.38SD 1.86 1.49 3.39SE 0.76 0.61 1.38


The mean contraction seen on the 12th post wounding day:Control group -88.81 ±1.86Madhusnuhi Internal External - 94.55±1.49Sandhyaraga Internal External -90.38 ±3.39

Table-5.38 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the percentage ofclosure in excision wound area of Control and Combined Internal and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs 12th post wounding day

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Highly significant



No significance


2.75 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group.




Table 5.39 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on16th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal andExternal administration groups of both Trial drugs

C IEM IES

R1 96.7 100 100

R2 96.35 98.92 97.87

R3 95.74 97.40 97.31

R4 92.06 98.37 100

R5 95.14 100 98.42

R6 93.68 96.43 100

MEAN 94.95 98.52 98.93

SD 1.77 1.43 1.22

SE 0.72 0.58 0.50

t-value 111.33 79.65 80.26

RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

The mean contraction seen on the16th post wounding day:Control group - 94.95 ±1.77%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 98.52±1.43%Sandhyaraga Internal External -98.93 ±1.22%


GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Significant


4.54 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan control group

Significant


0.54 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal and SandhyaragaInternal External providedthe same result.

No significance



Control with all groups of trial drugs.

Table 5.41 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs

C IM EM IEM IS ES IESR1 21.98 24.49 62.43 35.86 57.61 59.57 45.92R2 19.79 25.13 61.22 36.02 61.14 60.7 44.68R3 22.34 22.40 66.32 37.5 59.14 55.21 43.55R4 20.63 22.75 67.19 34.24 59.04 60.10 46.91R5 22.16 23.20 64.43 34.57 60.40 56.08 46.31R6 21.05 22.05 61.29 36.73 58.82 56.68 46.56MEAN 21.33 23.33 63.81 35.82 59.36 58.06 45.66SD 1.01 1.22 2.57 1.25 1.25 2.34 1.29SE 0.41 0.50 1.05 0.51 0.51 0.96 0.53

t-value 17.38 49.28 62.62 43.12 10.49 42.76 56.16RESULT

P<0.001P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Madhusnuhi Internal -23.33±1.22%Madhusnuhi External -63.81±2.57%Madhusnuhi Internal External -35.82 ±1.25%Sandhyaraga internal - 59.36±1.25%Sandhyaraga External -58.06±2.34%Sandhyaraga Internal External -45.66±1.29%

Table-5.42 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and all groups of Trialdrugs on 4th post wounding day

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Highly significant



Highly significant



Highly significant



Highly significant





Highly significant



Highly significant



Highly significant


17.53 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan Madhusnuhi Internalgroup.

Highly significant



Highly significant

Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group


No significance


18.74 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Internal isbetter than SandhyaragaInternal External group

Highly significant



Highly significant


50.58 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internal isbetter than SandhyaragaInternal group

Highly significant



Significant


13.45 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group

Highly significant

Table 5.43 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on8th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs

C IM EM IEM IS ES IESR1 39.75 69.39 92.27 67.17 75.54 84.04 79.08R2 36.67 64.71 94.90 68.28 75.13 85.71 78.19R3 41.49 65.63 91.05 66.15 77.42 84.90 77.42R4 38.10 67.72 92.19 66.85 75 86.87 76.29R5 36.76 67.53 93.81 67.55 76.80 86.24 75.26R6 44.21 63.59 93.55 68.37 77.01 83.42 75.13MEAN 39.49 66.43 92.96 67.39 76.15 85.20 76.90SD 2.96 2.16 1.38 0.86 1.05 1.32 1.61SE 1.21 0.88 0.56 0.35 0.43 0.54 0.66

t-value 10.09 17.92 63.81 75.24 102.15 66.80 75.35RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001



The mean contraction seen on the 8th post wounding day:

Control group - 39.49 ±2.96%Madhusnuhi Internal - 66.43±2.16%Madhusnuhi External - 92.96±1.38%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 67.39±0.86%Sandhyaraga internal - 76.15±1.05%Sandhyaraga External - 85.20±1.32%Sandhyaraga Internal External - 76.90±1.60%

Table-5.44 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the percentage ofclosure in excision wound area of Control and all groups of Trial drugs on 8th

post wounding day

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



18.01 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internal groupis better than control group

Highly significant


40.1 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better than controlgroup

Highly significant



Highly significant



Highly significant



Highly significant



Highly significant

Madhusnuhi Internaland MadhusnuhiExternal group

25.35 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internal

Highly significant

Madhusnuhi Internaland MadhusnuhiInternal External group


No significance



Highly significant


13.1 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga Internalgroup

Highly significant


0.95 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External groupprovided the same result.

No significance





Highly significant


9.92 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga Internalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internal




Highly significant


12.79 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group.

Highly significant

Table 5.45 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on12th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs

C IM EM IEM IS ES IESR1 90.1 96.43 98.34 95.96 94.57 96.28 87.244R2 91.15 95.72 98.98 93.01 96.90 98.47 87.234R3 89.89 93.75 98.95 95.31 96.77 96.88 91.397R4 86.24 93.65 98.96 92.39 95.21 98.48 93.814R5 87.56 95.36 98.97 95.74 95.88 96.83 87.894R6 87.89 96.41 97.85 94.90 94.65 96.26 94.708MEAN

88.81 95.22 98.67 94.55 95.66 97.2090.38183

333SD 1.86 1.25 0.47 1.50 1.02 1.03 3.39028SE 0.76 0.51 0.19 0.61 0.42 0.42 1.38407

t-value 84.28 89.30 74.57 72.28 86.87 57.67 57.13RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001The mean contraction seen on the 12th post wounding day:

Control group -88.805 ±1.859Madhusnuhi Internal - 95.219±1.246Madhusnuhi External - 98.674±0.47457Madhusnuhi Internal External - 94.55±1.492Sandhyaraga internal - 95.661±1.0216Sandhyaraga External - 97.1975±1.02470Sandhyaraga Internal External -90.38183333 ±3.39028


GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE




Highly significant





Highly significant



Highly significant



Highly significant


9.68 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thancontrol group.

Highly significant



No significance



Highly significant



No significance



Highly significant


2.60 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga Internalgroup.



3.65 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga Internalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group

Significant


4.71 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group.

Highly significant


0.67 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga internalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal group providedthe same result.

No significance


3.20 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga Externalgroup

Significant


2.75 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi InternalExternalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group.




Table 5.47 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs

C IM EM IEM IS ES IESR1 96.7 99.49 100 100 97.83 98.95 100R2 96.35 98.93 99.49 98.92 98.96 98.97 97.87R3 95.74 95.31 100 97.4 98.92 98.44 97.31R4 92.06 98.94 100 98.37 96.28 99.49 100R5 95.14 99.48 100 100 98.97 97.88 98.42R6 93.68 98.47 100 96.43 98.93 99.46 100MEAN 94.95 98.44 99.92 98.52 98.31 98.86 98.93SD 1.77 1.58 0.21 1.43 1.09 0.619 1.22SE 0.72 0.65 0.09 0.58 0.45 0.25 0.49

t-value 111.33 93.37 87.38 79.65 90.69 94.16 80.255RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

The mean contraction seen on the16th post wounding day:Control group - 94.946 ±1.768%Madhusnuhi Internal - 98.44±1.58%Madhusnuhi External - 99.91±0.21%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 98.52±1.43%Sandhyaraga internal - 98.31±1.09%Sandhyaraga External - 98.86±0.62%Sandhyaraga Internal External -98.93 ±1.22%


GROUPS

COMPARED

T-

VALUE

P-

VALUE


Control group&

Madhusnuhi Internal

3.60 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Internal

group is better than control

group.

Significant

Control group&

Madhusnuhi External

group

6.83 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi External


group.

Highly Significant

Control group&

Madhusnuhi Internal

External group

3.84 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Internal

External group is better

than control group.

Significant

Control group &

Sandhyaraga internal

group

3.96 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga internal


group.

Significant



Control group and

Sandhyaraga External

group

5.12 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga External


group.

Highly Significant

Control group and

Sandhyaraga Internal

External group

4.54 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga Internal

External group is better

than control group

Significant

Madhusnuhi Internal

and Madhusnuhi

External group


group is better than

Madhusnuhi Internal


Madhusnuhi Internal

and Madhusnuhi

Internal External group

0.09 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal and

Madhusnuhi Internal

External group provided

the same result.

No significance

Madhusnuhi External

group and Madhusnuhi




Madhusnuhi Internal

External group.



and Sandhyaraga

External group-

1.07 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal and


group provided the same

result.

No significance


and Sandhyaraga


0.93 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal and



the same result.

No significance


group and Sandhyaraga


0.12 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga External and



the same result.

No significance

Madhusnuhi Internal,

and Sandhyaraga

internal

0.16 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal, and

Sandhyaraga internal

group provided the same

result.

No significance

Madhusnuhi External

and Sandhyaraga

External




Significant

Madhusnuhi Internal

External and


External

0.54 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal

External and Sandhyaraga

Internal External provided

the same result.

No significance



PERIOD OF EPITHELIALIZATION

Table 5.49 showing comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days)between Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi):

C IM EM IEMR1 18 17 15 16R2 21 18 17 18R3 17 19 14 20R4 22 17 14 18R5 19 17 14 16R6 21 18 16 19MEAN 19.66 17.67 15 17.83SD 1.96 0.82 1.26 1.60SE 0.80 0.33 0.52 0.65t-value 24.51 53.05 29.06 27.26RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

Average period of Epithelialization seen was

Control group - 19.66±1.96%Madhusnuhi Internal -17.67±0.82%Madhusnuhi External - 15±1.26%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 17.83±1.60%

Table-5.50 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drug A(Madhusnuhi)

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



2.30 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal groupis showing better result thanControl group by showingleast mean.



4.88 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi external groupis showing better result thanControl group by showingleast mean.

Highly Significant


1.77 P>0.05 Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group provided thesame result statistically.

No significance


4.33 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi external groupis showing better result thanMadhusnuhi Internal byshowing least mean.

Significant


0.23 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group provided thesame result statistically.

No significance




3.4 P<0.01 Madhusnuhiexternal group isshowing betterresult thanMadhusnuhiInternal Externalgroup bypresenting leastmean.

Significant

Table-5.51 showing comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days)between o Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)

C IS ES IESR1 18 18 17 16R2 21 18 17 19R3 17 17 19 19R4 22 20 17 16R5 19 17 20 18R6 21 18 17 15MEAN 19.66 18 17.83 17.17SD 1.96 1.10 1.33 1.72SE 0.80 0.45 0.54 0.70t-value 24.51 40.25 32.80 49.83RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001

Average period of Epithelialization seen wasControl group - 19.66±1.96%Sandhyaraga internal -18 ±1.10%Sandhyaraga External -17.83 ±1.33%Sandhyaraga Internal External -17.17 ±1.72%

Table-5.52 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drug B(Sandhyaraga)

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



1.81 P>0.05 Control group &Sandhyaraga internal groupprovided the same resultstatistically.

No significance


1.89 P>0.05 Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup provided the sameresult statistically.

No significance


2.34 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group shows betterresult than Control group bypresenting least mean.



0.24 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga Externalgroup- provided the sameresult statistically.

No significance




1.00 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group provided thesame result statistically.

No significance

Sandhyaraga Externalgroup andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group

0.76 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External groupprovided the same resultstatistically.

No significance

Table-5.53 showing comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days)between Control and Trial drugs internal administration groups

C IM ISR1 18 17 18R2 21 18 18R3 17 19 17R4 22 17 20R5 19 17 17R6 21 18 18MEAN 19.66 17.67 18SD 1.96 0.82 1.10SE 0.80 0.33 0.45t-value 24.51 53.05 40.25RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001


Control group - 19.66±1.96%Madhusnuhi Internal -17.67 ±0.82%Sandhyaraga internal -18 ±1.10%

Table-5.54 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs internaladministration groups :

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



2.30 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal group isshowing better result thanControl group by showingleast mean.



1.81 P>0.05 Control group &Sandhyaraga internal groupprovided the same resultstatistically.

No significance


0.60 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal, andSandhyaraga internalprovided the same resultstatistically.

No significance



Table 5.55- showing period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control andTrial drugs external administration groups

C EM ESR1 18 15 17R2 21 17 17R3 17 14 19R4 22 14 17R5 19 14 20R6 21 16 17MEAN 19.66 15 17.83SD 1.96 1.26 1.33SE 0.80 0.52 0.54t-value 24.51 29.06 32.80RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001


Control group - 19.66±1.96%Madhusnuhi External - 15±1.26%Sandhyaraga External -17.83 ±1.33%

Table-5.56 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs Externaladministration groups:

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE


Control group &MadhusnuhiExternal group

4.88 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi external group isshowing better result thanControl group by showingleast mean.

Highly Significant

Control group andSandhyaragaExternal group

1.89 P>0.05 Control group andSandhyaraga External groupprovided the same resultstatistically.

No significance

MadhusnuhiExternal andSandhyaragaExternal

3.78 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi external group isshowing better result thanSandhyaraga External groupby presenting least mean.

Significant



Table-5.57 showing comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days)between Control and Trial drugs combined internal and external mode ofadministration groups

C IEM IESR1 18 16 16R2 21 18 19R3 17 20 19R4 22 18 16R5 19 16 18R6 21 19 15MEAN 19.66 17.83 17.17SD 1.96 1.60 1.72SE 0.80 0.65 0.70t-value 24.51 27.26 49.83RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001


Control group - 19.66±1.96%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 17.83±1.60%Sandhyaraga Internal External -17.17 ±1.720%

Table-5.58 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs combinedinternal and external mode of administration groups:

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE



1.77 P>0.05 Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group provided thesame result statistically.

No significance


2.34 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group shows betterresult than Control group bypresenting least mean.



0.69 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal and SandhyaragaInternal External providedthe same result statistically.

No significance



Table-5.59 showing comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between oControl and all groups of both Trial drugs

C IM EM IEM IS ES IESR1 18 17 15 16 18 17 16R2 21 18 17 18 18 17 19R3 17 19 14 20 17 19 19R4 22 17 14 18 20 17 16R5 19 17 14 16 17 20 18R6 21 18 16 19 18 17 15MEAN 19.66 17.67 15 17.83 18 17.83 17.17SD 1.96 0.82 1.26 1.60 10 1.33 1.72SE 0.80 0.33 0.52 0.65 0.45 0.54 0.70t-value 24.51 53.05 29.06 27.26 40.25 32.80 49.83RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001


Control group - 19.66±1.96%Madhusnuhi Internal -17.67 ±0.82%Madhusnuhi External - 15±1.26%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 17.83±1.60%Sandhyaraga internal -18 ±1.10%Sandhyaraga External -17.83 ±1.33%Sandhyaraga Internal External -17.17 ±1.720%

Table-5.60 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and all groups of both Trialdrugs

GROUPSCOMPARED

T-VALUE

P-VALUE


Control group&MadhusnuhiInternal

2.30 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal group isshowing better result thanControl group by showing leastmean.


Control group&MadhusnuhiExternal group

4.88 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi external group isshowing better result thanControl group by showing leastmean.

Highly Significant

Control group&MadhusnuhiInternal Externalgroup

1.77 P>0.05 Control group& MadhusnuhiInternal External groupprovided the same resultstatistically.

No significance


1.81 P>0.05 Control group & Sandhyaragainternal group provided thesame result statistically.

No significance

Control group andSandhyaragaExternal group

1.89 P>0.05 Control group andSandhyaraga External groupprovided the same resultstatistically.

No significance



Control group andSandhyaragaInternal Externalgroup

2.34 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal Externalgroup shows better result thanControl group by presentingleast mean.


MadhusnuhiInternal andMadhusnuhiExternal group

4.33 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi externalgroup is showingbetter result thanMadhusnuhi Internalby showing leastmean.

Significant

MadhusnuhiInternal andMadhusnuhiInternal Externalgroup

0.23 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi Internal Externalgroup provided the same resultstatistically.

No significance

MadhusnuhiExternal group andMadhusnuhiInternal Externalgroup

3.4 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi externalgroup is showingbetter result thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group bypresenting least mean.

Significant

SandhyaragaInternal andSandhyaragaExternal group-

0.24 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga External group-provided the same resultstatistically.

No significance

SandhyaragaInternal andSandhyaragaInternal Externalgroup

1.00 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga Internal Externalgroup provided the same resultstatistically.

No significance

SandhyaragaExternal group andSandhyaragaInternal Externalgroup

0.76 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga External groupand Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group provided thesame result statistically.

No significance

MadhusnuhiInternal, andSandhyaragainternal

0.60 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal, andSandhyaraga internal providedthe same result statistically.

No significance

MadhusnuhiExternal andSandhyaragaExternal

3.78 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi external group isshowing better result thanSandhyaraga External group bypresenting least mean.

Significant

MadhusnuhiInternal Externaland SandhyaragaInternal External

0.69 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal Externaland Sandhyaraga InternalExternal provided the sameresult statistically.

No significance



DIAGRAMS SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF CONTRACTION

DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH TRIAL DRUG-A(Madhusnuhi)

Diagram 5.1 showing mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)

21.33 23.33

63.81

35.82

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IM EM IEM

Diagram 5.2 showing percentage of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 8h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)

39.49

66.42

92.96

67.39

0

20

40

60

80

100

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IM EM IEM



Diagram 5.3 showing mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)

88.81

95.22

98.67

94.55

828486889092949698

100M

ean

Perc

enta

ge

C IM EM IEM

Diagram 5.4 showing mean percentage of closure of original excision woundarea (sq.mm) on 16h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A(Madhusnuhi)

94.95

98.44

99.92

98.52

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IM EM IEM



DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH TRIAL DRUG B(Sandhyaraga)

Diagram 5.5 showing mean % of closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)

21.33

59.36 58.06

45.66

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IS ES IES

Diagram 5.6 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm) on8th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)

39.49

76.1585.2

76.9

0102030405060708090

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IS ES IES



Diagram 5.7 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm) on12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)

88.81

95.6697.2

90.38

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IS ES IES

Diagram 5.8 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 16th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)

94.95

98.3198.86 98.93

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IS ES IES



DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH BOTH TRIAL DRUGINTERNAL GROUPS

Diagram 5.9 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm) on4th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groups of bothTrial drugs

21.33 23.33

59.36

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IM IS

Diagram 5.10 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 8th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groups of bothTrial drugs

39.49

66.4376.15

01020304050607080

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IM IS



Diagram 5.11 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Internal administrationgroups of both Trial drugs

88.81

95.22 95.66

84

86

88

90

92

94

96M

ean

Perc

enta

ge

C IM IS

Diagram 5.12showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 16th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groups of bothTrial drugs

94.95

98.44 98.31

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IM IS



DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH BOTH TRIAL DRUGEXTERNAL GROUPS

Diagram 5.13 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs:

21.33

63.8158.06

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70M

ean

Perc

enta

ge

C EM ES

Diagram 5.14 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 8h post wounding day of Control and External administration groupsof both Trial drugs:

39.49

92.9685.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C EM ES



Diagram 5.15 showing mean % of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12h post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs:

88.81

98.6797.2

828486889092949698

100M

ean

Perc

enta

ge

C EM ES

Diagram 5.16 showing % closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm) on 16h

post wounding day of Control and External administration groups of both Trialdrugs:

94.95

99.9298.86

9293949596979899

100

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C EM ES



DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH BOTH TRIAL DRUGINTERNAL-EXTERNAL GROUPS

Diagram 5.17 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 4th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs

21.33

35.82

45.66

0

10

20

30

40

50

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IEM IES

Diagram 5.18 showing mean % closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 8th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs

39.49

67.3976.9

01020304050607080

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IEM IES



Diagram 5.19 showing mean % closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on12th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs

88.81

94.55

90.38

8586878889909192939495

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IEM IES

Diagram 5.20 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal andExternal administration groups of both Trial drugs

94.95

98.5298.93

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IEM IES



DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH ALL GROUPS OFTRIAL DRUGS

Diagram 5.21 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 4th post wounding day of Control and all groups ofTrial drug A and B

21.33 23.33

63.81

35.82

59.36 58.06

45.66

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage

C IM EM IEM IS ES IES

Diagram 5.22 showing mean % closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 8th post wounding day of Control and all groups ofTrial drug A and B

39.49

66.43

92.96

67.3976.15

85.276.9

0102030405060708090

100

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage




Diagram 5.23 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and all groups ofTrial drug Aand B

88.81

95.22

98.67

94.5595.66

97.2

90.38

828486889092949698

100M

ean

Perc

enta

ge


Diagram 5.24 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and all groups ofTrial drug Aand B

94.95

98.44

99.92

98.52 98.3198.86 98.93

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

Mea

n Pe

rcen

tage




Diagram 5.25 showing % closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm) onevery fourth day of Control and all groups of Trial drug A and B

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


DIAGRAMS SHOWING PERIOD OF EPITHELIALIZATION

Diagram-5.26 showing mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) ofControl and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)

19.6617.67

15

17.83

0

5

10

15

20

Day

s

C IM EM IEM



Diagram-5.27 showing mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) ofControl and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)

19.66

18 17.83

17.17

15.516

16.517

17.518

18.519

19.520

Day

s

C IS ES IES

Diagram 5.28 showing meanperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Controland Trial drugs internal administration groups

19.66

17.6718

16.5

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

Day

s

C IM IS



Diagram 5.29- showing mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) ofControl and Trial drugs external administration groups

19.66

15

17.83

0

5

10

15

20

Day

s

C EM ES

Diagram-5.30 showing mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) ofControl and Trial drugs combined internal and external mode of administrationgroups

19.66

17.83

17.17

15.516

16.517

17.518

18.519

19.520

Day

s

C IEM IES



Diagram-5.31 showing period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control andall groups of both Trial drugs

19.66

17.67

15

17.83 18 17.8317.17

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Day

s




Image 5.1Stages of Excision Wound Healing

0th day 4th day 8th day 12th day 16th dayC

EM

IM

IEM

ES

IS

IES

Chapter-6 Discussion


DISCUSSION

Adulteration in crude drugs includes substitution of the original crude drugs

partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in

therapeutic and chemical properties. The premise of the study conducted is

adulteration where an adulterant is compared with the genuine drug to analyze the

rationality behind it.

Trial drug selection

There are several drugs though non-classical, which do have high medicinal

value but still bearing the abuse as adulterants. It is the need of the day to explore the

medicinal properties if any, of such drugs and to adopt them into the pharmacopoeia

so that the science of Dravyaguna Vijnana. Ayurveda and human kind are totally

benefited. The present experimental study was carried out in such an out look on two

drugs, Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga, the latter being used as adulterant of the

former.

Literary review

Literary analysis revealed that Madhusnuhi was introduced into the

Ayurvedic system of medicine around 15th century AD, by Acharya Bhavamisra

which is widely practiced . Sandhyaraga a non-classical drug with high ethnomedical

importance and used as an adulterant of Madhusnuhi.

As per Ayurvedoktha Paryaya Niruktha Mala by Vaidhya J.L.N.Shasthri,

Madhusnuhi is Madhura Rasa .But as per Bhavaprakasha nighantu the Rasa of -



-Madhusnuhi is Tikta, Vipaka is Katu. But it is felt that Madhusnuhi is having

Sodhana-Ropana property like Madhu (honey). So it could be on the basis of those

properties China root was named as Madhusnuhi.

Pharmacognostical study :143

An atypical character presented by the root tubers of Sandhyaraga during the

secondary thickening could be appreciated in the microscopy which is its

distinguishing feature. During secondary growth, the primary thickening meristem

differentiates in the pericycle outside the vascular tissue on an arc between the

vascular bundles of outer bundle ring. This feature contributes a lot in the

identification of the tuber from other dicot members. The section contained abundant

starch grains.

Phytochemical analysis:

Preliminary Phytochemical analysis of Sandhyaraga revealed the presence of

saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates,etc which promote wound healing process. The

drug Sandhyaraga is said to have purgative property along with which it is also found

to be effective in Intestinal parasites .These could be due to presence of saponins.

Analysis of Pharmocological properties:

Pharmocological analysis of Sandhyaraga revealed that it is Kashaya Rasa

Pradhana. It is an established fact that Kashaya Rasa promotes the process of

woundhealing. So the wound healing property of Sandhyaraga can be attributed to

Kashayarasa of the drug.



Discussion on Animal experimentation:

Disease selection

Both the drugs were found to be practiced in the disease Syphilis where Vrana is a

classical symptom. Hence Vranaropana property was the criteria selected to see

whether both the drugs show any similarity in the action.

Findings of the study

The aim of the present study was to evaluate, Vranaropana (wound healing)

property of the two trial drugs Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga in different routes of

administration and to find out effective one among these. Trial drug groups were

compared with the Control group (natural healing) and among themselves. The

grouping was done as follows.

Group 1 Control

Group 2- Trial Drug A - Madhusnuhi Churna Externally

Group 3- Trial Drug A - Madhusnuhi Churna Internally

Group 4- Trial Drug A - Madhusnuhi Churna combined Internal & External

Group 5- Trial Drug B - Sandhyaraga Churna Externally

Group 6- Trial Drug B - Sandhyaraga Churna Internally

Group 7- Trial Drug B - Sandhyaraga Churna combined Internal & External

The result shows that both the trial drugs have wound healing properties when

compared with control group and have shown moderate to high significance.

In this method two parameters were assessed,

1. Percentage contraction of original wound area

2. Period of epithelialization.



Percentage contraction of original wound area

Whenever a breach occurs in the continuity of tissue, the surrounding

connective tissue and capillaries grows to cover up the area damaged, and achieves

the contraction of wound.

To prove any drug as a wound-healing agent, it should have significant effect

on rate of contraction. In this experiment, the wound was measured once in four days

i.e., 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th day.

All trial drug groups have shown better result than control group.

It was found that from 0thday to 4thday, i.e. in first reading in Group 2 i.e.

external group of Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi), there was a remarkable reduction in

wound area with greater percentage of contraction compared to other groups. It has

shown a mean percentage of 63.81. Both Internal and external administration of Trial

drug B have shown 58.06% and 59.36% with no much significance difference

between them.

From 0thday to 8thday i.e. in 2nd reading, Group 2(external group of Trial drug

A - Madhusnuhi) has shown a greater contraction percentage mean of 92% preceded

by Group 5 (external group of Trial drug B-Sandhyaraga). There is no significant

difference between the internal groups and Internal and external combined groups of

both Trial drugs.

From 0thday to 12thday i.e. in 3rd reading, it is observed that Group 2 (external

group of Trial drug A-Madhusnuhi) has shown 98.67% of wound contraction and

Group 5 (external group of Trial drug B-Sandhyaraga) has shown 97.2% contraction.

Group 3 (Trial drug A-Madhusnuhi Internal) and Group 4 (Trial drug A Madhusnuhi

combined internal and external group) though better than Group 1 (control), have-



-shown no much significant difference in the percentage of contraction among

themselves. Group 6(Trial drug B-Sandhyaraga Internal) has shown better result than

Group 7 (Trial drug B- Sandhyaraga combined Internal and external group). Group 7

(Trial drug B- Sandhyaraga combined Internal and external group) has shown no

significant difference with Group 1-Control.

From 0th day to16th day i.e., in the 4th reading, Group 2 (Trial drug A-

Madhusnuhi external) has shown complete healing with a mean wound contraction

percentage of 99.91% and has shown better result when compared with all other

groups . All other Trial drug groups, are showing better result when compared with

Group 1-Control group and with no significant difference among themselves. Group 2

and Group 5 the External administration group of both drugs have shown a highly

significant difference when compared with Group 1-Control group.

In a nutshell:

All groups are showing better result than control group in majority of the

observations.

Group 2 where Madhusnuhi is dusted externally has shown better result when

compared to all other groups .

While comparing the different mode of administration of both drugs it is clear

that external mode of administration is showing comparatively better result.

Internal and combined (internal and external) groups are not showing

significant difference among themselves, which suggest a hindering factor

(could be psychological factor) in the process of wound healing in spite of

good results of external application.



Period of epithelialization.

The second parameter is the period of epithelialization. It is recorded as the

day on which the scar falls off leaving no raw area. Once there is a break in the

epithelium, it will proliferate and grow from the surrounding tissue. Before that, due

to the clotting and other factors, a scar tissue is formed on the wound. Initially the scar

covers the whole area of the wound, and as the new epithelium grows, the scar

reduces in size and will falls off. Earlier falling of the scar, faster is the healing.

In the trial groups complete closure was achieved from 14th to 20th day, but in

the Control group closure was achieved from 18th to 22nd day. Among trial drug

groups, Group 2 (Madhusnuhi externally ) was showing comparatively earlier

epithelialization by producing a result with least mean of complete epithelialization.

Group 2 (Madhusnuhi externally) is showing a result with high significance

when compared with Group1 (control group). The result obtained when Group 2 is

compared with other modes of same drug (Group 3 and Group 4) and same mode of

other drug (Group 5) is of significant difference proving Group 2 is better with lesser

mean.

Group 3 (Madhusnuhi internally ) and Group 7 (Sandhyraga internal and

external combined group ) are showing a result with moderate significance when

compare with the Group1 (control group)

There is no considerable difference in the mean of period of epithelialization

in other groups and show no statistical significance.



In a nutshell

Even though all trial groups were showing better contraction percentage ,

only Group2 Group3 and Group7 have shown earlier epithelialization in

comparison with control groups.

Madhusnuhi external group can be considered best among the trial drug

groups when period of complete epithelialization is considered.

Considering the raw data regarding mean period of complete epithelialization

all other groups have shown earlier epithelialization compared with Group 1

(control)

The over all assessment shows that all trial drug groups are better than the group

subjected for natural healing. Thus it is seen that both the trial drugs have wound

healing property. Both the drugs were acting in a better manner when administered

externally than internally or in combined form.

Probable mode of action:

I. Probable mode of action of Madhusnuhi

Tiktarasa: The drug is Krumihara and Kleda shoshana by the virtue of its

Rasa and hence it must have promoted Vranaropanakarma. According to

Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics the drug can perform its Karma by its various

properties like Rasa- Guna- Veerya- Vipaka and Prabhava. Here in

Madhusnuhi we can se that it doesnot bear Guna, Veerya or Vipaka which

promotes Vranaropana But it is a very potent Ropana Dravya. There fore the

Vranaropana Karma of Madhusnuhi can certainly be attributed to its Tikta

Rasa.



Promoting angiogenesis: βsitosterol and Diosgenine (Sapogenine)144,145

present in Madhusnuhi have angiogenic effect and thus hastens the wound

healing process. Angiogenesis called neovascularization, the process of

angiogenesis occurs concurrently with fibroblast proliferation when endothelial

cells migrate to the area of the wound. Because the activity of fibroblasts and

epithelial cells requires oxygen, angiogenesis is imperative for other stages in

wound healing, like epidermal and fibroblast migration..

Quercitin,146,147,148,149,150: It is a biofalvonoid present in Madhusnuhi which

improves circulation, repairs nerve damage and speed up wound healing. It

also has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti viral properties. Wounds

with poor blood supply are found to heal slowly where the Quercitin promotes

circulation and favours the healing processs. A previous study shows that

Quercitin along with collagen has shown faster wound healing. It was also

proved that Quercitin prevents the formation of hypertrophied scars.

Anti microbial property: Wound infecton is considered as the most

important factor that delays healing where Madhusnuhi is a drug which

possess anti microbial property and prevents infection which facilitates wound

healing.

Free radical scavenging property151: Free radicals are the bi-products of

oxygen metabolism. Chemically they are extremely reactive but under

controlled circumstances form part of normal metabolic processes. They are

produced from mitochondrial metabolism, prostaglandin synthesis and a

variety of other enzymatic or auto-oxidation processes. Damage to the

endothelia in the microcirculation attracts neutrophils which adhere to the



endothelium, block the capillaries and produce more free radicals. Destruction

of the micro-circulation occurs and results in subsequent cell death.

Madhusnuhi is a drug screened for its free radical scavenging property. Beta-

sitosterol present in Madhusnuhi reduces the level of free radical in cells and

increases the level of typical antioxidant enzymes.

II. Probable mode of action of Sandhyaraga

Kashayarasa : Rasa determination and estimation of taste threshold of the

drug revealed that it is Kashaya rasa pradhana. Kashaya rasa is mainly Vrana

Sodhana Ropana and Kleda Visoshana, hence it must have acted as

Vranaropaka.

Anti microbial 152: Sandhyaraga has antifungal, , antiviral and antibacterial

properties which helps in providing a micotic free atmosphere for wound

healing . A group of amino acid-based proteins, called mirabilis antiviral

proteins (MAPs) have shown specific antiviral and antifungal actions.

Saponins153: Immunity booster& anti oxidant.

Plants produce saponins to fight infections by parasites. When ingested,

saponins also seem to help immune system and to protect against virusand

bacteria. The non-sugar part of saponins have also direct antioxidant activity.

These factors facilitate wound healing property.

Trigonelline154: It is an alkaloid with chemical formula C7H7NO2. It is an

inner salt formed by the addition of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of

niacin. Trigonelline is a product of the metabolism of niacin (vitamin B3)

which is excreted through the urine. Trigonelline is believed to prevent the

bacteria Streptococcus mutans .



Stigmasterol155is one of a group of phytosterols, that includes beta-sitosterol,

campesterol etc . Sandhyaraga contains stigmaterols. Beta-sitosterol is an

antioxidant, which is able to reduce DNA damage, reduce the level of free

radical in cells and to increase the level of typical antioxidant enzymes. Thus

Sandhyaraga possess free radical scavenging property.

Alanine156: They are building blocks of proteins. Protein is required for all the

phases of wound healing, particularly important for collagen synthesis. Hence,

presence of this constituent in Sandhyaraga favors wound healing.

Carbohydrate157s: Sugar is also considered as another factor for the wound

healing. It is one of the factors for the binding and activation of the fibroblast

growth factor. A study was done on the action of sugarcompound viz; Topical

Sucralfate on ulcers .The study shows that this sugar compound has

regenerative, anti microbial and anti-inflammatory effects.

III. Mode of Administration.

Avachurnana: it is one among Shashtyupakrama-s mentioned in Vrana

Chikitsa. It is specifically told for Ghrishta Vrana, (with only skin loss) in the

context of SadyoVrana Chikitsa in Ashtanga Samgraha. In this experiment the

method selected is excision wound method in which only the skin portion is

removed with out damaging any deep tissues. The result obtained in the

experiment gives a positive stress on Acharya’s advice.

IV. Involvement of Psychological factors

Stress158,159 : Recent studies have proved that stress can affect the process of

wound healing. Individuals subjected to stress are categorized as slow healers i.e

one with stress control exhibits higher cortisol reactivity. This enhanced cortisol -



-secretion in turn results in longer healing period. These findings suggest that the

ability to regulate the expression of one's anger has a clinically relevant impact on

wound healing. The rats which have shown lower healing rate in trial drugs had some

common factors like stress resulted forceful internal administration of medicine and

physical handling during wound agony. The act of internal feeding and pain of

wounded area on handling might have increased the stress and temper of the rats and

must have affected their healing rate in a negative manner.

V. Involvement of physical factors

Wound stress: Mechanical Stress affects quantity, aggregation and

orientation of collagen fibers. Hence physical stress caused due to the internal

feeding of medicine might have affected the healing.

Thus both the Trial drugs proved to have wound healing property, hence it can be

suggested that they can be taken for human trials.

Out of the two trial drugs, Madhusnuhi is a classical drug and is being used in

the treatment in various Kalpana-s.

The other test drug Sandhyaraga is not a classical one and not officially used

for medicinal purpose in Ayurveda. But it is used widely as an adulterant of

Madhusnuhi. It is obvious from the results that Sandhyaraga also possess good

wound healing property in experimental animals and can be taken for clinical trials

thereby enriching Ayurvedic Pharmacopeae.

Chapter 7 Conclusion

Dept of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,AAMC,Moodbidri 160

CONCLUSION

The experimental study was conducted to see whether Sandhyaraga possess

similar action of Madhusnuhi. It would be a great contribution to the field of

Ayurvedic Dravyaguna Vijnana if a new drug with similar effect is explored.

The following conclusions could be drawn from the study:

Experimental evaluation, prove that both trial drugs Sandhyaraga and

Madhusnuhi are having significant action on wound healing process.

Both trial drug groups provided better result than control group in

percentage closure of excision wound area.

External application of both trial drugs shown better result than when they

were administered internally and in combined form.

Madhusnuhi external group was best among the trial drug groups when

period of complete epithelialization is considered.

Considering the raw data regarding mean period of complete

epithelialization, all groups of both trial drugs have shown earlier

epithelialization compared with Control group.

Hence Sandhyaraga can be considerd as a drug of choice in

Vranaropana(wound healing) because it is very commonly available, cost

effective for the condition.

Further scope ,Limitations and Recommendations:

The efficacy of these trial drugs needs further exploration to identify the exact

mode of action. As both trial drugs proved to have wound healing property

they can be can be taken for clinical trials.

Chapter 7 Conclusion

Dept of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,AAMC,Moodbidri 161

As Sandhyaraga is found to possess similar action as that of Madhusnuhi, it

can be used as a substitute after conducting clinical trials and advanced

scientific studies.

Dose: The study shall be proceeded with different dosage of the drug so that

the optimum dose can be found out.

Chapter- 8 Summary

Dept of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,AAMC.Moodbidri 162

SUMMARY

The dissertation titled ‘Experimental study of Sandhyaraga (Mirabilis

jalapa.Linn) in comparison with Madhusnuhi (Smilax china.Linn) w.s.r to its

Vranaropana property’ consists of different topics discussed under the following

headings:

Introduction gives a general glimpse on Ayurveda, Dravyaguna vijnana,

importance of herbal drugs and preparations, adulteration, trial drugs selection, and

methodology of wound healing action.

In Review of literature, an exhaustive collection of literature pertaining to

trial drugs and disease Vrana is done. It revealed that Madhusnuhi was introduced to

Ayurvedic system of medicine in 15th century by Bhavamisra. It was used for

Upadamsarogas, Phirangajavrana, and such other clinical condition. The

pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Madhusnuhi have

already been done. Sandhyaraga is not mentioned in any classical texts. It has got

only ethnic background. It is being used by some traditional physicians for wounds,

boils, inflammation, and many other clinical conditions. The pharmacognostical

features, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations are also been verified.

Under, disease review, both Ayurvedic and modern aspects are dealt with.

In the Chapter Drug analysis, pharmacognostical, phytochemical and

pharmacological analysis (regarding Rasa estimation) of Sandhyaraga is done. On

this investigation on, phytochemical and pharmacological analysis of Sandhyaraga, it

has been observed on that the tuber of the plant contains saponins, carbohydrates,

Chapter- 8 Summary

Dept of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,AAMC.Moodbidri 163

alkaloids, proteins and the study on the nature of rasa of Sandhyaraga Moola(tuber)

revealed that it has Kashaya pradhana rasa and Katu Anurasa.

In the context of Animal experimentation details regarding evaluation of

Vranaropana property of Sandhyaraga in comparison with Madhusnuhi is dealt with.

The powder of tubers of Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga were selected as the test drugs

for the experiments. Excision wound method suggested by Morton and Malone (1972)

has been chosen as the procedure for the experiment. Materials and methods,

experimental procedure, grouping of experimental animals, explanation regarding the

execution of wounding technique and drug administration was done under this

heading.

.Group1 among seven groups was kept as Control. Each drug was

administered for 3 groups in remaining animal groups as per the methodology .The

powders of each drugs were administered externally, internally and in combined form.

Result: After 18 days of study, the results were analyzed statistically, considering the

percentage of wound contraction and epithelalization. It revealed that al drug received

groups have shown better result than control group.

Discussion deals with major results obtained and major trends found in results.

This chapter also contains the discussion regarding probable mode of action of the

drugs and factors which must have influenced the study.

It can be concluded that the drug Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga are having

statistically significant effects w.s.r to their wound healing property on experimentally

created wounds in albino rats.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita redacted by Charaka and Drudabala, with

Ayurveda Deepikaa Commentary by Chakrapanidatta, edited by Vaidya

Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, 4th edition, Varanasi Published by Chaukambha

Samskruta Samsthan, 2001

2. Anil K.Dhiman, Medicinal plants of Uttaranchal state, Ist Edition Varanasi,

Published by Chowkambha Sanskrit Series 2004.

3. Anonymous, Yogaratnakara, with Vidyotini Hindi Commentary by Vaidya

Lakshmeepati Shastri, 7th edition, Varanasi,, Published by Chaukambha

Sanskrit Samsthaana, 1999.

4. Anonymus-Sahasrayogam –Sujanapriya Commentry by K.V.Krishnan

vaidhyan and S.GopalaPillai, 26thEdition, Published by Vidhyarambham

Publishers, 2006

5. Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India –Vol. 5, New Delhi ,Govt. of India,

Ministry of Health & Family welfare, Dept.of ISM&H, 2000.

6. Bapalal Vaidhya, Nighandu Adarsha, Ist edition-,Varanasi published by

Chowkambha Bharathi Acadamy, 1985

7. Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Hindi commentary by

Dr.K.C.Chunekar,Edited by Dr.G.S.Pandey, 10th edition, published by

Chowkambha Bharathi Acadamy . -1995.

8. C.P.Khare, Indian Herbal Therapies, NewNelhi , published by Vishv Vijay

Pvt ltd, 2000.

9. Deva Raja Radhakaanta, Shabdakalpadhruma, vol. 4, Delhi, Nag Publishers,1987.

10. Formulary of Sidha medicines,4thedition, by IMCOPS 1993.

11. G.K.Gosh, Herbs of Manipur, Ist edition- by A.P.H publishing co-peration-

2000.

12. Gyanendra Pandey, Dravyaguna vijnana, Ist edition, Varanasi, published by

Krishnadas Acadamy- 1998.

13. Gyanendra Pandey, Pushpayurveda-Medicinal flowers of India and adjacent

region, Published by Sri Satguru Publications, 1992.

14. J.C. Kurian, Plants that heal-1st edition, Pune, published by Oriental watchman

publishing home,

15. J.L.N.Sastri-Ayurvedokta Oushadha Niruktamala, Ist edition, Varanasi, by

Chowkhambha Orientalia, -2001

16. K.M. Nadkarni, The Indian Materia Medica, 3rd revised enlarged

editionpublished by Popular Prakashan Pvt Ltd, 1982,Reprinted 1996.

17. Keerthikar.K.R & Shri Basu.B.D, Indian medicinal plants, IInd edition

Dehradun, published by International book distributors,. -1996.

18. Lala Shaligramaji Vaidya– Shaligrama Nighantu Bhushanam,Bruhat Nighantu

Ratnakara, 3rd Edition, Bombay, published by Khemaraj Shrikrishnadas

Prakashan,. – 1999

19. M.Monier-Williams-A Sanskrit English Dictionary, reprint edition -published

by Motilal Banarasi Dass 2002

20. Madhavakara, Madhava Nidana with Madhukosha Vyaakhyaa by

Vijayarakshita and Srikantadatta and Vidyotini Teekaa by Ayurveda Acharya

Sri Sudarshana Shastri, 29th edition, Varanasi, Chaukambha Samskruta

Samsthan, , 1999.

21. Narahari Pandit – Raja Nighantu, with Dravyaguna Prakashika Hindi

Commentary. 1st Edition Varanas. Krishnadas Achademy . – 1982

22. P.K.Varrier, Shri.V.P.K.Nambiar& Shri.C.Ramankutty, Indian Medicinal

Plants vol-5, Published by Orient Longman Ltd-1997.

23. Ram.P.Rastogi & P.N.Mehra-Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants-Vol-I,

2nd reprinted edition,Lucknow by Cenral drug research institute. 1999

24. RCG Russel, Norman .S.Williams & Christopher.J.KBulstrode,Bailey &

Love’s Short Practice of Surgery, 23st edition, Published by Arnold Publishers

2000.

25. S.C.Dhyani, Rasa-panchaka Ist edition-, Varanasi Published by Krishna Das

academy , 1994.

26. S. Das. A Concise Text book of Surgery, 3rd edition, 13, Old Mayors’ Court,

Calcutta, Published by Dr. S. Das, 2001.

27. Sharma P.V.– Priya Nighantu – 2nd Edition, Varanasi published by

Chaukhamba Vidya Bhavan. – 1995

28. Shenoy K. Rajgopal, Manipal Manual of Surgery, 2nd edition, , New Delhi,

CBS Publishers, 2001.

29. Sriram Bhat.M, SRB’s Manual of surgery, 2nd editon, New Delhi Published by

Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P)Ltd,2005 Reprinted on 2007.

30. Susruta, Susruta Samhita with English translation of text and Dalhana

commentary, edited and translated by P. V. Sharma, 1st edition, Varanasi, Uttar

Pradesh , Published by Chaukambha Samskruta Samsthan,1999.

31. V.S.Agarval, Drugplants of India, Vol-II, Ist Edition published by Kalyani

Publishers , ,1997

32. Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hrudaya with commentaries Sarvangasundari of

Arunadatta and Ayurveda Rasayana of Hemadri, edited by Pandit Bhishak

Acharya, Hari Shastri Paradkar Akola, 7th edition, , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Published by Chaukambha Samskruta Samsthan,. 1982.

33. Vrudha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha, with Indu Vyakhya, edited by Vaidya

Ananth Damodar Athavale, , Pune Published by Mahesh Ananth Athavale,

Sreemad Aatreya Prakashanam Nandanandana, 1980.

34. William Dymock, C.J.H Warden, David Hooper –Pharmacographia Indica-

IIIrd vol by Srishti book distributors-2005

Dissertations and Discussion papers

1. B.K.Prashanth.et al Pharmaceutical and experimental evaluaton of Guduchi

Satva, Ghritha and Kashaya w.s.r to hyperacidiy , Karnataka, Rajiv Gandi

University.-2006

2. Binu Alappat et al Comparitive study on wound healing properties of Durvadi

thailam and ghritham (Dissertation),Karnataka, Rajiv Gandi University.-2006

3. E.Unnikrishnan, Materia medica Of Local Health Traditions of Payyannur,

Discussion Paper No. 80, http://www.krpcds.org/publication/downloads/80.pdf

ISBN No: 81-87621, Trivandrum, published by Kerala Research programme

on Local Development, Centre for Development studies.2004,.

4. Manjunatha et al – The study of Thriphala kwatha parisheka in the management of

Dushtavrana. (Dissertation), Karnataka, Rajiv Gandi University.-2003

5. Parvathi Menon -A Study on the Crude Drug Trade in Threatened Medicinal Plants

in Trivandrum District. (cited as Menon Parvathi 2003-KRPLLD Research Report

No.85/99) Published by Kerala Research Program on Local Development,

Trivandrum, Centre for Development Studies. 2003.

http://www.krpcds.org/publication/downloads/80.pdf

Web Links

1. http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&Artike

lNr=104862&Ausgabe=233318&ProduktNr=224176&filename=104862.pdf

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmasterol

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonelline

6. http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/issues/biy-05-29-1/biy-29-1-7-0405-4.pdf

7. http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/issues/biy-05-29-1/biy-29-1-7-0405-4.pdf

8. http://judithbrowncpd.co.uk/index_files/Intrinsic%20and%20Extrinsic%20Fact

ors%20Affecting%20Wound%20Healing.pdf

9. http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/4/1061

10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4499080.stm

11. http://www.edoj.org.eg/vol001/00101/05/5.html

12. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Mirabilis+jalapa&CAN=LATIND

13. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Smilax+china&CAN=LATIND

14. http://www.krpcds.org/publication/downloads/80.pdf

15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entre

16. http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/quercetin.php

17. http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/saponins.php

18. http://www.rain-tree.com/book2.htm, http://www.rain-tree.com/clavillia.htm

19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TWB-

487TXH11&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_ve

rsion=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=072312fdbabea1209bfc8da51c832

612

20. http://www.shvoong.com/tags/determination-of-kaempferol-and-quercetin-

insmilax-

china-by-rp--hplc/

http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmasterol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonelline

http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/issues/biy-05-29-1/biy-29-1-7-0405-4.pdf

http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/issues/biy-05-29-1/biy-29-1-7-0405-4.pdf

http://judithbrowncpd.co.uk/index_files/Intrinsic%20and%20Extrinsic%20Fact

http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/4/1061

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4499080.stm

http://www.edoj.org.eg/vol001/00101/05/5.html

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entre

http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/quercetin.php

http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/saponins.php

http://www.rain-tree.com/book2.htm

http://www.rain-tree.com/clavillia.htm

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science

http://www.shvoong.com/tags/determination-of-kaempferol-and-quercetin-

ANNEXURESl no Body wt in

gmsDrug AndDose

Area of wound measured by Graph sheet(No: of Days)

Control 0 4 8 12 16 18R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

Trial drug A (External)R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

Trial drug A (Internal)R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

Trial drug A(External&nternal)

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

Trial drug B (External)R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

Trial drug B(Internal)R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

Trial drugB(External&nternal)R1

R2

R3

R4

R5R6

No: Reference

1. B.P.N Hareetakyadi Varga/108

2. M.M.P http://www.krpcds.org/publication/downloads/80.pdf

3. C&C

4. Su.Sam. Vranitopasaneeya Adhyaya

5. http://www.rain-tree.com/book2.htm


6. B.P.N Hareetakyadi Varga /108

7. I.M.P.O.L

8. Saligramanighantu

9. Ayurvedokta Oushadha Niruktamala 236/1 pg 58

10. Sivanighantu AS PER Saligrama Nighantu116

11. B.P.Ni .Hareetakyadi varga /108

12. Nighantu ratnakaramas per Nighantu adarsa pg 644,

13. I.M.P.O.L

14. Sidha Bheshaja Manimala 4-477 D.G.V by Gyanendra Pandey pg629

15. B.P.N Phiranga Rogadhikara

16. The Indian materia medica

17. A.P.I

18. S.Y Pg122, 229- 231

19. Y.R as per D.G.V by Gyanendra Pandey pg 629

20. Formulary of Sidha Medicines Pg 46-47, Pg 97-99, Pg 243-244




21. Anangathimirabhashya as in Saligramanighantu pg116

22. Pharmacographia indica IIIrd volume pg 500-501

23. I.M.P.K&B

24. Pharmacographia indica IIIrd volume pg 502

25. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-

bin/arr_html?Smilax+china&CAN=LATIND

26. Pharmacographia indica IIIrd volume pg502 -503

27. A.P.I

28. The Indian Materia Medica 1143-1144


30. C&C

31. Indian herbal therapies

32. Raja Nighantu

33. Herbs of Manipur

34. B.P.N.

35. Plants that heal

36. The IndianMateria medica

37. Meicinal plants of Uttaranchal state, pg 383

38. Vachaspathya

39. Pharmacographia indica 3rd vol 132



41. I.M.P.K&B

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-




42. The Indian Materia Medica nadkarni 803-1996 3rd revised

43. Plants that heal pg.175

44. I.M.P- K&B IIIrdVol 2044&2046


bin/arr_html?Mirabilis+jalapa&CAN=LATIND



47. Pharmacographia indica-IIIrd Vol, pg133

48. Medicinal plants of Uttaranchal state

49. Pushpayurveda-Medicinal flowers of India and adjacent region pg 65

50. Pharmacographia indica-3-134-135

51. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants Vol.-I



53. http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/issues/biy-05-29-1/biy-29-1-7-

0405-4.pdf



55. Indian Medicinal Plants

56. Medicinal Plants of Uttaranchal state

57. The Indian Materia Medica

58. Pharmacographia Indica, 3rd Vol-133.





http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/issues/biy-05-29-1/biy-29-1-7-




60. Indian Materia Medica 803

61. Drug Plants of India


63. C&C

64. Sa.Ka.Dru

65. Su.Su 21/40

66. Su.Chi 1/6

67. Su.Chi.Da.1/6.

68. A.S.

69. Su.Chi 1/7

70. Su Chi 1/109

71. Cha.Chi 25/11-13

72. A.H.U.25/28

73. Su.Su.22/4-5

74. Ch.Chi 25/20-21

75. A.S.U.29

76. Su.Chi.1/3

77. Su Chi 2/9

78. A.S U. 31/3-5

79. A.H.U 26/2



80. Su.Chi.2/9-22

81. M.Ni.43/3-14

82. Ch.Chi25/86

83. Su.Sut.23/18

84. Su.Chi.1/7

85. A.H.Ut.25/11

86. Ma.Ni.42/8

87. Su Su.23/19

88. Su Su 23/20

89. Ch.Su.11/43

90. Ch.Chi.24/7

91. Su.Sut.21/19

92. Su.Chi.1/3,5

93. A.H. 1/19

94. Ch.Ni.1/19-25

95. Ch.Chi.25/10

96. Su.Chi . Da . 1/134.

97. Su.Su.22/ 3

98. Ch.Chi.25/26

99. A.S.U.29/13

100. Su.Su 28/9-17

101. Su.Su 22/8-10

102. Su.Su 22/11

103. Su.Chi 2/5

104. Su.Chi 22/12

105. Ch.Chi 25/24-25,27,28

106. A. H. Su 22/4 Ut.25/13,

107. Su.Su.22/5-6, 23/3-5 &23/110-111

108. A.S.U.29

109. M.Ni.42/12

110. Ch.Chi 25/36)

111. Su.Sut.23/6,7,

112. Ch.Chi.25/35-37

113. Su.Sut.23/9

114. A.S.29/26

115. Su.Sut.23/12-14

116. Su.Sut.22/5-11

117. Ch.Chi.25/37

118. A.H.Ut.25/18

119. M.Ni.42/12-17

120. Su.Chi.1/138-139

121. Ch.Chi.25/28-30

122. Ch.Chi 25/31-34

123. SuSu.23/85,

124. A.H.U.26/13

125. Su.Chi.1/4-80

126. Ch.Chi25/38-43

127. A.S.U.29

128. Su.Chi.2/23

129. A.S.U 31/8,9.

130. A.S.u.31/54

131. Ch.Chi.25/97-99

132. S.R.B’s manual of surgery

133. Monier williams

134. S.R.B manual of surgery

135. Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of SurgeryPg31-36

136. A Concise Text book of Surgery -pg 1 to5

137. Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of Surgery pg 36-39

138. S.R.B’s manual of surgery

139. A.P.I

140. Rasa panchaka pg 66&67,76

141. B.K.Prashanth.et.al

142. Binu Alappat.et al

143. American journel of Botany,vol 63, no 4

144. http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/4/1061

145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entre

146. http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/quercetin.php

147. http://www.shvoong.com/tags/determination-of-kaempferol-and-

quercetin-in-smilax-china-by-rp--hplc/

148. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin

http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/4/1061

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entre

http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/quercetin.php

http://www.shvoong.com/tags/determination-of-kaempferol-and-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin

149. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW

B-487TXH1-

1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_ve

rsion=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=072312fdbabea1209bfc8

da51c832612

150. http://www.edoj.org.eg/vol001/00101/05/5.html

151. http://judithbrowncpd.co.uk/index_files/Intrinsic%20and%20Extrinsic

%20Factors%20Affecting%20Wound%20Healing.pdf

152. http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/issues/biy-05-29-1/biy-29-1-7-

0405-4.pdf

153. http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/saponins.php

154. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonelline

155. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmasterol

156. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine

157. Manjunath.et.al , Hospital today June-2002.

158. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4499080.stm

159. http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPD

F&ArtikelNr=104862&Ausgabe=233318&ProduktNr=224176&filena

me=104862.pdf

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science

http://www.edoj.org.eg/vol001/00101/05/5.html

http://judithbrowncpd.co.uk/index_files/Intrinsic%20and%20Extrinsic

http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/issues/biy-05-29-1/biy-29-1-7-

http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/saponins.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonelline

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmasterol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4499080.stm

http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp

madusnuhi vrana#dg06 mdb

Documents